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ISBN : 978-99946-927-6-7

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j]e;fO6M www.actionaid.org/nepal

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j]e;fO6M www.oxfam.org.uk


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g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ljZn]if0f cg';f/ x/]s &) b]lv Ps ;o jif{sf] aLrdf 7"nf]e'OFrfnf] hfg] u/]sf 5 . !(() ;fndf uPsf] dxfe"sDkkl5 @)$% ;fndfk"jL{ g]kfnsf] pbok'/ glhs} s]Gb|ljGb' eP/ uPsf] e'OFrfnf] g} o;aLrsf] 7"nf]e'OFrfnf] xf] . t/ e"ue{ljb\x?sf cg';f/ ;f] e'OFrfnf] dWod:t/sf] dfq ePsfn]s'g} klg lbg g]kfndf dxfe"sDk hfg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . olb clxn]s}cj:yfdf !(() ;fns} Ifdtfsf] e'OFrfnf] uof] eg]] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ;a}eGbfa9L Iflt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

s'g ;dodf sqf] Ifdtfsf] e'OFrfnf] hfG5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsFb}g, g t o;sf]k"j{;"rgf g} k|fKt x'G5 . e'OFrfnf] hfg] ;do / To;sf] ljgfzsf/L zlQmsf af/]dfk"j{ hfgsf/L lng g;lsg] x'gfn] g} o;nfO{ ljgfzsf/L k|sf]k dflgPsf] xf] . o;cj:yfdf xfdLn] e"sDkk|lt/f]wL k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ 3/ agfpg], 3/leqsf;/;fdfg e'OFrfnf] hfFbf xlNnP/ gn8\g] u/L /fVg], cfkTsfnLg emf]nf tof/u/L To;df cfkTsfndf rflxg] j:t' /fVg], e'OFrfnf] hfFbf kl/jf/sf ;b:o /5/l5d]snfO{ ;'/lIft /xg] ljlw l;sfpg] tyf ;'/lIft :yfgsf] klxrfg u/L;fd'bflos ?kdf ;d]t k"j{tof/L ug]{ k|of; ug'{ k5{ . xfdLn] la;{g gx'g] oyfy{s] xf] eg] e'OFrfnf]n] dflg; dfb}{g t/ dflg;n] agfPsf ;+/rgf elTsFbf To;dfk/]/ dflg; d5{g\ . To;}n] ;s];Dd alnof ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{ g} e'OFrfnf]sf]hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfd xf] .

e'OFrfnf] / o;af6 x'g] Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf af/]df hlt rrf{ u/] klg sd} x'G5 .oBlk xfdLn] o; z[ª\vnfdf e'OFrfnf]af/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; u/]sf5f}F . o; k|of;nfO{ n]vs /fdrGb| Gof}kfg]n] ;fy{s agfpg' ePsf] dx;";xfdLn] u/]sf 5f}F . n]vssf] o; b]gn] k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf sfo{df ;lqmo /x]sf;ª\3;+:yf, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ / ;d'bfonfO{ yf]/} dfq ;xof]u ug{ ;sof] eg]klg xfdLn] u/]sf] o; k|of;n] ;fy{stf k|fKt u/]sf] 7fGg]5f}F .

k|sf]k 1ffgdfnfsf x/]s z[ª\vnf ;/n efiffdf k|:t't ug{ ;kmn n]vs Gof}kfg];lxt o;nfO{ k|sflzt ug{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{ PS;gP8 g]kfnsf l;lgo/ lydln8/Zofd;'Gb/ 1fjfnL / cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfnsf sfo{qmd ;+of]hs lji0f'k|;fb v/]ntyf o;sf] z'4fz'l4 / ;fh;Hhfdf ;xof]u ug]{ Osf]–g]kfnsf ;a} ;xofqLk|ltwGojfb JoQm ub{5f}F .

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e'O“rfnf]sf] k|sf/ !!

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k[i7e"ldk[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txdf x'g] sDkg g} e'OFrfnf]] xf] . w]/} ;fgf] :t/sf] e'OFrfnf]k[YjLdf lg/Gt/ uO/xg] eP klg dflg;n] yfxf kfpg] sDkgsf] ;ª\Vof sd}x'G5 . dflg;n]] ;fdfGotof rf/ l/S6/:s]neGbf dflysf] e'OFrfnf]sf] dfq cg'eju5{ . zlQmzfnL e'OFrfnf] slxn]sfxLF dfq hfg] eP klg of] Hofb} ljgfzsf/Lx'G5 . !(() ;fn df3 @ ut] lbpF;f] @ ah]/ !% ldg]6df uPsf] *=# l/S6/:s]nsf]e'OFrfnf] cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] ljgfzsf/L e'OFrfnf] dflgG5 . To; e'OFrfnf]df k/Lg]kfndf *,%!( hgfsf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] eg] nfvf}F dflg; 3fOt] / 3/af/ljxLgePsf lyP .

@)$% ;fn ebf} % ut] pbok'/ lhNnfsf] d's'{Rr] eGg] 7fpFdf s]Gb|laGb' ePsf]^=* l/s6/:s]nsf] e'OFrfnf]nfO{ klg ljgfzsf/L dflgP klg of] dWod:t/sf]e'OFrfnf] lyof] . ;f] e'OFrfnf]df k/L k"jf{~rnsf] w/fgdf dfq &!( hgfsf] HofguPsf] lyof] . To; e'OFrfnf]df g]kfne/ ()) dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] tYofª\skfOG5 .

e'OFrfnf] nfdf] ;dodf hfg] 36gf ePsfn] o;n] af9L, klx/f], x'/Latf;,cfunfuLn] h:tf] ;w}Fel/ b'Mv lbFb}g, t/ o;n] k[YjLdf PsfPs txNsf dRrfP/hgwgsf] Jofks Iflt u5{ . af9L, klx/f], x'/Latf;, cfunfuLnufotsf k|sf]kn]h:t} s'g} k"j{;ª\s]t gb]vfOsg PSsf;L hfg] ePsf]n] klg e'OFrfnf]n] Hofbf Ifltug]{ u/]sf] xf] .

e'OFrfnf] cfkm}Fdf k|sf]k eg] xf]Og . e'OFrfnf]n] g} dflg; dfb}{g, g t 3fOt] g}agfpFb5 . o;sf] ljkl/t e'OFdf PsfPs sDkg x'Fbf dflg;n] agfPsf 3/,lah'nL tyf 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0fsf nflu ufl8Psf vDaf / n6\7f, k'n, cflb sdhf]/;+/rgf tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ eTsG5 . o;/L eTs]sf cjz]ifdf lslrP/dflg; d5{g\, 3fOt] x'G5g\, wgdfn k'l/P/ jf lylrP/ gi6 x'G5 / k|sf]ksf]cj:yf pTkGg x'G5 .

k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 xhf/f}F lsnf]ld6/leq e"ue{df x'g] ljleGg ultljlw tyf k|ltlqmofsfsf/0f e'OFrfnf] pTkGg x'G5 . e'OFrfnf] pTkGg x'g] sf/0fdf Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6klg Ps xf] . e"ue{sf] leqL efudf w]/} tftf] x'g] ePsfn] ToxfF 9'ª\uf–df6f];d]tklUnP/ plDn/x]sf] n]bf]sf] ¿kdf /xG5, h;nfO{ DofUdf elgG5 . emf]n DofUdfnfO{To;dfly t}l/Psf r§fgn] lyRb5, h;af6 DofUdfdf rfk kl//x]sf] x'G5 . o;/Lkg]{ rfkdf j[l4 x'Fb} uPdf n]bf] kbfy{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] DofUdfn] lgsf; vf]Hb5 /


sdhf]/ e"efu x'Fb} dflylt/ lg:sG5 . sdhf]/ e"efu eP/ aflx/ lg:sg] qmddfDofUdf tLj| j]udf aflx/ lg:s]/ lj:kmf]6 x'G5, h;nfO{ Hjfnfd'vL elgG5 . o;/L7"nf] zlQmsf ;fy Hjfnfd'vL k'm6\bf ;txdf sDkg eP/ e'OFrfnf] hfG5 .

To;}u/L k[YjLsf] leqL dWoefult/ ljleGg cfsf/sf 7"nf r§fgx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ .k[YjLsf] e"ue{leq /x]sf tL r§fg ultzLn cj:yfdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . ultzLncj:yfdf /x]sf r§fg ha Pscfk;df 3':5g\, 7f]lSsG5g\ jf 5''l§G5g\ ta ToxfF7"nf] zlQm k}bf x'G5 / k|:km'l6t x'g lgsf; vf]Hg] qmddf sdhf]/ ;tx x'Fb} aflx/lg:sG5 . ToxL zlQm aflx/ lg:sg] qmddf e";txdf sDkg k}bf eP/ e'OFrfnf]hfG5 . o;sf cnfjf cf0fljs e§L tyf cf0fljs z:q–c:qsf] lj:kmf]6af6 klgk[YjLsf] ;txdf sDkg eP/ e'OFrfnf] hfg] u5{ .

oxfF xfdLn] s] a'‰g' h¿/L 5 eg] ;–;fgf e'OFrfnf] lgoldt ¿kdf uO/x] klgljgfzsf/L e'OFrfnf] nfdf] ;dodf hfG5 / w/ftn kmf6]/, dflg;åf/f agfOPsf3/, uf]7, :s"n, ;fj{hlgs ejg, lah'nLsf vDaf cflb eTs]/ / 9n]/ hgwgsf]Jofks Iflt u5{ .

e'O“rfnf]sf] cy{ <xfdLn] l:y/ /x]sf] cg'ej ul//x]sf] k[YjLsf] ;txdf PsfPs cfpg] s'g} klglsl;dsf] sDkgnfO{ e'OFrfnf] elgG5 . g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] a[xt\ g]kfnLzAbsf]if tyf x]dfª\u/fh clwsf/Lsf] k|wfg;DkfbsTjdf ljBfyL{ k|sfzgåf/fk|sflzt k|of]ufTds g]kfnL zAbsf]ifcg';f/ crfgs e'OF xlNng] k|lqmofnfO{e'OFrfnf] jf e"sDk elgPsf] 5 . lgDg ;dLs/0fn] e'OFrfnf]nfO{ cem :ki6 kf5{ M

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o;k|sf/ hldg xlNng] jf sDkg x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ g} e'OFrfnf] jf e"sDk elgG5 .

k|sf]ksf cGo 36gfsf t'ngfdf e'OFrfnf] cToGt} zlQmzfnL / ljgfzsf/L x'G5 .slt zlQmsf] e'OFrfnf] slxn], s'g ;dodf / s;/L hfG5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{;lsFb}g . jt{dfg ;dosf] cfw'lgs k|ljlwn] ;d]t e'OFrfnf]sf] k"j{;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ljlw kQf nufpg ;s]sf] 5}g . e'OFrfnf] hfg] ;do / To;sf] zlQmsf af/]dfcufl8 g} hfgsf/L x'g] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; geP;Dd o;af6 7"nf] hgwgsf] Ifltx'g] ;Defjgf /lx/xg] x'G5 . To;}n] lj1fgsf] pRr k|ljlwo'Qm ljZjsf] ;Dk"0f{;dfh;d]t ;b}j e'OFrfnf]sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] k|sf]kaf6 ;Gq:t /x]sf] 5 .

e'O“rfnf];DaGwL e|fds wf/0ffe'OFrfnf] hfg] qmd jt{dfg o'uaf6 k|f/De ePsf] xf]Og . k[YjLsf] pTklQ ePb]lvg} e'OFrfnf] uO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] kf}/fl0fs sfndf ;d]t e'OFrfnf] hfg] tYosf]


cg'e"ltaf6 dflg; aflx/ lyPg . e"ue{zf:qLx¿sf cg';f/ cflbdsfndf k[YjLdfw]/} 7"nf] e'OFrfnf] hfg] uYof]{ . ljzfn e'OFrfnf] hfFbf k[YjLsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k;d]tkl/jt{g x'GYof] . t/ dfgjsf] pTklQsfndf af}l4s Ifdtfsf] ljsf; eOg;s]sfsf/0f e'OFrfnfsf] tYofª\s gePsf] x'g ;S5 . w]/} k6s 7"N7"nf e'OFrfnf] hfg]qmdd} % s/f]8 jif{ klxn] uPsf] k|nosf/L e'OFrfnf]af6 blIf0f Pl;ofsf] e"If]q6]ly; ;fu/af6 p7]/ ;u/dfyf ag]sf] cWoogaf6 e]l6Psf] lj1x¿sf] egfO 5 .

k|frLg sfndf dflg; hª\unL cj:yfd} /x]sf] tyf hg;ª\Vof yf]/} ePsf] /cfhsf] h:tf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; klg gePsfn] e'OFrfnf]af6 x'g] hgwgsf]Iflt klg t'ngfTds¿kdf yf]/} g} x'GYof] . cWoog cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/ gePsfsf/0f tTsfnLg dflg;n] O{Zj/sf] >fk jf k[YjL af]Sg] df5f jf s5'jfn] sfFwkm]bf{ k[YjL xlNnPsf] cg'dfg u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . To;}n] cfh klg xfd|f ufpF3/dfafnaflnsfnfO{ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rNb} cfPsf unt syf ;'gfP/ e|fds lzIfflbg] k|rng sfod} 5 . h;n] u|fdL0f e]udf e'OFrfnf]sf] k|sf]kk|lt ;r]t eP/Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug]{ sfo{df cj/f]w v8f u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] e'OFrfnf] hfg] k/Dk/fut¿kdf rNb} cfPsf lgDg syg ;To xf]Ogg\ eGg] a'‰g' h¿/L 5 M

yfnh:tf] r]K6f] k[YjL ;fu/dfly cl8Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;d'b|sf 7"nf df5fjf uf]xLn] rf/;'/df a;]/ af]s]sf 5g\ . tL hgfj/ yfs]/ r6k6fpFbf k[YjLxlNnP/ e'OFrfnf] hfG5 eGg] ljZjf; k|frLg dflg;n] u¥of] / o:t} syfcfh klg ;'Gg kfOG5 .

