6 Kingdoms Anticipation Guide:Just to get you thinking!

T/F All bacteria are harmful!T/F Only animals move.T/F All animals are

vertebrates.T/F Humans are not animals.T/F Mushrooms are plants.T/F Viruses are living cells.

Section 17.3 - Domains and Kingdoms

• Today’s biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains. The three domains are:– Archaea– Eubacteria (Bacteria)– Eukarya (Eukaryota)

• Organisms are classified into domains according to cell type and structure.

Domains and Kingdoms (cont.)

• Within the domains are six kingdoms:– Archaea (or Archaebacteria)– Eubacteria– Protists– Fungi– Plantae– Animalia

• Organisms are arranged into kingdoms based on cell type, structure, and nutrition.

(BACTERIA)

(BACTERIA)

Domain Archaea• Kingdom Archaea or Archaebacteria

– Prokaryotes that reproduce asexually– More ancient than bacteria– No peptidoglycan in cell walls– Diverse in nutrition requirements

• Most are heterotrophic• Some are autotrophic

– Called extremophiles because they live in extreme environments• Boiling hot springs, salty lakes,thermal vents on

ocean floor, mud of marshes where there is no oxygen

• So may or may not need oxygen to live

Archaea (Extremophiles)

http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/sfs/images/life_ext.jpg

Domain Eubacteria (Bacteria)• Kingdom Eubacteria – prokaryotes whose

cell wall contains peptidoglycan – a strong polymer of two alternating sugars– A diverse group that can survive in many

different environments and that reproduce asexually.

– All are unicellular– Some are:

• Aerobic (require oxygen) OR• Anaerobic (die in presence of oxygen)

– And they are either• Autotrophic (produce their own food) OR• Heterotrophic (get their food from other organisms)

Eubacteria

(Peptidoglycan)

EubacteriaStreptococcus pyogenes

Escheria coli

http://www.microscopyconsulting.com

http://lenta.ru/news/2005/09/30/bacteria/

Domain Eukarya

• Eukaryotes• Contains the following Kingdoms:

– Protista– Fungi– Plantae– Animalia

The Domain Eukarya (or Eukaryota)

Kingdom Protista• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryote• Unicellular & Multicellular• Autotrophic & Heterotrophic• Require oxygen (aerobic)• Reproduce sexually or asexually

or both• Plant-like – may or may not have

cell walls

Kingdom ProtistaEuglena

http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~olaveson/Euglena.html, by Mary Olavsen http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/

faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Protists/protists.htm

Amoeba proteus

Giant Sea Kelp

http://www.eco-pros.com/giant.htm

Slime Mold

www.genome.gov

www.pantransit.reptiles.org

Paramecium caudatum

Fungus-like

Animal-like

Plant-like

Major Groups of Protista:

Kingdom Fungi• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryotes• Cell wall, chitin• Unicellular or Multicellular• Heterotrophic• Aerobic• Reproduce sexually, asexually or

both

Kingdom FungiShelf Fungus

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/fungi.html

Penicillium notatum

http://www.consilia-sa.ch/Francais/Analytes_A-Z/Allergenes/f_allerg.htm

Yeasts

www.sbs.utexas.edu

Major GroupsGroups Examples

Zygomycota Bread molds

Ascomycota Sac fungi, yeasts & molds

Basidiomycota Club fungi, shelf fungi, (mushrooms)

Deuteromycota Parasitic molds, athlete’s foot

Major Groups of Fungi

Blue-green “algae” or cyanobacteria

Chemoautotrophs

Spirillus (spiral-shaped)

Bacillus (rod-shaped)

Coccus (spherical-shaped)

Major Groups

Kingdom Plantae• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryotes• Cell wall made of cellulose• Multicellular• Autotrophic (all do photosynthesis)• Oxygen required• Reproduce sexually, asexually or

both.

Kingdom Plantae

Plant DiversityBryophytes (non-vascular)Pterophytes (seedless, vascular)Coniferophytes (naked seed,

vascular & cone-bearing)Anthophytes (covered seed,

vascular & flowering)

Major Groups

Kingdom Animalia• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryotes• No cell wall• Multicellular• All are heterotrophic

–Digestion takes place inside the body.

• All require oxygen• Reproduce sexually, asexually or both.

Kingdom Animalia

Sponges

Worms

Insects

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

Major Groups of Animals

Characteristic Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Cell type (prokaryote or eukaryote)

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Cellularity (single-celled or multi)

Unicellular Both Multicellular

Nutrition Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Hetero- Auto- Hetero-

Reproduction(sexual or asexual)

Both(binary fission &

conjugationBoth

Both Protista are mostly asexual while animalia are

mostly sexual.

Special features and/or new adaptations

Cell wall with peptidoglycan.

Autotrophs have pigmentation.

Classified by shape, cell wall & movement.

Oldest and can live in harsh conditions.

Classified by cell wall & movement, lack of shape.

Fungi-like: Cell wall of chitin.Plant-like: Cell wall of cellulose.Chloroplasts & pigments.

Classified by movement & nutrition.

Cell wall of chitin.

Specialized cells.

Classified by reproduction

Cell wall of cellulose.

Specialized cells & tissues.

Classified by derived characters

Lacks cell wall

Specialized cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Classified by derived characters

Habitat EVERYWHERE BUT EXTREMES EXTREMES

MOIST ENVIRONMENT

MOIST ENVIRONMENT

LAND & WATER

LAND & WATER

Major groups or phyla

CyanobacteriaGram + / -

Salt-lovers &Methane producers

Fungi, Plant, Animal-LIKE

Molds, mushrooms, spore-forming, parasitic

Nonvascular, vascular/seedless, vascular/seeded (flowering or non-flowering)

Sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

What About Viruses?

Why don’t we classify them?

Viruses are Non-living!• Viruses are nonliving strands of genetic

material within a protein coat.• Not classified into a domain as they are not

considered to be living due to the following:– 1. don’t exhibit all 8 characteristics of life– 2. no organelles to take in nutrients or use

energy– 3. can’t make proteins– 4. can’t move– 5. can’t replicate on their own – require a host

to do so

Viruses (cont.)• Origin: Viruses may have evolved from parts

of cells.• Structure:

– Capsid = outer layer made up of proteins.– Inside capsid is genetic material which is either

• DNA OR• RNA, BUT NEVER BOTH!

• Types: Classified by the type of nucleic acids they contain.– DNA Virus, example = smallpox– RNA Virus called a RETROVIRUS = HIV

Bacteriophage:CAPSID

This type of virus infects bacterial cells.

Virus Infecting a Host Cell