6 omf005601 coverage planning issue1.0
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Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Coverage Planning
Principle
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Page2Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Planning Basis
2. Coverage Planning
3. Advance Planning
4. Advance Technology for improving coverage
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Page3Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Radio PropagationEnvironment
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Page4Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Reflections
direct signal
strong reflected signal
equalizer window 16 s
amplitude
delay time
long echoes, out of equalizer window:
self-interference
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Page5Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fading
Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)
Shadowing due to large obstacles on propagation
direction
Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)
Serious interference from multi-path signals
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Page6Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fading
time
power
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec
+20 dB
mean
value
- 20 dB
lognormal
fading
Rayleigh
fading
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Objective of Propagation Model
The propagation model is used to estimate the path loss during
radio wave propagation caused by the terrain and artificial
environments
The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage
planning. A good model mean more precise planning. The propagation model depends on the working frequency of the
system. Different propagation models have different working
frequencies ranges. Moreover, indoor propagation model differs
from the out door propagation model
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Page8Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Land Usage Types
Urban small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation
Forest heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs
with season (foliage loss)
Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions
Water propagates very easily ==> dangerous !
Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes
Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells, do
not use as antenna or site location
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Page9Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Planning Basis
2. Coverage Planning
3. Advance Planning
4. Advance Technology for improving coverage
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Page10Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cell Coverage Range
Achievable cell coverage depend on
Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz)
Surroundings and environment
Antenna type
Antenna direction
Minimum required signal level
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Page11Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Min. Receiving Level
On Down Link
On Uplink
npenetratioinm
inminmmsreceive
LFastFading
ngSlowlyFadiISMin
++
++=
arg
argarg
npenetratioinminminmbtsreceive LFastFadingngSlowlyFadiISMin ++++= argargarg
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Page12Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fading
Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)
Shadowing due to large obstacles on propagation
direction
Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)
Serious interference from multi-path signals+10
0
-10
-20
-300 1 2 3 4 5 m
Level (dB)
920 MHz
v = 20 km/h
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Page13Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fading
time
power
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec
+20 dB
mean
value
- 20 dB
lognormal
fading
Rayleigh
fading
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Page14Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Min. Receive LevelApplication
Environment
Min. Receiving
Level
Given
Density urban, indoor ? dBm Sms=-102dBmFast Fading Margin=3dB
Slowly Fading Margin=7dB
Interference margin=4dB
Penetration Loss=18
Resident area, indoor ? dBm Sms=-102dBmFast Fading Margin=3dB
Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Interference margin=4dB
Penetration Loss=10
Outdoor ? dBm Sms=-102dBmFast Fading Margin=3dB
Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Interference margin=4dB
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Page15Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Min. Receive LevelApplication
Environment
Min. Receiving
Level
Given
Density urban, indoor -70dBm Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=3dB
Slowly Fading Margin=7dB
Interference margin=4dB
Penetration Loss=18
Resident area, indoor -80dBm Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=3dB
Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Interference margin=4dB
Penetration Loss=10
Outdoor -90dBm Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=3dB
Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Interference margin=4dB
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Page16Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Link Budget
receivemsbtscablecombinerbts MinGLGLLP++
receivecablebtsdiversitymsms MinLGGLGP +++
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Page17Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Link Budget Model
receivemsbtscablecombinerbts MinGLGLLP ++
receivecablebtsdiversitymsms MinLGGLGP +++
On downlink
On uplink
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Page18Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Equipment-related Parameters BTS Tx power
Maximum BS Tx power.
Maximum power of the antenna Ptrx-Lcdu
Maximum MS Tx power
900:2W
1800:1W BS antenna gain
Typical value: Omni directional antenna: 11dBi or 13dBi;directional antenna: 15 to 18dBi.
MS antenna gain
Generally, MS antenna and the connection loss areconsidered to be 0dB.
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Page19Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Equipment-related Parameters
BTS receiver sensitivity
-112.5dBm
The sensitivity is also related with vendor andenvironment
MS receiver sensitivity
-102dBm
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Page20Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
No Combining
TCOM
TRX0TRX0
TX
TRX1TRX1
TX
TX1
IN1
IN2
TX2
RXM1
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
combinercombiner
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Page21Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wide Band Combining
TRX0TRX0
TX
TRX1TRX1
TX
TX1
IN1
TCOM
IN2
TX2
combinercombiner
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Page22Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Feeder and Jumper
feeder
connector
Feeder
Antenna Adjustable Support
GSM/CDMAPanel Antenna
BTS
Wall
jumper
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Page23Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Antenna Feeder SystemFeederFeeder:
Frequently-used
specification:
7/8 ", 5/4 "
900MHZ 1800MHZ5/4 >80 meters >50 meters
7/8 "
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Page24Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Coverage Probability
area coverage probability: Within a coverage area, the percentage
of area in which receive signal strength (RxLev) is always higher than
RxLev threshold
edge coverage probability: In coverage board area, the percentage
time when the receive signal strength (RxLev) is always larger than
the of RxLev threshold
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Page25Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Area coverage probability to edgecoverage probability
area coverageprobability
50% 60% 75% 80% 85% 90% 91% 93% 95% 97% 98% 100%
edgecoverage
probability
Denseurban
20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
urban 20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
Ruralarea
20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
village 17% 27% 46% 54% 63% 73% 76% 80% 85% 90% 93% 100%
High way6% 14% 32% 50% 51% 64% 66% 72% 79% 86% 90% 100%
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Page26Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Margin
To ensure a certain edge coverage probability , it is
necessary to reserve some power margin, i.e. the
shadow fading margin.