;fu/df /x]sf 7"N7"nf s5'jfdfly pleP/ rf/j6f xfQLn] k[YjLnfO{ cfˆgf]sfFwdf af]ls/x]sf 5g\ . xfQL un]/ ;do–;dodf sfFw km]5{g\ . To;a]nfk[YjL xlNnP/ e'OFrfnf] hfg] syf klg ufpF3/df ;'Gg kfOG5 .

k[YjLnfO{ z]ifgfun] af]s]]sf] 5 / To;n] cfˆgf] z/L/ xNnfpFbf k[YjLxlNnP/ e'OFrfnf] hfG5 eg]/ klg syf ;'gfpg] k|rng 5 .

k/Dk/fut ¿kdf dflg;n] h]h:tf cg'dfg u/] klg e";tx xlNng] k|lqmof g}e'OFrfnf] xf] eGg] s'/f rfxLF ;To xf] . To; ;dodf 1fgsf] cefj sf/0f dflg;n]cg'dfg dfq u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .

k|frLg sfndf ljsl;t ePsf To:tf wf/0ffnfO{ q'6Lk"0f{ elgxfNg' klg x'Fb}g .cWoog–cg';Gwfg x'g g;s]sf] clzlIft ;dodf dflg;n] o:t} sNkgf ug'{afx]scsf]{ ljsNk lyPg . t/ clxn] ljZjdf dflg;n] csNkgLo pGglt u/]sf] 5 . 1fg–lj1fgsf If]qdf pRr:t/sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf xfdLn] k|frLgsfndful/Psf tL cg'dfg 7Ls x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ eg]/ ljZn]if0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

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o;af6 xfdLn] s] a'‰g'k5{ eg], e'OFrfnf] lgtfGt k|fs[lts sf/0fn] hfG5 . o;dfO{Zj/, ;d'b|, df5f, s5'jf, xfQL, z]ifgfu cflb s'g} h}ljs k|f0fLsf] xft 5}g .

e|fds wf/0fdflysf] ljZjf; / c;/e'OFrfnf] b}jL zlQmsf sf/0f hfG5 eGg] k/Dk/fut dfGotfsf sf/0f To;af6aRg} ;lsFb}g eGg] e|d ;dfhdf ljBdfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . e'OFrfnf] O{Zj/Lo sf/0fn]hfG5 eGg] e|ds} sf/0f ljZjsf clwsf+z ;dfhdf o;af6 aRg ckgfpg'kg]{zts{tf tyf pkfotkm{ w]/}sf] Wofg hfg ;s]sf] 5}g . e'OFrfnf] Ps lsl;dsf]e"ueL{o 36gf xf] h;sf] k|efj k[YjLsf] ;tx;Dd k5{ / o;af6 x'g] Iflt k"/} /f]Sgg;lsP klg x'g;Sg] Iflt 36fpg] pkfo ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] wf/0ff / ;fx;sf]ljsf; ePdf e'OFrfnf]sf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg ;lsG5 . t/ cem} klg o; k|fs[lts36gfk|lt /x]sf] unt / e|fds ljrf/ g} hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] k|d'v tuf/f] ag]sf]kfOG5 .

To;}n] e'OFrfnf] hfg] ;DaGwdf ;dfhdf JofKt k/Dk/fut e|fds wf/0ffnfO{Tofu]/ xfd|f 3/, ljBfno jf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgf ;se/ e'OFrfnf]af6 geTsg]k|ljlw / ;'ema'emaf6 lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . ;a}eGbf klxn] e'OFrfnf] hfg;Sg] sf/0fyfxf kfpg'k5{ / To;cg'¿k ;'/Iffsf pkfo ckgfpg'k5{ . t/ O{Zj/Lo zlQmsfsf/0fn] jf df5f, s5'jf jf xfQLn] af]s]sf] k[YjL ltgn] sfFw km]bf{ jf tL hgfj/r6k6fpFbf e'OFrfnf] hfG5 eGg] unt wf/0ffnfO{ TofUg'k5{ .


e'O“rfnf] hfg] sf/0f / k|sf/

k[YjLsf] ;tx ;fdfGotof l:y/ / crn /x]sf] x'G5 . t/ ;txb]lv ;of}F lsnf]ld6/leqsf] e"ueL{o v08 rnfodfg x'G5 . w]/} rfk / bafasf sf/0f ;of}F lsnf]ld6/leq xhf/f}F l8u|L ;]G6Lu|]8 tfkdf aln/x]sf] n]bf] otfplt 3'ld/x]sf] x'G5, h;nfO{DofUdf elgG5 . ToxL DofUdfdfly 7"nf7"nf r§fg t}l//x]sf x'G5g\ . To;/Lt}l/Psf r§fg Pscfk;df 3':bf jf 5'l§Fbf DofUdf dflylt/ cfpFb5 . To:tf]cj:yfdf xfdLn] sNkg} ug{g;Sg] zlQm pTkGg x'G5 . ToxL zlQmsf] bafa;tx;Dd cfOk'Ub5 / sDkg k}bf x'G5 .

e"ue{df /x]sf] DofUdf a]u;fy rNbf To;n] aflx/lt/ cfpg] sdnf] :yfg e]6]df7"nf] lj:kmf]6;fy aflx/ Hjfnfd'vLsf ¿kdf lg:sG5 . o;/L Hjfnfd'vLsf]lj:kmf]6 x'Fbf klg 7"nf] zlQm pT;h{g eP/ k[YjLsf] ;txdf sDkg k}bf x'G5 /e'OFrfnf] hfG5 .

e'OFrfnf] hfg] dfgjLo sf/0f klg b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . 7"nf vfgLaf6 kmnfd,sf]Onf, t]n cflb pTvgg\ ubf{ tL j:t'n] cf]u6]sf] 7fpF vfnL x'G5 . To; vfnL7fpFdf leqL ;txsf] DofUdf lg:sg ;lhnf] x'g] jf aflx/L hldg efl:;g] qmddf;tx xlNnP/ e'OFrfnf] hfg] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L hfg] e'OFrfnf]sf] ljgfzsf/L Ifdtfeg] k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 hfg] e'OFrfnf]sf] t'ngfdf guGo g} x'G5 .

o;sf cltl/Qm cf0fljs xltof/sf] k/LIf0f ubf{ klg To;n] e";txdf sDkg k}bfu5{ . ljgfzsf/L ¿ksf ljzfn klx/f] hfFbf klx/f] uPsf] :yfg 5]p5fpsf]a;f]af; If]qsf] hldg xlNnFbf klg e'OFrfnf]af6 x'g]h:t} gf]S;fg x'g;S5 .

e'OFrfnf] hfg] cGo sf/0f h]h:tf eP klg e"ue{leqsf rnfodfg Kn]6sf]ultzLntf / Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6 g} k|d'v e'sDkLo sf/0f x'g\ . o;/L hfg]e'OFrfnf]sf] Ifdtf ljleGg :t/sf] x'G5 . sltko e'OFrfnf] uPsf] xfdLn] yfxf g}kfpFb}gf}F . ljz]ifu/L $ l/S6/:s]neGbf dflysf] e'OFrfnf] dfq xfdLn] yfxf kfpFb5f}F .

g]kfndf e'OFrfnf] hfg] sf/0fg]kfnsf] ef}ule{s :j¿k Hjfnfd'vL hfg] lsl;dsf] gePsf] ljz]if1x¿n] lgisif{lgsfn]sf 5g\ . To;}n] g]kfn / l5d]sL d'n's ef/t tyf rLgsf] g]kfnL ;LdfIf]qdf Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6af6 e'OFrfnf] hfg] s'g} cfwf/ /x]sf] 5}g . xfn;DdsfcWoog tyf cg';Gwfgcg';f/ o; If]qdf e"ueL{o r§fgdf /x]sf] ultzLntfs}sf/0f e'OFrfnf] hfg]u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

e"ue{df /x]sf o:tf r§fgnfO{ 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6 eg]/ j}1flgs gfdfs/0f ul/Psf]5 . oL Kn]6 cfk;df 3':bf, 3if{0f x'Fbf jf ljkl/t lbzftkm{ 5'l§Fbf ToxfFaf6 ljzfn


zlQm pTkGg x'G5 . To;/L lg:s]sf] zlQm k[YjLsf] ;txtkm{ x'lQP/ cfpFbf sDkgk}bf eP/ e'OFrfnf] hfG5 .

g]kfndf blIf0ftkm{ /x]sf]] OlG8og tyf pQ/tkm{ /x]sf]] ltAa]ltog Kn]6sf]aLr x'g]3if{0f jf ljR5]bgh:tf cGtlqm{ofsf sf/0f e'OFrfnf] hfg]u/]sf] e"ue{ljb\x¿sf]egfO /x]sf] 5 . sl/a ;f9] rf/ s/f]8 jif{klxn] OlG8og Kn]6 / o'/]l;og elgg]ltAa]ltog Kn]6 cfk;df 7f]lSsP/ cfPsf] ljzfn e'OFrfnf]af6 6]ly; ;fu/ePsf] 7fpFdf clxn]sf] lxdfno kj{tsf] pTklQ ePsf] lj1x¿sf] egfO 5 .

g]kfnsf] blIf0ftkm{ /x]sf] ef/tLo Kn]6 @=% ;]lG6ld6/ k|ltjif{sf b/n] pQ/tkm{/x]sf] ltAa]ltog Kn]6leq 3':g] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L Kn]6 Pscfk;df 3':bf k[YjLsf]aflx/L ;tx klg v'DrFb} hfG5 . of] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ rln/xg] xf] eg] kfFr ;ojif{df g]kfnsf] e"ld !) ld6/;Dd v'Drg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L v'lDrPsf];tx Ps}k6s wl:;of] eg] * l/S6/:s]neGbf dflysf] zlQmePsf] e'OFrfnf]hfg;S5 . o;k|sf/ OlG8og / ltAa]ltog 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6sf] ultzLntf g}g]kfndf e'OFrfnf] hfg] k|d'v sf/0f dfGg ;lsG5 .

e'O“rfnf]sf] Ifdtfk[YjLdf e'OFrfnf] guPsf] ;do g} x'Fb}g . e"ueL{o ultzLntf lgoldt ¿kdfrln/xg] ePsfn] e'OFrfnf] klg lgoldt ¿kdf uO/x]sf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof b'O{l/S6/:s]n;Ddsf] e'OFrfnf] Ps 306fdf !^) j6f hfg]u/]sf] cg'dfg e"ue{ljb\x¿sf]/x]sf] kfOG5 .

lgoldt ¿kdf uO/xg] Ps jf b'O{ l/S6/:s]nsf] e'OFrfnf] xfdLn] yfxf kfpg;Sb}gf}F . ;fdfGotof #=% l/s6/:s]nsf] e'OFrfnf] ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /x]sf] dflg;n]yfxf kfpg ;S5 . eL8ef8 jf sfddf Jo:t dflg;n] t $ l/S6/:s]nsf]e'OFrfnf] klg yfxf kfpg d'l:sn k5{ . o:tf ;fgf e'OFrfnf]af6 vf;} Iflt gx'g]ePsfn] klg dflg;n] Totflt/ vf;} Wofg lbPsf] x'Fb}g .

