6-1 chapter 6 organizational information systems
TRANSCRIPT
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6-1
Chapter 6
OrganizationalInformation
Systems
www.prenhall.com/jessup
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6-2Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Learning Objectives
1. Describe the characteristics that differentiate the operational, managerial, and executive levels of an organization
2. Explain the characteristics of the three information systems designed to support each unique level of an organization: transaction processing systems, management information systems, and executive information systems
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6-3Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Learning Objectives
3. Describe the characteristics of six information systems that span the organizational, managerial, and executive levels: decision support systems, expert systems, office automation systems, collaboration technologies, functional area information systems, and global information systems
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6-4Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Levels of the Organization
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6-5Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Levels of the Organization Explained
Executive LevelStrategic planning and responses to strategic issues occur here. Executive decisions are usually unstructured and are made using information consolidated internal and external information
Executive LevelStrategic planning and responses to strategic issues occur here. Executive decisions are usually unstructured and are made using information consolidated internal and external information
Managerial LevelMonitoring and controlling of operational activities and executive information support occur here. Managerial decisions are usually semistructured and are made using procedures and ad hoc tools
Managerial LevelMonitoring and controlling of operational activities and executive information support occur here. Managerial decisions are usually semistructured and are made using procedures and ad hoc tools
Operational LevelDay-to-day business processes and interactions with customers occur here. Operational decisions are usually structured and are made using established policies and procedures
Operational LevelDay-to-day business processes and interactions with customers occur here. Operational decisions are usually structured and are made using established policies and procedures
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6-6Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Who, What, Why: Organizational Level
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6-7Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Who, What, Why: Managerial Level
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6-8Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Who, What, Why: Executive Level
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6-9Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Basic Systems Model
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6-10Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Type: Transaction Processing Systems
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6-11Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Transaction Processing Systems
TPSs are a special class of information systems designed to process business events and transactions
Architecture Components• Source Documents – these contain the event or
transaction information to be processed by system• Data Entry Methods
• Manual – a person entering a source document by hand• Semiautomated – using a capture device to enter the source
document (e.g. a barcode scanner)• Fully Automated – no human intervention, one computer
talks or feeds another computer (e.g. automatic orders from inventory systems)
• Processing – transactions can be either: • Online – processed individually in real-time • Batch – grouped and processed together at a later time
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6-12Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Example: Payroll System (TPS)
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6-13Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Architecture: Transaction Processing System
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6-14Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Type: Management Information System
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6-15Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Management Information Systems
MISs are used by managerial employees to support recurring decision making in managing a function or the entire business
Supported Activities• Scheduled Reporting - the system produces automatically
based on a predetermined schedule. Some include:• Key Indicator – High-level summaries to monitor
performance (e.g. Monthly Sales Report)• Exception – Highlights situations where data is out of normal
range (e.g. Monthly Late Shipments)• Drill Down – Provides lower level detail aggregated in a
summary report (printed only if needed)
• Ad Hoc Reporting – unscheduled reports that are usually custom built to answer a specific question (e.g. sales data by person report to identify issues)
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6-16Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Architecture: Management Information System
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6-17Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Type: Executive Information System (EIS)
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6-18Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Executive Information Systems
EISs, also called Executive Support Systems (ESS), are special purpose information systems to support executive decision-making
System DetailsThese systems use graphical user interfaces to display consolidated information and can deliver both:
• Soft Data - textual news stories or non-analytical data• Hard Data – facts, numbers, calculations, etc.
Supported ActivitiesThe activities supported by these kinds of systems include:
• Executive Decision Making• Long-range Strategic Planning• Monitoring of Internal and External Events• Crisis Management• Staffing and Labor Relations
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6-19Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Architecture: Executive Information Systems
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6-20Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Example: Executive Reporting Drill-down (EIS)
Second LevelData Drill Down
First LevelGraphical Summary
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6-21Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Systems That Span Organizational Boundaries
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6-22Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Decision Support Systems
Decision Support SystemsSpecial-purpose information systems designed to support managerial-level employees in organizational decision making
System Details These systems use computational software to construct models for analysis (most common MS Excel) to solve semi-structured problems (e.g. sales or resource forecasts)
Supported Activities: “What-if” analysis – changing one or more variables in the model to observe the resulting effect (e.g. what is the payment if the interest rate increases 1%)
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6-23Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Characteristics of Decision Support Systems
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6-24Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Common Decision Support Systems
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6-25Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Architecture: Decision Support Systems
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6-26Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Example – Loan Calculator
Variables to be Analyzed Loan Calculator Model
Analysis Results
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6-27Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Expert Systems
Expert SystemsSpecial-purpose systems used by operational level employees to make decisions usually made by more experienced employees or an expert in the field
System Details These systems use inference engines that match facts and rules, sequence questions for the user, draw a conclusion, and present the user a recommendation
Supported Activities:These systems support many activities including:
• Medical Diagnosis• Machine Configuration• Financial Planning• Software Application Assistance (help wizards)
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6-28Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Architecture: Expert Systems
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6-29Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Example – Web-based Expert Systems EXSYS
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6-30Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Office Automation Systems
Office Automation SystemsA collection of software and hardware products that increase productivity within the office setting
Supported ActivitiesThe activities supported by these kinds of systems include:
• Scheduling ResourcesExamples: electronic calendars with resource management (equipment, facilities, etc.)
• Document PreparationExamples: software (word processing and desktop publishing); hardware (printers)
• CommunicatingExamples: e-mail, voice mail, videoconferencing and groupware
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6-31Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Architecture: Office Automation Systems
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6-32Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Example – Scheduling System
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6-33Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Collaboration Technologies
VideoconferencingSoftware and hardware the that allow parties to meet electronically with both picture and voice Supported Activities
• Stand-alone Videoconferencing • High quality, typically very expensive systems using
dedicated microphones, cameras and hardware. • Can support meetings between several people and
locations simultaneously • Desktop Videoconferencing
• Lower quality, relatively inexpensive systems using a PC, small camera, and a microphone or telephone for voice communication
• Allows two individuals to communicate from a desktop
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6-34Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Collaborative Techs (Groupware)
GroupwareSoftware that enables people to work together more effectively
Supported Activities
These systems come in two types:• Asynchronous Groupware – Systems that do not
require users to be on the system working at the same time including: e-mail, newsgroups, workflow automation, group calendars, and collaborative writing tools
• Synchronous Groupware – Systems that allow and support simultaneous group interactions including shared whiteboards, electronic meeting support systems, video communication systems
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6-35Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Groupware
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6-36Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Groupware Benefits
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6-37Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Examples – Groupware
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6-38Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Functional Area Info Systems
Functional Area Information SystemsCross-organizational information systems are designed to support a specific functional area
Supported ActivitiesThe following functional organizations have systems to support their operational and managerial activities
• Accounting• Finance• Human Resources• Marketing• Operations
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6-39Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Functional Area Info Systems
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6-40Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Examples: Functional Area Info Systems
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6-41Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Description: Global Information Systems
Global Information SystemsA variety of special-class systems used to support organizations that operate globally
Supported ActivitiesDepending on the organization, one or more of these systems may be required (definitions on next slide):
• International Accounting Systems• Transnational Information Systems• Multinational Information Systems• Global Information Systems• Collaborative Information Systems
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6-42Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
System Examples: Global Information Systems