;fdfGotof $=% l/S6/ :s]nsf] e'OFrfnf]n] 3/uf]7 jf ;fwf/0f ;+/rgfdf yf]/}dfq Iflt k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . e"ue{af6 pTkGg x'g] zlQmsf cfwf/dfe'OFrfnf]sf] Ifdtf a9\b} hfG5 / hgwgsf] Ifltsf] cg'kft klg To;}cg'¿ka9\5 . * l/S6/:s]nsf] e'OFrfnf]nfO{ ljZjdf lgs} ljgfzsf/L dflgG5 . g]kfndf@)() ;fnsf] e'OFrfnf] *=# l/S6/:s]n Ifdtfsf] lyof] h;df k/]/ * xhf/eGbfa9L dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] eg] sl/a *) xhf/ 3/ Wj:t ePsf lyP .

e'OFrfnf]sf] gfkdf lemgf] cGt/ cfP klg To;af6 pTkGg x'g] zlQmdf 7"nf] cGt/x'G5 . e'OFrfnf]sf] dfk Ps l/S6/:s]n a9\bf sDkg !) u'0ff a9\b5 eg] #@ u'0ffa9L pmhf{ pTkGg x'G5 . o; lx;facg';f/ * l/S6/:s]nsf] e'OFrfnf] hfFbf tLgl/S6/:s]nsf] e'OFrfnf]af6 x'g] sDkgsf] t'ngfdf * l/S6/:s]nsf] e'OFrfnf]sf]sDkg !) nfv u'0ff a9L x'G5 eg] zlQmsf] pT;h{g # s/f]8 u'0ff a9L x'G5 .e'OFrfnf]sf] Ifdtf / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] sDkg tyf zlQmsf] :j¿k s:tf] x'G5


eGg] hfgsf/L tflnsf g+= ! af6 ldNb5 .

e'O“rfnf]sf] k|sf/oGqLo M dflg;n] ) b]lv @=$ l/S6/:s]n;Ddsf] e'OFrfnf]nfO{ cg'ej ug{;Sb}g . o:tf] e'OFrfnf] uPsf] k|df0f oflGqs clen]vaf6 dfq yfxf kfpg;lsG5 . e'OFrfnf]sf] Ifdtf gfKg] oGq l;:df]u|fkmåf/f dfq yfxf kfOg] ePsfn]o; :t/sf] e'OFrfnf]nfO{ oGqLo e'OFrfnf] elgG5 .

IfL0f M o;k|sf/sf] e'OFrfnf] jf sDkgsf] cg'ej ;+j]bgzLn dflg;n] dfq cg'ejug{;S5g\ . IfL0f e'OFrfnf]sf] dfk @=$ b]lv #=$ l/S6/:s]n;Dd x'G5 .

xNsf M #=% b]lv $=@ l/S6/:s]n dfksf] o;:t/sf] e'OFrfnf] glhs}af6 6«sjf a; rNbf pGkGg x'g] sDkg tyf ysf{x6h:t} x'G5 . xNsf dflgg] o;:t/sf] e'OFrfnf]sf] cg'ej cf/fd ul//x]sf jf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf sfd ul//x]sfdflg;n] dfq u5{g\ .

;fdfGo M $=# b]lv$=* l/S6/ :s]n;Dddfksf] e'OFrfnf]sf]cg'ej lxFl8/x]sf ]df lg;n ] klgug{;S5g\ . ;fdfGoe'OFrfnf] (Moderateearthquake) af63/leq jf hldgdfePsf j:t ' klgxlNnG5g\ .

zlQmzfnL M ¿v,3/df em'l08Psf;fdfg lgs} /fd|/LxlNnG5g\ .;fdfGo¿kdf78ØfOPsf j:t'9Nb5g\ eg]oftfoftsf ;fwgklN6g] ;Defjgf klgx'G5 . $=( b]lv %=$l/S6/:s]n;Ddsf]dfkg x'g] o;:t/sf]e'OFrfnf]nfO{

tflnsf M ! e'O“rfnf]sf] Ifdtf, sDkg / zlQm pT;h{g

tLj|tf jf dfkg w/ftnLo zlQm j[l4-l/S6/:s]n_ sDkgdf j[l4 -cg'dflgt_

)=! !=# u'0ff !=$ u'0ff

)=@ !=^ u'0ff @=) u'0ff

)=# @=) u'0ff #=) u'0ff

)=$ @=% u'0ff $=) u'0ff

)=% #=@ u'0ff %=% u'0ff

)=^ $=) u'0ff %=% u'0ff

)=& %=) u'0ff !!=@@ u'0ff

)=* ^=# u'0ff !%=*% u'0ff

)=( &=( u'0ff @@=#* u'0ff

!=) !) u'0ff #@ u'0ff

@=) !)) u'0ff !,))) u'0ff

#=) !))) u'0ff #!,^@@ u'0ff

$=) !),))) u'0ff !),)),))) u'0ff

%=) !),nfv u'0ff #,!^,@@,&&^ u'0ff

;|f]tM uf]kfnk|;fb b'nfn, kof{j/0f dfl;s, k"0ff{ª\s %(,k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ljz]if, @)^@ .


zlQmzfnL e'OFrfnf] elgG5 .

w]/} zlQmzfnL M %=% b]lv ̂ =! l/S6/:s]n dfk /xg] o; :t/sf] e'OFrfnf] vt/fo'Qmx'G5 . 3/sf] ufx|f] rls{g], Knf:6/ plKsg], plePsf] dflg; :jod\ xlNng] cj:yfpTkGg x'G5 . w]/} zlQmzfnL e"SDk Hofb} sdhf]/ 3/ elTsg] ;Defjgf ePsfn]To;df lylrP/ dflg; 3fOt] x'g] jf dg]{ ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .

vt/gfs M o; :t/sf] e'OFrfnf] lgs} ljgfzsf/L x'G5 . dflg;nfO{ lxF8\gsl7g x'G5 / rnfO/x]sf] ;jf/L;fwg;d]t lgoGq0faflx/ hfg] ;Defjgfx'G5 . ̂ =@ b]lv ̂ =( l/S6/:s]n dfksf] x'g] vt/gfs e'OFrfnf]af6 kSsL 3/sf];d]t ufx|f] n8\5 . ;fdfGo / s'g} s'g} ;dodf 7"nf 3/x¿;d]t n8\g] x'Fbfhgwgsf] Iflt x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

ljgfzsf/L M & b]lv &=# l/S6/:s]nsf] e'OFrfnf]nfO{ ljgfzsf/L elgG5 . 3/n8\g], hldg lrl/P/ b/f/ aGg], ;8s, k'n elTsg] tyf Hofb} le/fnf] kxf8LIf]qdf klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . ljgfzsf/L e'OFrfnf] hfFbf ;+/rgf elTsP/lylrFbf lgs} dflg; dg{ ;S5g\ / 3fOt] x'G5g\ .

;j{gfzL M lgs} alnof jf ejg lgdf{0fdf Wofg k'¥ofP/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf afx]sw]/}h;f] 3/ elTsP/ gi6 x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf t'ngfTds ¿kn] u|fdL0fe]usf sf7sf 3/ a9L ;'/lIft /xG5g\ . hldg k'm6]/ kfgL aflx/ lg:sg],klx/f] uP/ gbL y'lgg] / af9L cfpg], cfunfuL x'g] / 7"nf] dfqfdf hgwgsf]Iflt x'G5 . &=$ b]lv * l/S6/:s]n dfksf] ;j{gfzL e'OFrfnf]af6 ;alt/xfxfsf/ dlRrG5 .

k|nosf/L M * l/S6/:s]neGbf dflysf] Ifdtf ePsf] e'OFrfnf]nfO{ k|nosf/Le'OFrfnf] elgG5 . o; Ifdtfsf] e'OFrfnf] lj/n} hfG5 t/ () k|ltzteGbfa9L ef}lts ;+/rgf Wj:t x'G5g\ . o; Ifdtfsf] e'OFrfnf] uPdf hldg lrl/g],pynk'yn x'g], kxf8 g} efl;g] jf pTklQ x'g], kfgLsf d'xfg k'm6\g]h:tf36gfn] k|nosf/L ¿k lng] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o:tf] e'OFrnf] uPdf hgwgsf]ckf/ Iflt x'g;S5 .

e'O“rfnf]sf] clen]vge'OFrfnf]sf] Ifdtf gfKg] k|lqmofnfO{ clen]vg elgG5 / ;fdfGotof o;nfO{e'OFrfnf]sf] dfkg elgG5 . e'OFrfnf]sf] Ifdtf tyf tLj|tf dfkg ug]{ oGqnfO{l;:df]u|fkm elgG5 . l/S6/:s]nn] e'OFrfnf] hfFbf pT;h{g ePsf] pmhf{sf] kl/0ffdsfcfwf/df o;sf] Ifdtf kQf nufpg l;:df]u|fkmn] b]vfPsf] t/ª\usf] ljZn]if0fu/]/ Ifdtfsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|rng 5 .


e'OFrfnf]sf] Oltxf;

e'OFrfnf]sf] pTklQk[YjLsf] aflx/L kq lrl:;P/ 7f]; ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] e"ue{df plDn/x]sf]DofUdfnfO{ aflx/ lg:sg glbP/ lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5 . e"ue{ljb\x¿sf cg';f/ xfd|f]w/ftnaf6 a9Ldf Ps xhf/ lsnf]ld6/ leq /x]sf] Dofudfdfly ljleGgcfsf/k|sf/sf $ b]lv %) dfOn;Dd df]6fOsf ljzfn r§fg t}l//x]sf 5g\ . oLPscfk; jf ljk/Lt lbzftkm{ ;':t ultdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ultzLn /xG5g\ . oLKn]6sf] ;ª\Vof k[YjL ;]nfpg] qmd;Fu} a9\b} uPsf] dflgPsf] 5 . @) s/f]8jif{klxn];Dd …kf]lGhofÚ elgg] Pp6} dfq Kn]6 /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] eP klgclxn] ;Dddf ;of}F Kn]6 alg;s]sf 5g\ .

ljz]if1x¿sf cg';f/ e'OFrfnf]sf] pTklQs]Gb|nfO{ cGtMs]Gb| jf xfOkf];]G6/(Hypocenter) elgG5 . of] s]Gb| e";txaf6 a9Ldf & ;o lsnf]ld6/ leq;Dd/x]sf] x'G5 . t/ lxdfno If]qdf pTklQ:yn @) b]lv #) lsnf]ld6/s} ulx/fOdf/x]sf] pNn]v 5 . cGtMs]Gb|af6 pTkGg phf{ dflylt/ cfpFbf k/]sf] r§fgL lr/f(Foult) df 7f]lSsg] s]Gb|nfO{ clws]Gb| (Epicenter) elgG5 .

e'OFrfnf]af6 pTkGg x'g] zlQmsf] lg;h{g x'g] qmddf d"n jf cGtMs]Gb| x'Fb}clws]Gb|af6 alx/ lgl:sG5 . o;/L pTkGg x'g] e'OFrfnf]af6 tLg k|sf/sf] t/ª\upTkGg x'G5, h;nfO{ k|yflds t/ª\u (P Waves), cg'k|:y t/ª\u (Tranverse/SWaves) / bL3{ t/ª\u (L Waves) elgG5 . oLdWo] kL t/ª\s lgs} zlQmzfnL /ljgfzsf/L x'G5 . e'OFrfnf]sf] t/ª\u l;:df]u|fkmdf clen]lvt tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0faf6 ug]{ k|rng 5 .

ljZjdf uPsf e'O“rfnf]aL;f}F ztfAbLdf uPsf e'OFrfnf]dWo] To;af6 ePsf] Iflt, k|efj If]q / dfkgsfb[li6n] d] @@, !(^) df blIf0fL lrnLdf s]Gb|laGb' eP/ uPsf] e'OFrfnf] ;a}eGbf7"nf] / k|nosf/L dflgPsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] lbg cyf{t\ @! d] sf lbg * l/S6/:s]nsf]e'OFrfnf]n] lrnLsf] sG;]K;g ;x/df Ps ;o dflg;sf] Hofg lnFb} 7"nf] Ifltk'¥ofPsf] lyof] . To;sf] ef]lnkN6} cyf{t\ d] @@ sf lbg k'gM ;f]xL If]qdf (=%l/S6/:s]n dfkgsf] ztfAbLs} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] e'OFrfnf] uof] . To; e'OFrfnfsf]ljgfzsf/L wSsf hfkfg / lkmlnlkG;;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] . o; e'OFrfnf]af6 ;of}F;x/ / ufpF Wj:t x'Fbf %,&)) dflg; dfl/Psf lyP . To;kl5sf s}of}F lbg;Ddklg e'OFrfnf]sf 7"nf–7"nf wSsf uO/x]sfn] k|efj If]q klg a9\b} uof] . ljleGgb]zdf y'k|} dfG5] d/]sf] / s/f]8f}F 8n/sf] cfly{s gf]S;fgL ePsf]] @) cf}F ztfAbLs}


;aeGbf 7"nf] ;f] e'OFrfnf]sf] wSsf * ldg]6;Dd /x]/ klZrdL cd]l/sf, c:6«]lnof,Go'lhNofG8, hfkfg, lkmlnlkG;, ¿;sf] sfd56\sf k|foåLk / xjfOåLknfO{ ;d]tk|efljt agfPsf] lyof] .

cd]l/sL /fHo cnf:sfsf] klZrddf s]Gb|laGb' eO{ uPsf] ;g\ !(^$ dfr{ @* sf]e'OFrfnf]nfO{ @) cf}F ztfAbLsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] e'OFrfnf] dflgG5 . tLg ldg]6;DdwSsf dx;'; ul/Psf] (=@ l/S6/:s]nsf] ;f] e'OFrfnf]sf] wSsf @ nfv *% xhf/ju{lsnf]ld6/ If]q;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] .

To;}u/L ( dfr{ !(%& df cd]l/sL cflG8«gkn åLkdf s]Gb|laGb' /x]sf] (=!l/S6/:s]nsf] e'OFrfnf]nfO{ klg 7"nf] g} dflgG5 . oBlk o;af6 hgwgsf] w]/}Iflt ePsf] lyPg . e'OFrfnf] 7"nf] eP klg o;n] sl/a %) nfv cd]l/sL8n/a/fa/ dfq Iflt k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .

hgwgsf] Ifltsf lx;fan] x]g]{ xf] eg] h'nfO{ @* df !(&^ df rLgdf uPsf]e'OFrfnf] ;a}eGbf ljgfzsf/L dflgPsf] 5 . ;f] e'OFrfnf]df k/L & nfv %) xhf/dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] eg] sl/a % ca{ ̂ ) s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/a/fa/sf]cfly{s Iflt ePsf] lyof] .

e'OFrfnf]sf] ljZjJofkL cj:yf lgs} kL8fbfoL /x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf uPsf ljgfzsf/Le'OFrfnf]sf af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L tflnsf g+= @ af6 k|fKt x'G5 . o;af6 s]:ki6 x'G5 eg] hgwgsf] Iflt ug{;Sg] e'OFrfnf] lgs} nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fndfhfg] eP klg To;n] Iflt eg] Hofb} ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= @ M la;f}“ ztfAbLsf ljgfzsf/L e'O“rfnf]

qm ;+= ldlt dfk :yfg

!= d] @@, !(^) (=% blIf0f lrnL

@= dfr{ @@, !(^$ (=@ blIf0fL cnf:sf, cd]l/sf

#= dfr{ (, !(%& (=! PlG8«gs åLk, cd]l/sf

$= gf]e]Da/ $, !(%@ (=) sfdrf6\sf, ¿;L dxf;ª\3

% gf]e]Da/ #!, !()^ *=* OSj]8f]/

^ k]ma|'c/L $, !(^% *=& Hof6 åLk, cd]l/sf

& cu:6 !%, !(%) *=^ cf;fdsf] ef/t / rLgsf] l;dfIf]q

* k]ma|'c/L #, !(@# *=% sfdfrf6\sf, ¿;L dxf;ª\3

( k]ma|'c/L !, !(#* *=% jfG8f ;d'b|, OG8f]g]l;of

!)= cS6'a/ !), !(^# *=% s'l/nåLk, tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;ª\3


g]kfndf e'OFrfnf]sf] Oltxf;g]kfndf e'OFrfnf]sf] P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]hsf] cefj 5 . k|ljlw / 1fgsf] sdL /tYofª\s /fVg] k/Dk/fsf] cefsf sf/0f P]ltxfl;s e'OFrfnf]sf] lnlvt b:tfj]hpknAw x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ls+jbGtLsf / k|fKt cgf}krfl/s tYofª\ssf]cWoogsf glthfsf cfwf/df ljz]if1x?n] s'g ;dodf sqf] e'OFrfnf] uPsf]lyof] eg]/ cg'dfg nufPsf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= #_ . xfn;Dd g]kfndf uPsfe'OFrfnf]sf] lnlvt b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf !(() ;fnsf] e'OFrfnf]sf] dfq k|df0fkfOG5 . tTsfnLg d]h/ a|DxzD;]/sf] dxfe'OFrfnf] !(() gfdsf] k':tsdf ;f]dxfe'OFrfnf]sf] Oltj[QfGt k9\g kfOG5 . To;}u/L @)$% ;fn ebf} % ut] uPsf]e'OFrfnf]sf] klg k|fdfl0fs tYofª\s pknAw 5 .

P]ltxfl;s clen]v cg';f/ !@%% ;fndf uPsf] e'OF+rfnf]nfO{ g} g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbfk'/fgf] 1ft ePsf] e'OFrfnf] dflgG5 . To; e'OF+rfnf]df k/L tTsfnLg /fhf ceodNn;lxt w]/} dflg;sf] Hofg uPsf] / hgwgsf] 7"nf] Iflt ePsf] cg'dfgul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf uPsf cGo 7"nf e'OFrfnf]df !*!), !*##, !*^^ ;fndftLgj6f dxfe'OFrfnf] uPsf] Oltxf;df pNn]v 5 . To;}u/L, g]kfndf aL;f}FztfAbLdf dfq e'OF+rfnf]df k/L emG8} !! xhf/ dflg;n] csfndf Hofg u'dfpg'k/]sf]lyof] . lj;+ !(() ;fnsf] dxfe'OFrfnf] af/Daf/ rrf{ eO/xg] kl5Nnf] ;dodfuPsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] e'OF+rfnf] xf] . ;f] e'OFrfnf]df k/L g]kfndf *,%!( hgfsf]Hofg uPsf] lyof] h;dWo] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf dfq $,@(^ hgfsf] d[To' ePsf]lyof] . o; dxfe'OF+rfnf]n] y'k|} 3/, dlGb/, kf6Lkf}jf, b]jfno cflb g/fd|/L eTsfPsf]lyof] . g]kfndf ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg Ifdtfsf e'OFrfnf] uPsf] kfOG5 . ();fnkl5 klg ;fgf tyf demf}nf :t/sf y'k|} e'OF+rfnf] uO;s]sf 5g\ . @)$%;fndf k"jL{ g]kfndf uPsf] e'OFrfnf]nfO{ klg sd ljgfzsf/L dfGg ;lsFb}g .To; e'OFrfnf]df k/L k"jf{~rnsf] k|l;4 ;x/ w/fgdf ;a}eGbf a9L Iflt k'u]sf]lyof] .

P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lvsf e'OFrfnf]sf] cWoog ubf{ g]kfndf x/]s *) b]lv !))jif{df 7"nf] / $) b]lv %) jif{df demf}nf vfnsf] e'OF+rfnf] hfg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .o; oyfy{nfO{ x]bf{ g]kfndf casf] s'g} klg ;do 7"nf] e'OF+rfnf] hfg ;Sg];Defjgf 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljleGg ;+:yfx?n] u/]sf] cWoogn] g]kfndf !(();fnsf] Ifdtfsf] e'OF+rfnf] uPdf sf7df8f}+df dfq $) xhf/eGbf w]/} dflg;sf]d[To x'g;Sg], Ps nfveGbf w]/} dflg; 3fOt] x'g;Sg] / ̂ ) k|ltzteGbf w]/} 3/k"0f{ ¿kdf Ifltu|:t x'g] cg'dfg 5 . To;}u/L pkTosfsf vfg]kfgL, lah'nL,6]lnkmf]g, c:ktfn, af6f]nufotsf ;+/rgf Ifltu|:t eP/ hLjg si6k"0f{ aGg]cg'dfg ljz]if1x?n] u/]sf 5g\ .


tflnsf g+ # M g]kfn s]Gb|laGb' eO{ uPsf P]ltxfl;s e'O“rfnfx¿

qm;+ ldlt -lj;+_ Iflt

!= @)!# c;f/ /fhf ceo dNn;d]t xhf/f}“ pkTosfaf;Lsf] d[To' /w]/} dlGb/ tyf 3/x¿sf] Iflt

@= !#!^ hgwgsf] 7"nf] Iflt / To;sf] k|efjaf6 clgsfn nfu]sf]

#= !$^$, ebf} hgwg / kz'sf] 7"nf] Iflt / /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] dlGb/klg Ifltu|:t

$= !&#&, k'; hgwgsf] w]/} Iflt ePsf]

%= !&#*, h]7 hgwg / 3/x¿sf] 7"nf] Iflt ePsf]

^= !*@$, c;f/ Ps lbgd} @! k6s uPsf] e'O“rfnf]af6hgwgdf Jofks Iflt ePsf]

&= !*^^, h]7 P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfsf ¿kdf /x]sf dlGb/x¿ Ifltu|:t

*= !**), odk~rdL 7"nf] e'O“rfnf] cfPsf] eP klg hgwgsf] sd Iflt

(= !*(), ebf} sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf ;x/x¿ k|efljt ePsf

!)= !*(! c;f/b]lv w]/} e'O“rfnf] uP klg hgwgsf] Jofks Iflt ePsf]

ebf};Ddsf

!!= !(&# g]kfnsf] ;'b"/klZrddf w]/} 7"nf] Iflt

!@= !(*# df3 ef/tsf] k6gf / laxf/ k|efljt eO{, g]kfndf Go"gk|efj k/]sf]

!#= !((), df3 #,*%) k'?if / $,^^( dlxnf;lxt *,%!( sf] d[To',w/x/f, 3G6f3/;lxt xhf/f“}dlGb/, 3/ gi6 eP/ w]/} 7"nf] Iflt ePsf]

!$= @)@#, c;f/ ;'b"/klZrddf @$ dflg;sf] d[To' / !,#)) eGbf a9L 3/eTs]/ 7"nf] Iflt

!%= @)#&, ;fpg aemfª lhNnfj/k/ 7"nf] Iflt ePsf] . !)# hgfsf]d[To' tyf @,%)) eGbf a9L 3/Ifltu|:t ePsf

!^= @)$%, ebf} pbok'/ lhNnfdf s]Gb|laGb' ePsf] e'O“rfnf]af6 &@!hgfsf] d[To' tyf ̂ %,))) eGbf a9L 3/x¿df Iflt k'u]sf]

;|f]tM 8f= d]3/fh lwtfn, kof{j/0f dfl;s, k"0ff{ª\s %(, k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ljz]if, @)^@ .


e'OFrfnf]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf

k"j{tof/L

e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf sf/0fe'OFrfnf]n] dflg; dfb}{g t/ e'OF xlNnFbf dflg;n] agfPsf ef}lts ;+/rgf elTsFbfTo;df lslrP/ dflg; dg]{ / 3fOt] x'G5g\ / wg;DklQ klg gi6 x'G5 . dfgjlgld{t;+/rgf alnof, Jojl:yt / e/kbf]{ ePdf jf e'OFrfnf]sf] ;fdfGo wSsfn] Ifltug{ g;Sg] Ifdtfsf ePdf hgwgsf] Iflt ck]Iffs[t Go"g x'G5 . hfkfg, cd]l/sfh:tfljsl;t d'n'sdf ejg, ;8s, k'n cflb ;+/rgf e'OFrfnf]sf] dfkb08cg'¿klgdf{0f ePsf sf/0f ToxfF 7"nf] e'OFrfnf] uP klg dfgjLo Iflt sd x'g]u5{ . t/g]kfn / g]kfnh:tf ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf] kL8f km/s 5 . sdhf]/ ef}lts ;+/rgf,ul/aL, clzIffh:tf sf/0fn] g]kfndf ;fg} e'OFrfnf] uPdf klg hgwgsf] Ifltn]sxfnLnfUbf] cj:yf pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfndf e'OFrfnf]sf]hf]lvdsf s]xL sf/0f lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

;fdflhs ;f]rg]kfn / g]kfnh:tf cNkljsl;t tyf clzlIftsf] ;ª\Vof w]/} /x]sf d'n'sdfe'OFrfnf]sf] hf]lvd a9fpg] sfo{df k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs ;f]rn] klg 7"nf] e"ldsfv]n]sf] 5 . e'OFrfnf] ef}ule{s sf/0fn] hfg] geP/ b}jL sf/0fn] hfG5 eGg] e|fdswf/0ff g} o;sf] hf]lvd a9fpg] sf/0f xf] . ;dfhaf6 o; k|sf/sf e|d gx6];Dd;'/lIft :yfgdf e'OFrfnf] k|lt/f]wL 3/ jf cGo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf agfpg]b[9tf dflg;df pTkGg x'g ;Sb}g .

cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fg]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fF3'/f] af6f]tyf uNnLdf dfkb08ljxLg cUnf 3/sf] lgdf{0f hf]lvdo'Qm /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/Llah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g, s]a'n 6]lnlehgsf tf/ 6fFluPsf vDafn] ;x/L If]qdf ;jf{lwshf]lvdnfO{ a9fpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf clwsf+z lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ tTsfnLgcfjZostfsf] k"lt{ ug{df dfq Wofg lbg] k|rng 5 h;n] e'OFrnf]sf] ;fdfGowSsf klg y]Ug ;Sb}g / c:jefljs ¿kdf hgwgsf] Iflt x'G5 . e'OFrfnf]af6 x'g]Iflt ;x/ ahf/ tyf 3gfa:tLdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 . cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fsfsf/0f e"pkof]u ;dfg'kflts / ;d'lrt ?kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fF3'/f af6f3f6f,sdhf]/ 3/ tyf ef}lts ;+/rgfn] e'OFrfnf] cfPsf] ;dodf bdsn, PDa'n]G;nufot


/fxt tyf p4f/sfo{df afwf pTkGg x'G5 . v'nf rf}/ jf rf]s gx'Fbf cfkTsfnLgp4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{df emg\ Jojwfg pTkGg x'G5 .

c;'/lIft lgdf{0f k4ltg]kfndf @)^! ;fnb]lv ejglgdf{0f ;+lxtf nfu" eP klg Tof] s]xL ;x/L If]qdfdfq ;Lldt 5 . To;df klg ;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjog Hofb} sdhf]/ / cg'udgljxLg/x]sf] 5 . sltko k'/fgf 3/ 6]sf nufP/ c8\ofOPsf] kfOG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdfe'OFrnf] uOxfn]df hgwgsf] ck"/0fLo Iflt x'g] oyfy{nfO{ gsfg{ ;lsFb}g .g]kfndf ;fdfGotof *) b]lv !)) jif{df 7"nf] tyf $) b]lv %) jif{df demf}nf:t/sf] e'OFrfnf] hfg] u/]sf] tYofª\sn] lghL, Jofkfl/s tyf ;fj{hlgs 3/sf]jt{dfg lgdf{0f k4ltn] lgs} 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] b]lvG5 .

cfw'lgs lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 g} 3/ alnof] x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff tyf ;fdu|Lk|of]]usf] k|j[lQn] klg sdhf]/ ejg lgdf{0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L xfd|f] ;dfhdfk'/fgf] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / k4ltaf6 alnof] 3/ agfpg} ;lsFb}g eGg] ;f]rfO klg5 . lgdf{0f ;fdu|Ldf u'0f:t/ x'g'k5{ eg] tL ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u;DaGwL k|fljlws1fg klg x'g' h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu ejg tyf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfx lng'kg]{ x'G5 . of] k|j[lQ xfdLsxfF gePsfn] sdhf]/ 3/x¿lgdf{0f x'g] u/]sf] sf/0f e'OFrfnf]sf] hf]lvd cTolws /x]sf] 5 .

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k"j{tof/Lg]kfn ef}ule{s ¿kn] e'OFrfnf]sf] hf]lvddf /x]sf eP klg ejg / cGo ljsf;sf;+/rgfnfO{ e'OFrfnf] k|lt/f]wL k|ljlwaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Pdf Iflt Go"gLs/0f x'G5 .e'OFrfnf] s'g} klg ;dodf hfg] ljgfzsf/L 36gf ePsfn] o;af6 x'g;Sg] IfltGo"g ug{ ;b}j ;ts{tf ckgfpg' k5{ . e'OFrnf]n] Ps–b'O{ JolQm, 3/–kl/jf/ jf;d'bfonfO{ dfq geO{ 7"nf] If]q, b]z jf w]/} d'n'snfO{ k|efljt kfg{;S5 . of]slxn] cfpF5 / slt Ifdtfsf] x'G5 eGg] yfxf kfpg ;lsFb}g g t To;nfO{ /f]Sgg} ;lsG5 . t/ ;Defljt dfgjLo tyf ef}lts ;DklQsf] IfltnfO{ sd ug{ eg];lsG5 . o;/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{nfO{ ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhn] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf lgldQ kxn ug'{k5{ . oBlkkl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iffsf nflu 3/fo;L / :yfgLo txsf] k"j{tof/Ln] dxTjk"0f{e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . kfl/jfl/s tyf :yfgLo txaf6 ug'{kg]{ k"j{tof/Lsf s]xLkIfnfO{ ;+If]kdf k|:t't ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]5 .

;+/rgfTds ;'/Iffe'OFrfnf]sf] hf]lvd Go"g ug]{ k|d'v pkfo eg]sf] cfkm" a:g] 3/nfO{ alnof]agfpg' xf] . a;f]af; ug]{ 3/, cf}Bf]lus jf Jofkfl/s ejg / ljBfno tyf


c:ktfn jf :jf:Yorf}sLsf ejg s:tf] :yfgdf s;/L agfpFbf a9L ;'/lIftx'G5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L /fVg'k5{ . lgDg cj:yfsf 3/ / ef}uf]lns If]q e'OFrfnf]sfb[li6n] ;ª\s6fled'v x'g] x'Fbf ;d'bfon] cTolws hf]lvd axg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 M

cUnf], w]/} sf};L lgsflnPsf], hueGbf dflysf] efu 7"nf] agfP/ lgdf{0ful/Psf] 3/ e'OFrfnf]sf] ;fdfGo wSsfn] ;d]t elTsg ;Sg] x'Fbf To:tf 3/lgdf{0f ug'{x'Fb}g . 3/ agfpFbf ;s];Dd rf/ s'gf ldn]sf] agfpg' /k5{ .husf] cfwf/ / If]qkmneGbf dflyNnf] tnfsf] If]qkmn klg w]/} agfpg'x'Fb}gcyf{t\ dflyNnf] tnfsf] 9nfg aflx/;Dd lgsfn]/ 3/ lgdf{0f ug'{x'Fb}g .

afªuf]–l6ª\uf] jf gfua]nL cfsf/sf 3/ klg e'OFrfnf]sf b[li6n] hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g]x'Fbf To:tf] 3/ agfpg' a'l4dfgL x'Fb}g .

elTsg nfu]sf k'/fgf 3/n] e'OFrfnf]sf] ;fdfGo wSsfnfO{ ;d]t ;xg ug{g;Sg] x'Fbf To:tf 3/df a;f]af; ug'{ vt/fk"0f{ x'G5 .

bnbn] hldg ;fdfGo e'OFrfnf] uPdf klg efl;g], e"ljv08g eP/ gbLsf]axfjdfu{ kl/jt{g x'g] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 . To;}u/L tnfp jf kf]v/L ljikmf]6x'g] x'Fbf o:tf If]qdf agfOPsf] 3/ jf a;f]af; ;b}j ;ª\s6fled'v x'G5 .

Hofb} le/fnf] kfvf]df klx/f] hfg;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] x'Fbf le/fnf] kfvf] /kfvf]sf]] km]bL klg a;f]af;sf lx;fan] hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 .

3/ agfpFbf klx/f] ghfg], gbLsf] af9Ln] ge]6\g], ;'Vvf / ;'/lIft hUufdfagfpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu pknAw cfˆgf] glhssf] ;x/L ljsf; tyf ejglgdf{0f sfof{no jf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfosf k|fljlws;Fu ;Dks{ u/L pgLx¿sf];Nnfxcg';f/ 3/ lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . o;sf ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] nfu" u/]sf]ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtfcg';f/ 3/ lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .

3/ agfp“bf Wofg lbg' kg]{ ljifo;x/L If]qdf OF6f, l;d]G6 / kmnfd] /8 k|of]u u/]/ ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ k|rng 5 .sª\lqm6 9nfg u/L lkn/jfnf 3/ ;fdfGotof 9'ª\ufdf6f]sf] uf/f]jfnf 3/eGbfalnof] x'G5 . oBlk lkn/jfnf 3/ agfpFbf klg pko'Qm / ;xL tl/sf ckgfOPgeg] 3/ alnof] x'Fb}g . To;}n] kmnfd] /8, OF6f / l;d]G6sf] lkn/jfnf 3/ agfpFbflkn/, aLdsf 808L /fVg] tl/sf, 808Lsf] uF;fO, lkn/df nufpg] /8nfO{ l/ªn]afFWg] ljlw tyf 9nfgsf] u'0f:t/h:tf ljifodf Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . lkn/jfnf3/nnfO{ e'OFrfnf]sf] wSsfaf6 arfpg 808L tyf l/ªn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 .To;}n] 808L] ufF:bf k|z:t vK6\ofpg], l/ª\ nufpFbf hfnL cfsf/sf] agfP/ s:g]ug'{k5{ . ljz]if1x?sf cg';f/ ahf/df kfOg] rf/ nfOg jf !@ ldldsf] 808Lhf]8\bf sl/a &@ ;]ldhlt vK6\ofpg'k5{ . To;}u/L aLdsf] 808Lsf] 5]pnfO{nueu TolQ g} dfqfdf lkn/leq 3';fpg'k5{ eg] aLd / lkn/sf hf]gL{sf]


5]p5fpsf efudf rf/ OGreGbf w]/} b"/Ldf l/ª afFWg'x'Fb}g . aLd / lkn/sf]hf]gL{sf] efudf klg l/ª rflxFbf] dfqfdf /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . lkn/jfnf 3/df klghf]gL{ g} ljz]if dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . To;}n] lad / lkn/sf] hf]gL{df ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .

3/sf] 9nfg ubf{ To;sf] u'0f:t/df klg ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . 9nfgsf lgldQk|of]u ul/g] l;d]G6, lu§L, afn'jf /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] x'g'k5{ . luvf{ k/]sf] l;d]G6 /df6f] ldl;Psf] afn'jf, km/s–km/s cfsf/sf lu§L k|of]u x'Fbf 9nfg sdhf]/x'G5 . To;sf ;fy} l;d]G6, afn'jf / lu§Lsf] ld>0f agfpFbf /fd|/L 3f]Ng'k5{ . o:tf]ld>0fsf] cg'kft !M@M$ eGbf sd x'g'xF'b}g . o:tf ljifodf ;fdfGo Wofg lbP dfqklg 3/ alnof] x'G5 / t'ngfTds ¿kdf e'OFrfnf]sf] hf]lvd Go"g x'G5 .

To;}u/L ufpF3/df 9'ª\uf / df6f]sf] hf]8fOaf6 uf/f] nufP/ 3/ agfpg] k|rng5 . o;/L 3/ agfpFbf uf/f]aLrsf] hf]gL{ alnof] agfpg]tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .b'O{j6f uf/f] hf]8\gsf lgldQ bfFtL 5f8\g] / kl5 To;df uf/f] nufpg] rng /x]sf]5 . o;sf] ;f6f] v'8\lsnf 5f8]/ uf/f] nufpg' /fd|f] x'G5 hxfF csf]{k6Lsf]ufx|f]nfO{ ;lhn} t/ alnof];Fu hf]8\g ;lsG5 . To;}u/L, uf/f]nfO{ e'OFrfnf]af6gn8\g] agfpg / ‰ofn9f]sfsf] s'gfaf6 lr/f kg{ glbg 7fpF–7fpFdf sf7, afF;jf sª\lqm6 9nfgsf] k§L lbg'k5{ . uf/f]sf s'gfdf ‰ofn9f]sfsf] 5]plt/sf]efudf 7f8f] afF;, sf7 jf kmnfdsf] 808L /fVg' cem >]o:s/ x'G5 .

u}/;+/rgfTds j:t'sf] ;'/Iffe'OFrfnf]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu 3/ agfpg] 7fpF / 3/ alnof] eP/ dfqx'Fb}g . e\"sDkLo hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft /xg xfdL a:g] 3/leq /flvPsf j:t'nfO{ klgJojl:yt / ;'/lIft lx;fan] /fVg'k5{ .

b}lgs cfjZostfsf 3/fo;L ;fdfgnfO{ u}/;+/rgfTds j:t' elgG5 . h;dfsf]7fdf /flvg] b/fh, leQfdf ;hfOPsf kmf]6f] k|m]d, l;lnª–kª\vf, ¥ofs, afb{nLjf sf};Ldf /flvPsf km"nsf udnf, 5tsf] kfgL 6\ofª\sLh:tf ;fdu|L k5{g\ .3/leq /xg] To:tf j:t' e'OFrfnf] uPsf ;dodf xlNnP/ v:g jf 6'6\gkm'6\g;S5g\ . TolQ dfq xf]Og, dflyaf6 v:g] tL j:t'n] kl/jf/sf ljz]ifu/L afnaflnsf,a"9fa"9L, lj/fdL / czQm ;b:onfO{ a9L xflg k'¥ofpF5g\ . To;/L v:g] j:t'af67"nf / alnof dflg;sf] klg Hofg hfg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ctM To:tf j:t'nfO{gv:g]u/L 8f]/L, lsnf sf6f, sAhf cflbn] alnof] u/L a]/]/ /fVg'k5{ . To;f] u/]df/flvPsf j:t' v;]/ Ifltu|:t x'g] jf gf]S;fg x'g] qmddf sdL dfq cfpFb}g, ltgn]lsr]/ dflg; dg]{ jf 3fOt] x'g] ;Defjgf klg Go"g x'G5 .

e'OFrfnf] cfPdf 3/leqsf u}/;+/rgfTds j:t'sf] gf]S;fgL x'gglbg ;'/IffTdspkfo ckgfpg' h?/L x'G5 . To:tf ;'/Iff pkfo lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

b/fh, k':ts /fVg] ¥ofsh:tf cUnf / ux|f}F j:t'nfO{ leQfdf sfF6L jf sAhf


7f]s]/ ;fdfGo wSsf jf sDkgn] gxNnfpg] u/L /fVg'k5{ . b/fh jf ¥ofssf]tNnf] v08df ux|f}F a:t' /fVg] / dflyNnf v08df t'ngfTds ?kdf xn'sf j:t'/fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} b/fh / ¥of;ssf] dfly ux|f}F / ;lhn} n8\g]j:t' /fVg' x'Fb}g .

3/df /x]sf sL6gf;s cf}iflw, Uof;, d§Lt]n, k]6«f]n, l8h]n jf To:t}k|HHjngzLn kbfy{ j:t' hyfefjL /fVg x'Fb}g . To:tf j:t'nfO{ ;fdfGowSsfn] c;/ gkfg]{ / cGo j:t'n] lyRg] jf lsRg] ;Defjgf sd ePsf] 7fpFdf/fVg'k5{ .

leQfdf ;hfOg] kmf]6f] k|m]d, P]gfnufotsf j:t'nfO{ alnof];Fu afFWg] jflsnf–sfF6Lsf] d2tn] v:g g;Sg] u/L c8\ofpg'k5{ .

l;lnª kª\vfh:tf 5tdf em'G8ØfP/ /flvg] j:t'nfO{ cª\s'z]df alnof];Fuem'G8Øfpg'k5{ .

¥ofsdf /flvPsf ;fdfgnfO{ v:g glbg 8f]/L jf lkmQfn] afw]/ /fVg'k5{ .

;'Tg] cf]5Øfg, 6]a'n, s';L{sf] 5]pdf cUnf / ux|'ª\uf j:t' /fVg' x'Fb}g .

sf};Lsf udnf v'nf ¿kdf g/fv]/ 8f]/Ln] afFw]/ jf gn8\g] u/L /fVg'k5{ .

sf};Lsf] kfgLsf] 6Øfª\sLnfO{ bfofFafofFaf6 6]jf lbO{ gxlNng] u/L /fVg'k5{ .

cfGtl/s k"j{tof/Le'OFrfnf]af6 x'g;Sg] Iflt Go"g ug{ ;+/rgfTds / u}/;+/rgfTds ;'/Iffsf]k|aGwn] dfq x'Fb}g . e'OFrfnf] sltv]/ s'g Ifdtfsf] cfpF5 eGg] hfgsf/L x'gg;Sg] ePsfn] o;af6 cfk"m ;'/lIft /xg / kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5d]snfO{ ;'/lIft/fVg s]s:tf sfd ug'{k5{ eGg] hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos x'G5 . o; qmddfe'OFrfnf] hfg'eGbf cl3, e'OFrfnf] hfFb} ubf{ / uO;s]kl5 s] ug]{ eGg] hfgsf/L/fVg' h?/L x'G5 / To;} cg'¿k k"j{tof/L ug'{k5{ .

;fd'bflos tyf kfl/jfl/s of]hgfe'OFrfnf] hfg'cl3 o;af/]df ;fd'bflos 5nkmn rnfpg' cfjZos 5 . o:tf]5nkmn kl/jf/leq klg rnfpg'k5{ . e'OFrfnf] uPdf s;/L aRg ;lsG5 eGg]hfgsf/L cfk"mn] lng], kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] / ug'{kg]{ sfdl;sfpg] tyf ;d'bfodf klg To:t} hfgsf/L lbg' ;r]t gful/ssf] st{Jo x'G5 .o:tf] hfgsf/L lng] jf lbg] ljifo lgDg cg';f/ x'g;S5g\ M

e'OFrfnf] uOxfn]df cfˆgf], kl/jf/sf ;b:o / l5d]sLnfO{ s;/L ;'/Iff k|bfgug]{ eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn u/L cfkTsfnLg of]hgf agfpg'k5{ . e'OFrfnf]sf]klxnf] wSsf /f]lsgf;fy aflx/ lgl:sg g;s]sf jf Ifltu|:t 3/df y'lgPsf


JolQmsf] p4f/ u/L ;'/lIft :yfgdf Nofpg] of]hgf klxn] g} agfpg'k5{ .

e'OFrfnf] uOxfn]df kLl8tsf] p4f/ / /fxtsf] nflu :yfgLo txdf cfjZosof]hgf agfpg'k5{ . cfkTsfnLg a;f]af;sf lgldQ v'nf 7fpFsf] lgSof]{n,cf}iflwsf] k"j{ Joj:yf, cfkTsfnLg cf>osf] lgldQ cfjZos kg]{ kfn jf6]G6, lkpg] kfgLsf] ;|f]t, vfBfGg / cfKtsfnLg lzIffsf af/]df of]hgf tof/u/L ;d'bfosf ;b:oaLr sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug'{k5{ .

3/leqsf] ;'/lIft :yfgsf] klxrfg u/L /fVg] / kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ e'OFrfnf]uOxfn]df ;s];Dd To:tf] ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g cEof; u/fpg] .

3/sf] leqL uf/f] jf lkn/sf ;Fu}sf 7fpF, 3/leqsf /flvPsf 7"nf / alnofkmlg{r/sf] 5]p5fpsf efu t'ngfTds ¿kn] ;'/lIft dflgG5g\ . t/ e¥ofª,aflx/L uf/f]sf] 5]p, l;;fo'Qm ‰ofn jf glhssf efu c;'/lIft x'G5g\ . 3/dfo:tf ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft :yfg sxfF–sxfF 5g\ eGg] kQf nufO/fVg] / e'OFrfnf]uPsf] ;dodf ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g] of]hgf tyf cEof; ug'{k5{ .

e'OFrfnf]kl5sf] b'O{–tLg lbgsf] ;do ;a}eGbf cK7\of/f] ;do xf] . Tolta]nfvfgf, kfgLnufot cTofjZos j:t'sf] 7"nf] cefj x'g;Sb5 . To;}n]e'FOrfnf]kl5sf tLg lbg;DdnfO{ k'Ug]u/L glau|g] tof/L vfg]s'/f, cTofjZoscf}iflw, lkpg] kfgL, ;/;kmfOsf ;fdfg, 6r{nfO6, /]l8of] OToflbsf] klxn] g}aGbf]a:t u/L /fVg'k5{ . o:tf] ;fdfg /flvPsf] emf]nfnfO{ e'OFrfnf]sf] ;dodf;lhn} lnP/ aflx/ hfg ;lsg]u/L 3/sf] ;lhnf] :yfgdf /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

sfdljz]ifn] kl/jf/sf ;b:o 3/aflx/ x'g' gf}nf] s'/f xf]Og . e'OFrfnf] uPsf];dodf kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o Ps} 7fpFdf gePdf s;/L / sxfF e]6\g ;lsG5jf s'g ;b:o sxfF uPsf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lnO/fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

cfktsfnLg ;dodf cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ bdsn, /]8qm;, k|x/Lh:tf;+:yfsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ 3/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ /fVg nufpg'k5{ / To:tflgsfodf ;Dks{ ug]{ tl/sf klg l;sfpg'k5{ .

cfkTsfnLg j:t'sf] Joj:yfe'OFrfnf] uPdf ef}lts ;+/rgf 9Nbf lslrP/ jf lylrP/ dflg; dg]{, 3fOt] x'g]tyf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ / wg;DklQsf] Iflt x'g;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf kLl8tnfO{cTofjZs ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf ;fy} cfˆg} lgldQ klgcfkTsfnLg j:t'sf] cfjZostf k5{ . To;}n] cfkTsfnLg ;dodf rflxg] dxTjk"0f{;fdfg Pp6} emf]nfdf /fVg'k5{ . o:tf] ;dosf nflu rflxg] s]xL ;fdfg Pp6femf]nfdf /fv]/ ;lhn} e]6\g ;lsg] 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ / 5/l5d]snfO{ ;d]t To;f]ug{ k|]l/t ug'{k5{ . o:tf ;fdfg :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t klg x'g;S5g\ . oBlk cfkTsfnLg emf]nfdf lgDg k|sf/sf ;fdfg /fVg'k5{ M


k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu rflxg] dnxdk§L jf AofG8]h, l86f]n, PG6L;]lK6slqmd, l;6fdf]n, ;kmf ?jf / sk8fsf] Kofs]6 agfP/ cfkTsfnLg emf]nfdf/fVg'k5{ .

cfktsfnLg ;dodf cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ bdsn, /]8qm;, k|x/Lh:tf;+:yfsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ 3/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ /fVg nufpg'k5{ / To:tflgsfodf ;Dks{ ug]{ tl/sf klg l;sfpg'k5{ .

cfkTsfndf rflxg] rfprfp, lrp/f, la:s'6h:tf xn'sf vfg]s'/f, 6r{nfO6,nfO6/ jf ;nfO, lknf;, k]rs;h:tf cf}hf/ /fVg] .

pk/f]Qm cfkTsfnLg emf]nfsf ;fy} e'OFrfnf]sf] wSsfn] 3/sf ‰ofn jf 9f]sfc8\lsP/ aflx/ lg:sg sl7g x'G5 . To;sf nflu 9f]sf jf ‰ofn vf]Ng;lhnf] x'g] kmndfsf] 58 e]l6g] :yfgdf /fVg] .

e'OFrfnf] uPdf ckgfpg' kg]{ zts{tfe'OFrfnf] nfdf] ;do hfFb}g . clwsf+z e'OFrfnf]sf] wSsf a9Ldf b'O{ ldg]6 dfqhfG5 . olt 5f]6f] ;do dfq hfg] e'OFrfnf]sf] Ifdtf jf zlQm eg] lgs} ljgfzsf/Lx'G5 . 5f]6f] ;do hfg] / 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] e'OFrfnf]sf] ;dodf ;a}n] cfk"mnfO{w}o{ agfP/ cfkTsfnLg ;'/Iffsf Joj:yf ug'{ lgs} ufx|f] klg x'G5 . To;}n] w]/}dflg; e'OFrfnf]sf] ;dodf cflQg] / hyfefjL bf}8g] / 3/af6 aflx/ efUg] jfdflyNnf] tnfaf6 xfdkmfn]/ aRg] k|of; u5{g\ . t/ To;f] ubf{ emg} vt/f x'g]oyfy{nfO{ xfdLn] la;{g x'Fb}g . ;s];Dd w}o{tf;fy cfk"m;lxt dlxnf ;b:o,afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, czQm / la/fdLsf] ljz]if Vofn ug'{k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ 3/dfklxn] g} ;'/lIft eg]/ klxrfg u/]sf :yfgdf k'¥ofpg] k|oTg ug'{k5{ . e'OFrfnf]uPsf] ;dodf lgDg cg';f/sf zts{tf ckgfpg' a'l4dfgL x'G5 M

e'O“rfnf] hf“bf ug{ gx'g] sfdbf}8]/ e¥ofª cf]ln{g' jf dflyNnf] tnfdf pSng' x'Fb}g,

‰ofn tyf sf};Laf6 xfdkmfNg' x'Fb}g

l;;fsf] ‰ofn tyf xlNnP/ n8\g ;Sg] b/fh, ¥ofs, leQfsf] P]gf,k|]mdh:tf j:t'sf] 5]p5fp a:g' x'Fb}g,

3/aflx/ lgl:sPsf] cj:yf jf aflx/ lxFl8/x]sf] cj:yfdf n8\g ;Sg] 7"nf¿v, lah'nL jf 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0fsf vDaf, k'/fgf / cUnf 3/sf] 5]p5fptyf k'ndfly jf d'lg a:g' x'Fb}g .

e'O“rfnf] hf“bf ug'{kg]{ sfdklxn] g} ;'/lIft eg]/ lrlgPsf 9f]sfsf] rf}sf]; d'lGt/, 6]an', vf6h:tf


kmlg{r/sf] d'lg jf To:t} ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g'k5{ .

e'OFrfnf]sf] ;dodf ;s];Dd cfˆgf] 6fpsf] / ;+j]bgzLn cª\unfO{hf]ufpg'k5{ . tlsof jf c? s'g} j:t'n] 6fpsf] 5f]Kg], s]xL ;fdfg ge]l6Pcfˆgf] xft / kfv'/f hf]8]/ 6fpsf] / cfFvfsf] /Iff ug'{k5{ .

e'OFrfnf] uPsf] ;dodf ;s];Dd 3f]K6f] k/]/ a:g' /fd|f] x'G5 .

efG5fdf cfuf] afn]/ sfd ul//x]sf] a]nf e'OFrfnf] uof] eg] cfuf] tTsfn}lgefpg'k5{ . ;s];Dd Uof; r'nf]sf /]u'n]6/ klg aGb ug'{k5{ .

;fF3'/f] uNnLdf lxFl8/x]sf] cj:yfdf e'OFrfnf] hfFbf sdhf]/ 3/sf] 5]p5fpsf]If]qaf6 hf]lug'k5{ / ;'/lIft v'nf :yfglt/ hfg'k5{ .

;jf/L;fwg rnfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf e'OFrfnf] uP ;jf/Lsf] ult la:tf/} sdub}{ af6f]sf] 5]plt/ nu]/ /f]Sg'k5{ . ;jf/L;fwgnfO{ PSsf;L /f]Sbf emg\ 7"nf]b'3{6gf x'g;S5 . ;jf/L /f]Sbf jf pleFbf cfsfz]k'n, 7"nf lah'nLsf kf]n jn¶f, cUnf ¿v, ;fOgaf]8{ OToflbsf] 5]pdf a:g' jf /f]Sg' x'Fb}g .

sy+sbflrt\, e'OFrfnf]af6 3/ elTsP/ To;n] k'l/xfNof] eg] w}o{tfsf ;fycfkm" afFRg] s'/fdf ljZj:t eP/ vf]hL tyf p4f/ 6f]nLsf] k|tLIff ug'{k5{ .cflQP/ lrRofpg], s/fpg] ubf{ d'6' / lbdfudf cgfjZos bafa kg]{ x'Fbf;s];Dd zfGt /xg] k|of; ug'{k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf l;¶L, ;';]nL ahfP/tyf aHg] ;fdfg e]l6P To;nfO{ ahfP/ p4f/sdL{nfO{ yfxf lbg] k|of;ug'{k5{ .

e'O“rfnf] uO;s]kl5 ckgfpg' kg]{ zts{tfklxnf]k6s e'OFrfnf] uO;s]kl5 km]l/ klg cGo ;fgf 7"nf wSsf nfUg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .e'OFrfnf]sf] clwsf+z 36gfn] klxn] 7"nf] e'OFrfnf] uPkl5 w]/} k6s ;–;fgf wSsfnfUg] / ;fgf] e'OFrfnf] uPsf] s]xL ;dod} 7"nf] e'OFrfnf] hfg;Sg] kfOG5 . To;}n]e'OFrfnf]sf] klxnf] wSsf zfGt ePkl5 b]xfosf sfd ug'{k5{ M

3/leqsf]] cfuf], Uof;, lah'nL tTsfn} aGb ug]{,

cfkTsfnLg emf]nf / cGo cfjZos 7flgPsf j:t' af]s]/ t'?Gt} aflx/ lg:sg],

dlxnf, afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, czQm / la/fdLnfO{ 3/af6 aflx/ Nofpgk|fyldstf lbg],

3/af6 aflx/ lgl:sPkl5 klxn] lgwf{l/t v'nf / ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg],

e'OFrfnf] cfpFbf aflx/ ePdf tTsfn 3/leq gk:g], k:g} kg]{ ePdf kl5NnfwSsfn] 3/ gelTsg] osLg u/]/ dfq leq k:g],

e'OFrfnf] uPkl5 ljleGg k|sf/sf xNnf rNg;S5g\ , To;}n] tL xNnfsf] kl5gnfuL jf:tljstf a'‰g] k|of; ug]{ .


kLl8tsf] p4f/ tyf /fxtJoj:yfkg

7"nf] e'OFrfnf] uPdf clwsf+z ef}lts ;+/rgf Ifltu|:t x'G5g\ . lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g,vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf] k|0ffnLdf ;d]t Iflt x'g] ePsfn] vfg] kfgL, lah'nL /;~rf/nufot vfBfGgsf] cefj x'G5 . 3/ n8]/ vfBfGg / b}lgs cfjZostfsfj:t' k'l/P/ pkef]usf nflu cg'ko'Qm x'g] cj:yf cfpF5 . sltko 3/df dflg;y'lgP/, lylrP/ dg]{ / 3fOt] ePsfsf] ;d]t ;dod} p4f/ / pkrf/ x'g g;SbfHofg hfg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;}n] e'OFrfnf] /f]lsPkl5 ;'/lIft /x]sf ;a}n] p4f// /fxtsf sfo{df ;lqmotfsf ;fy nfUg'k5{ .

cfk"m / cfˆgf] kl/jf/ ;'/lIft eO;s]kl5 6f]nl5d]sdf p4f/ sfo{df d2tk'¥ofpg ;lqmo /xg'k5{ . jf:tjdf 6f]nl5d]ssf JolQmn] g} ;a}eGbf klxn]cfˆgf] l5d]ssf dfG5]nfO{ d2t k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g\ . ;]gf, k|x/L jf /]8qm;sf:jo+;]js p4f/sf nflu cfOk'Ug ;do nfU5 . To;}n] ;d'bfosf ;a} ;b:oldn]/ 5/l5d]ssf] p4f/df nfUg'k5{ . o;/L p4f/ ubf{ ;a}eGbf klxn] 3fOt]ePsf / ljz]ifu/L dlxnf, s]6fs6L, j[4j[4f, czQm, la/fdLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'dfgjLo st{Jo x'g cfpF5 .

e'OFrfnf] /f]lsgf;fy ug]{ p4f/e'OFrnf]af6 Iflt ePsf ;+/rgfleq y'lgPsf jf k'l/Psf kLl8tnfO{ tTsfn aflx/NofP/ ;'/lIft cf>o:yn jf pkrf/s]Gb| / c:ktfn k'¥ofP/ ltgLx¿sf] hLjgsf]/Iffug]{ sfo{nfO{ e"sDkLo p4f/ elgG5 . o:tf] p4f/df JolQm, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo,gful/s ;dfh / ;/sf/ ;lxt ;du| /fli6«o ;+oGqs} dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .p4f/df hgzlQm, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, ;'/Iff, p4f/sf k|ljlwsf] k|of]un]k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf p4f/sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ kIfaLr;+j]bgzLn, k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;fjfwfgLk"0f{ ;dGjo / ;b\efjsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

p4f/sf qmddf ;fd'bflos 5nkmnaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] cfkTsfnLg lj:yfkgof]hgfcg';f/ sfd ug'{k5{ . o:tf] of]hgf 7"nf ljzfnahf/, Jofkfl/s tyfcf}Bf]lus k|lti7fg, c:ktfn, xf]6]n, ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ejgdf ;d]tul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . e"sDksf ;dodf kLl8tsf] p4f/sf nflu tof/L cj:yfdf


/flvPsf] un, 6r{ nfO6, xyf}8f, k|fylds pkrf/sf ;fdu|Lh:tf cfjZoscf}hf/sf] pkof]u ug'{k5{ . :yfgLo txdf x'g] o:tf k"j{tof/Ln] e"sDksf] kL8faf6tTsfn} p4f/ u/L /fxt k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf JolQmut k|of;n] ;Defljt7"nf] Ifltsf] Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u ldN5 .

p4f/ sfo{sf] juL{s/0fe'OFrfnf] hfg;fy bIf p4f/ 6f]nL 36gf:yndf k'Ug sl7g x'G5 . To; cj:yfdf:yfgLo ;d'bfo jf :jo+;]jsfåf/f ul/g] p4f/n] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]N5 . To;}n] p4f/sfo{nfO{ p4f/df kx'Fr / cGo b[li6sf]0faf6 ljleGg r/0fdf juL{s/0f u/]/cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfF p4f/ sfo{nfO{ p4f/sf If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{xug]{ ;'/Iff lgsfosf ljlwnfO{ ;d]t k|:t't ug'{ pko'Qm ePsfn] Osf]– g]kfnåf/fk|sflzt kof{j/0f dfl;ssf] jif{ !$, cª\s *, df3 @)^#, k"0ff{ª\s &! dfk|sflzt k|x/L lg/LIfs >L ljZj clwsf/Låf/f lnlvt …g]kfndf e"sDkLo p4f/ M;Defjgf tyf r'gf}tLÚ n]vaf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ p4f/k|lqmofnfO{lgDgcg';f/ cufl8 a9fpg' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 M

cfkm}F jf l5d]sLn] ug]{ p4f/e'FOrfnf]af6 x'g] Ifltsf] :t/nfO{ e'FOrfnf]sf] Ifdtf, s]Gb|laGb', ;do, :yfg /;+/rgfut lgdf{0fsf :j?kn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . lbpF;f] uPsf] e'OFrfnf]sf] t'ngfdf/flt uPsf] e'FOrfnf]af6 w]/} Iflt x'G5 . To;}u/L labfsf] lbgdf e'FOrfnf] uPdf:s'n, sfof{noh:tf ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgfdf Iflt k'u] klg dfgjLo Iflt sd x'G5 .g]kfndf ljutdf ePsf e"sDkLo c;/, cWoog / cg'ejcg';f/ ;fdfGotofe"sDksf] rk]6fdf kg]{ hLljt JolQmx¿dWo] %) k|ltzt dflg; ;fdfGo 3fOt]x'g] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf JolQm cfFkm} jf kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:osf] tyf l5d]sL /;'/IffsdL{sf] ;fdfGo ;xof]uaf6} ;'/lIft x'g ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu ljz]if bIftf/ ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf kb}{g . ufpF3/d} pknAw sDan, 8f]/L, pkrf/ k4ltcflbsf] k|of]u u/L 3fOt]sf] p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fd'bflos p4f/stf{n] ug]{ p4f/jt{dfg ljZjdf p4f/sf nflu ;fd'bflos p4f/–;d"xsf] ljsf; tyf k|of]u;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t eO/x]sf] 5 . oBlk e"sDkåf/f ;8softfofth:tf kx'Frdfu{ Ifltu|:t x'g] / Joj;flos p4f/stf{sf] ;ª\Vof hlxn]klg cToGt} Go"g x'g] x'Fbf p4f/df ;d:of b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . oftfoftsf] cefjePdf ;Lldt ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf Joj;flos p4f/stf{ rfx]/ klg kLl8t;Dd ;dod}


k'Ug ;Sb}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;d'bfodf /x]sf p4f/sdL{ g} ;a}eGbf pQd;xof]uL / p4f/stf{ x'g ;S5g\ . o; tYon] p4f/stf{sf] pTkfbg ;d'bfodfx'g'kg]{ ts{nfO{ an lbG5 .

e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf nflu ;fd'bflos ¿kd} p4f/;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg tyf ;LkePsf hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg ug'{ k5{ . o; cy{df txut ¿kdf cf}krfl/s tflndtyf k|lzIf0f / cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] lj:tf/ :jo+;]jssf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"tzt{ xf] . To:t} cfwf/e"t p4f/ tyf /fxt ;fdu|L ;fj{hlgs jf ;fd'bflos ¿kdfJoj:yf ug'{k5{ . o; lsl;daf6 k|lzlIft :jo+;]jsn] e"sDksf] k|efjaf6 hLljt/xg] JolQmx¿dWo] u}/;+/rgfut lgdf{0fdf jf xNsf¿kdf r]lkP/ /xg] #)k|ltzt JolQmx¿sf] p4f/ ug{;S5 . o:tf p4f/ ;d"xnfO{ cfwf/e"t vf]h tyfp4f/;DaGwL k|lzIf0f k|bfg ug'{k5{ . o:tf] k|lzIf0fdf 36gf:ynsf] 3]/faGbL,vt/fsf] klxrfg, 3fOt] jf x/fPsfsf] vf]hL tyf :t/ lgwf{/0f, cfwf/e"t p4f/;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u tyf 3fOt] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL 1fg tyf ;Lk k5{g\ . o:tf]:jo+;]jsf] ;d"xn] bIf p4f/stf{sf] pkl:ylt ePkl5 36gf:ynsf] 3]/faGbL,3fOt]sf] vf]hLdf 7"nf] ;xof]u lbG5 .

eUg ;+/rgfdf vf]h tyf p4f/eUg ;+/rgfdf 3fOt]sf] vf]hL tyf p4f/ ug'{ cToGt} k|fljlws, ;fxl;s /r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ;g\ !(*% df d]lS;sf] ;x/df uPsf] e'OFrfnf]kl5 eUgfjz]ifaf6hlt dflg;sf] p4f/ ePsf] lyof] To;eGbf a9L p4f/stf{x¿n] Hofg u'dfpg'k/]sf] lyof] . To:t} ;g\ @))! df cd]l/sfsf] 6\jLg 6fj/df p4f/ ug{ uPsf ;of}Fp4f/stf{x¿sf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] . p4f/stf{ cfkm}F hf]lvddf k/]df kLl8tsf]p4f/ x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] o:tf] p4f/df vl6g] p4f/stf{sf] lgldQ cfkm\gf];d"xsf] ;'/Iff g} klxnf] k|fyldstf x'G5 .

e"sDksf] c;/kl5 hLljt /xg] ;ª\Vofsf] nueu !% k|ltzt ;ª\Vof eUg ePsf;+/rgfleq k/]sf, k'l/Psf jf RoflkPsf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] p4f/sf nfluljlzi6 tflnd k|fKt hgzlQm tyf p4f/ ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf k5{ . p4f/stf{sf]kl/rfngb]lv lnP/ p4f/stf{ :jo+ / kLl8tsf] ;'/IffnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' dfgL ;+/rgfuteUgfjz]ifdf kLl8tsf] vf]hL, kLl8t;Dd kx'Fr, kLl8tsf] Joj:yfkg / eUgfjz]ifaf6kLl8tnfO{ aflx/ lgsfnL pkrf/:yn;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfo{ p4f/cGtu{t kg]{ sfo{x¿x'g\ . oL k|To]s sfo{sf nflu lglZrt sfo{ljlw / ;|f]t–;fwgsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{x'G5 .

eUgfjz]ifdf kl/0ft ePsf ;+/rgfsf] leQf, 5t jf cGo s'g} efunfO{ sf6LToxfFleqaf6 kLl8tsf] p4f/ ul/g] o; k|sf/sf] sfo{df vf]h tyf p4f/;DaGwL


cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|rlnt ;femf ;ª\s]t / ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5, h;n] ubf{ cGo/fi6«af6 cfPsf p4f/sdL{n] ;d]t ;lhn} sfd ug{ ;S5g\ . ljkb\sf cj:yfdfp4f/;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu ePsf Joj:yfaf/] cfk;df hfgsf/L lng jf lbg;femf ;ª\s]tljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . International Search and Rescue AdvisoryGroup åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3åf/f cjnDag ul/Psf] of];ª\s]t–k|0ffnLnfO{ INSARAG raking System elgG5 .

e"sDkLo vf]h tyf p4f/sfo{df cGt/f{li6o ;ª\s]t–k|0ffnL] k|efjsf/L ePsfn]of] ljZjsf ;a} d'n'sdf k|of]u x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o:tf] vf]h tyf p4f/tflnd o"P;PcfO8L / cf]Pkm8LP sf] cfly{s ;xof]u tyf Pl;og l8hf:6/lk|k]8{g]; ;]G6/sf] kxndf ;g\ !((* b]lv k|f/De ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] tflndcfkTsfnLg p4f/ tyf vf]hsf] If]qdf /fli6«o tyf If]qLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{nIocg'¿k ;~rfng ug]{ ul/G5 . o; sfo{qmdn] xfn;Dd g]kfn k|x/L, g]kfnL;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L, g]kfn /]8qm; / ljleGg c:ktfnsf hjfg tyf :jo+;]jsnfO{;d]6]sf] 5 . o;/L pTkflbt hgzlQmdWo] s]xLn] If]qLo :t/df k|lzIfs, kf7\oqmd;+of]hs tyf kf7\oqmd lg/LIfssf] e"ldsf ;d]t lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ .

cTofw'lgs p4f/ 6f]nL

;+/rgfsf eUgfjz]ifleq hLljt /xg] cf};t ;ª\VofdWo] 5 k|ltzt dflg;p4f/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cToGt} cK7\of/f] / ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .eUggfjz]if ag]sf ;+/rgfsf] k|s[lt, vt/fsf] cj:yf tyf k|fljlws ;fwgsf]cfjZostfsf kg]{ x'Fbf hl6n cj:yfdf /x]sf kLl8tsf] p4f/ ;fdfGo :t/sfp4f/stf{ / p4f/ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uåf/f ;Dej x'b}g . o;sf nflu >Job[io k|:t'tug{;Sg] ljB'tLo vf]h pks/0f, qm]g, x]lnsK6/h:tf ;fwg / To;}adf]lhdk|lzlIft hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

eUg ;+/rgfaf6 hLljt p4f/ / ;do;Ldf

e"sDkLo k|sf]ksf sf/0f eUgfjz]ifdf k/]sf kLl8t JolQm hLljt /xg] ;Defjgf;+/rgfsf] Ifltu|:t cj:yfdf lge{/ u5{ . olb ;+/rgf k"0f{¿kdf gi6 ePsf] 5jf ejgsf] dflyNnf] tnf csf]{ tnfdfly k'0f{¿kn] ba]sf] 5 eg] ToxfF k'l/Psfdflg; hLljt /xg] ;Defjgf lgs} sd x'G5 . olb ;+/rgf cf+lzs ¿kdf dfqelTsPsf] jf aLraf6 wl;Psf] tyf Psflt/sf] efu elTsP/ csf]{lt/ v;]sf] 5eg] To:tf] ;+/rgfdf k'l/Psfsf] hLljt} p4f/ x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . eUg;+/rgfleq klg ;a}eGbf a9L hLljt /xg] ;Defjgf cGt/s'Gt/df x'G5 .eUgfjz]ifsf cGt/s'Gt/sf ;+/rgfut jf u}/;+/rgfut j:t' jf lgdf{0fsf


sf/0f aGg] vfnL 7fpFdf eg] kLl8t JolQm nfdf] ;do;Dd klg hLljt /xg;S5 . To;}n] e"sDk cfPdf leQfsf] glhs, vf6, 6]a'nsf] d'lg, zf}rfno jfZgfgfuf/h:tf :yfgnfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;'/lIft dfGg] ul/G5 .

eUg ;+/rgfdf k'l/Psf kLl8tsf] hLljt /xg] ;Defjgfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ eg]sf]g} p4f/sfo{sf] ;do;Ldf xf] . e"sDkLo p4f/ eUg ;+/rgfleq hlt l56f] k|f/Deug{ ;Sof] Tolt g} a9L dflg;sf] hLljt} p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . cGt/f{li6«o :t/dful/Psf] Ps cWoog cg';f/ e"sDk uPsf] cfwf 306fleq p4f/ ug{ ;lsPdfeUgfjz]ifdf k'l/Psf dWo] (! k|ltzt / @$ 306f;Dddf *! k|ltztnfO{ hLljt}p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}u/L $* 306f;Dddf ̂ &=& k|ltzt, &@ 306f;Dddf##=& k|ltzt, (^ 306f;Dddf !( k|ltzt / !@) 306f;Dd &=$ k|ltztkLl8tsf] dfq hLljt} p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L kLl8t;Dd p4f/stf{sf] kx'Frhlt l9nf] xF'b} hfG5, Tolt g} hLljt p4f/sf] ;Defjgf sd x'Fb} hfG5 . o;sf/0fklg p4f/stf{sf] Ifdtf ljsf; / kof{Kt ;fwgsf] hf]xf] ug]{ sfo{nfO{ :yfgLotx;Dd ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

p4f/sf] If]q / p4f/ lgoGq0fp4f/stf{sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ xf] p4f/sfo{sf] If]q s]xL 3/ jf s]xL kLl8tx¿dfdfq ;Lldt /xg;S5 t/ Joj:yfks jf lgoGqssf nflu e"sDkLo p4f/sf] If]qufpF, ;x/, c~rn, If]q / ;du| /fi6« g} x'g;S5 . ut jif{ kfls:tfg / ef/tdfuPsf] e"sDkdf p4f/sf] If]q Jofks lyof] eg] OG8f]g]l;ofsf] ;'gfdLn] t p4f/sf]If]qnfO{ ljZjJofkL g} agfOlbPsf] lyof] . To;}n] e"sDkLo p4f/sf] If]q klge"sDksf] zlQm, km}nfj6 / Ifltsf] tTsfnLg cg'dfgn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . p4f/sfo{/fli6«o Ifdtfn] gEofpg] eO{ cGt/fli6«o If]qsf] ;xof]u lng'kg]{ x'g;S5 .

To;}u/L e"sDkn] kf/]sf] k|efjsf] If]qn] p4f/sfo{sf] lgoGq0f–z[ª\vnf lgwf{/0fu5{ . g]kfnsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf cg';f/ e"sDksf] c;/cg'¿k :yfgLo ;+oGq,lhNnf:t/Lo ;+oGq, If]qLo ;+oGq jf /fli6«o ;+oGqn] e"sDkLo p4f/df sdf08tyf lgoGq0f u5{g\ . t/ g]kfndf cg'dfg ul/P adf]lhd g} e'OFrfnf] uPdf/fi6«sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+oGq kl/rflnt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgoGq0fsf]z[ª\vnf / ltgLx¿sf] sfd– st{Jo tyf clwsf/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g] Joj:yf 5 M

s]Gb|Lo sdf08

of] sdf08 cfkTsfnLg cj:yfdf /fi6«df ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] :t/df /xg] sdf08xf] . o;df /0fgLlts lgb]{zs jf s]Gb|Lo cfkTsfnLg lgb]{zssf] ¿kdf /fi6«fWoIf:jo+ jf k|wfgdGqL jf u[xdGqL k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; sdf08df;DalGwt If]qsf /fli6«o ;+oGqsf ;a} k|d'v kbflwsf/Lx¿ /xG5g\ .


s]Gb|Lo sdf08n] p4f/sf nflu tTsfn /0fgLlts of]hgf tyf gLltsf] lgdf{0f,k|fyldstfsf] lgwf{/0f, ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf, cGo lgsfo jf ljb]zL /fi6«;Fu;dGjo ug'{sf ;fy} s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 ;Dk"0f{ p4f/sfo{nfO{ kl/rfng, lgb]{zg /lgolGqt u5{ . tNnf OsfOn] cf–cfkm\gf] sdf08 z[ª\vnfsf] dfWodaf6 eP–u/]sf sfd sfjf{xL, j:t'l:ylt / cfjZostfsf ;DaGwdf of] sdf08nfO{ hfgsf/Lu/fpF5g\ .

If]qLo sdf08

If]qLo p4f/ tyf lgoGq0f sdf08df If]qLo :t/sf ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf pRrkbflwsf/Lx¿ /xG5g\ . o;n] p4f/sf nflu /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf agfP/p4f/sfo{nfO{ kl/rflnt, lgb]{lzt tyf lgoGq0f ug]{, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf Pj+ljt/0f ug]{ / s]Gb|Lo sdf08n] agfPsf /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{sfo{ u5{ . To;}n] k|sf]ksf] ;dodf of] sdf08n] /0fgLlts lgoGq0f sIfsf]e"dLsf ;d]t lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 .

p4f/ sdf08 kf]i6

e"sDkLo p4f/sfo{df cToGt} dxŒjk"0f{ / p4f/sfo{df k|ToIf e"ldsf p4f/sdf08 kf]i6n] lgjf{x u5{ . To;}n] k|sf]ksf] ;dodf p4f/sf nflu of] lgsfosfof{Gjog sdf08 (operation command) sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;df d'Vo¿kdf p4f/stf{x¿ / :yfgLo lgsfosf JolQmx¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . of]sdf08cGt/ut ljleGg OsfO{ sdf08/x¿ /xG5g\ / ltgn] k|ToIf ¿kdf p4f/sf]sfo{ u5{g\ . ;fdfGotof p4f/ sdf08n] lgDg sfo{x¿ u5{ M

• :yfgLo If]qsf] p4f/sfo{nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{,

• p4f/sfo{sf] lgoGq0f k|ToIf ¿kn] u/L cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg],

• p4f/ If]qsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ / ;'/Iffsf] k|aGw ldnfpg],

• p4f/ If]qnfO{ ;]S6/, s8{gdf ljefhg u/L cfjfudg, ;~rf/,:jf:Yo;]jfh:tf cTofjZos ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg],

• kLl8tsf] vf]hL / kLl8t;Dd kx'Fr agfO{ p4f/ ug]{,

• 3fOt]x¿nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ 36gf:ynd} k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ /cfjZos k/]df c:ktfn;Dd k'¥ofO{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{,

• 3fOt] tyf d[t JolQmsf] nut /fVg],

• 3fOt] jf d[tssf ;DaGwdf kl/jf/ tyf cfkmGtnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg],

• ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf lbg],

• k|];;Fu ;Dks{ / hfgsf/L k|sfzg tyf k|zf/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg],


• em'6f] xNnf tyf cftª\s km}lng glbg],

• cfjZos ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{,

• :yfgLo lgsfox¿;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo /fVg],

• p4f/sfo{;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg] cGo ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿ ldnfpg],

• p4f/sfo{sf] ljj/0f, j:t'l:ylt af/]df dflyNnf] sdf08df hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

cfkTsfnLg p4f/sf] ;dodf of] sdf08cGt/ut p4f/stf{x¿n] jf:tljs p4f/sf]sfo{ u5{g\ . cfjZostf cg';f/ o:tf sdf08–kf]i6sf] ;ª\Vof hlt klg x'g;S5 .sdf08 z[ª\vnfsf] lgod cg';f/ p4f/:yndf sfo{/t p4f/stf{nfO{ k/]sf];d:of, cfjZostf jf j:t'l:ylt p4f/stf{n] OsfO sdf08/ (unit commander)nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpF5 . OsfO sdf08/n] To:tf hfgsf/L jf k|fKt ;"rgf cfkm}Fdf;Lldt /fvL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg u5{ . t/ cfjZostf cg';f/ sdf08 kf]i6nfO{hfgsf/L u/fpF5 . To;}u/L To:tf] hfgsf/L sdf08 kf]i6af6 If]qLo sdf08kf]i6 x'Fb} s]Gb|Lo sdf08;Dd k'U5 . o;/L sdf08 z[ª\vnf dfkm{t cfPsf] ;d:of;dfwfgsf] lgldQ pko'Qm sdf08df k'u]kl5 To;sf] ;dfwfg jf j}slNksJoj:yfsf] lg0f{o lbOG5 .

sf7df8f}+df 7"nf] e"sDk uOxfn]df p4f/sfo{sf] If]qut ljefhg s;/L ug]{,sltj6f o:tf sdf08 kf]i6x¿ /fVg], To:tf sdf08 kf]i6cGt/ut slt sltj6fp4f/ OsfOx¿ kl/rfng ug]{, k|To]s p4f/ OsfOdf slt ;ª\Vofdf p4f/stf{v6fpg], ltgLx¿nfO{ s]–s:tf p4f/ ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fpg] eGg]tkm{ ;'IdcWoog ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

pk;+xf/e'OFrfnf] k|fs[lts sf/0fn] x'g] ljgfzsf/L k|sf]khGo 36gf xf] . hnpTkGgk|sf]ksf 36gf, dxfdf/L, x'/Latf;h:tf k|sf]ksf 36gf lgoldt ¿kdf eO/xg]/ hgwgsf] lgoldt Iflt eO/xg] eP klg 7"nf] e'OFrfnf]n] To:tf 36gfnfO{ uf}0fagfOlbG5 . e'OFrfnf] sltv]/ sqf] Ifdtfsf] hfG5 eGg] k"j{ ;"rgf gx'g] / Psfwldg]6d} ljgfzsf/L ¿k lnP/ cfpg] ePsfn] tTsfnLg ;'/Iffdf dflg;sf] Wofghfg g;Sg] ePsfn] g} o; 36gfnfO{ ljgfzsf/L dflgPsf] xf] .

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Earthquake Praperedenss Handbook, National society for EarthquakeTechnology- Nepal.

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Websites of USGS and www.gcrio.org

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ISDR, Global plateform for Disaster Risk Reductio, 2007 Global Review

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