Due to the shadow fading, the actual path lossfluctuates around this value. It is subjected to the
logarithmic normal distribution as the location and
time varies.
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Page27Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Area coverage probability toexpected shadow fading margin
Dense Urban
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Page28Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Min. Receiving Level
On Down Link
On Uplink
marginfadingshadowarg
argarg
+++
++=
npenetratioinm
inminmmsreceive
LFastFading
ngSlowlyFadiISMin
marginfadingshadow
argargarg
++
+++=
npenetratio
inminminmbtsreceive
L
FastFadingngSlowlyFadiISMin
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Page29Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
ExampleMS sensitivity (dBm) -102
MS max. transmitting power(dBm) 30
BTS max. transmitting power (dBm) 46
BTS combiner loss (dB) 1
7/8 feeder length (m) 45 4dB/100m
1/2 jumper length (m) 5 11dB/100m
feeder connector loss (dB) 0.5
BTS combiner, jumper, feeder and connector
loss (dB)
?
BTS antenna gain (dBi) 17
Effective Radiated Power EIRP(dBm) ?
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Page30Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Exampleexpected area coverage probability 97%
corresponding edge coverage probability 91%
expected shadow fading margin (dB) ?dB
Noise correction (dB) (interference margin) 2
Body loss (penetration loss) 4
Fast fading margin 1dB
clutter loss (dB) (slow fading margin) 2dB
MS antenna gain 1dB
allowed DL Max Propagation loss in Um interface(dB) ?
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Page31Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Site Coverage Radius: R
Site distance: D=1.5R
Coverage Area=1.949R2
Site Coverage Radius: R
Site distance: D=1.732R
Coverage Area=2.598R2
3 Sectors site Omni site
Distance and CoverageArea
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Page32Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Example
Expected coverage areadimension km2
500
Site type Omni
Cell radius km 0.80
Cell dimenstion km2 ?
Expected BTS number ?
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Page34Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Planning Basis
2. Coverage Planning
3. Advance Planning
4. Advance Technology for improving coverage
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Page35Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Why Indoors
Indoor coverage become the main competition between operators
Subscribers expect continuous coverage and better quality
Outdoor cell cant provide sufficient indoor coverage
INDOOR SOLUTION
Good
Quality!
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Page36Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Building Penetration Loss
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
Pref= 0 dB
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage
signal level increases with floor
number :~1.5 dB/floor (for
1st ..10th floor)
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Page37Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Building Penetration Loss
Signal loss for penetration varies between
different building materials, e.g.:
mean value
reinforced concrete wall, windows 17 dB
concrete wall, no windows 30 dB
concrete wall within building 10 dB
brick wall 9 dB
armed glass 8 dB
wood or plaster wall 6 dB
window glass 2 dB
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Page38Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Indoor Coverage Solutions
Small BTS
Mini BTS
Repeater
Active
Passive
Optical
Antennas
Distribute antenna
Leaky cable
Signal distribution Power splitter
Optical fiber
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Page39Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Indoor Planning
Example2:
1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2%
reuse per two floor, separate
frequencies within one floor:
a) three floors
52.12 Erl => 842subs
b) ten floors
140 Erl => 2808 subs
Example1:
1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2%
no frequency reuse:
a) three floors
34.68 Erl=> 694 subscribers
b) ten floors
34.68 Erl => 694 subscribers
Single cell approach Multi-Cell approach
t
f5
f6
f5
f1
f2
f1
f3
f4
f3f1..f6
f1..f6
f1..f6
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Page40Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Indoor Coverage Examples
With Repeater Relay outdoor signal into target building
Need donor cell, add coverage but not capacity
With indoor BTS and distributed antenna
Heavy loss bring by power splitting and cable
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
1:1:1
1:1
4th floor
3rd floor
2nd floor
1st floor
ground floor
Outdoor Antenna
Gain: 18 dBi
Indoor Antenna
Gain: 9dBi
Target Indoor Coverage Building
7/8'' Cable
Loss: 4dB / 50mCable length : 25m
-50 dBm
4th Floor
3rd Floor
1st Floor
Ground Floor
2nd Floor
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Page41Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Repeater Application examples
Coverage for low traffic area
Remote valley
Tunnel
Underground coverage
needs
decoupling > amplification
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Page42Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wave Propagation in Tunnels
The tunnel types include railway tunnel (or metro tunnel),highway tunnel.
Highway tunnel is wide, select the antennas with a larger
size to obtain a higher gain, coverage distance is larger.
Railway tunnel is narrow, the antenna size and gain are
greatly restricted. Especially the radio propagation is
greatly affected by passing train.
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Page45Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tunnels Coverage
If outside tunnel and within the tunnel belong to the differencecell, handover problem will occur. To solve this problem, can
consider adopting the following methods:
Adopt the bi-directional antenna for the tunnel coverage, because
it can provide enough overlapping area for handover.
Enable special handover algorithms, such as fast level fall
handover algorithm. In this case, a mobile station can hand over
to another cell when the signal level falls fast.
Select the directional antenna with small front-to-back ratio.
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Page46Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Planning Basis
2. Coverage Planning
3. Advance Planning
4. Advance Technology for improving
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Page47Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transmitting diversity
TDMA
Frame
Delayed
TDMA
Frame
TDMA
Frame
1~2 Symbols
TRXB
TRXA
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Page48Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Two TRXs transmit the same signal with 7.4ustime delay.
Improving downlink coverage based on mutualexchange theory.
Generally 3dB downlink gain from transmittingdiversity.
Transmitting diversity
TRXA
TRXB
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Page49Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transmitting diversity
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Page50Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
PBT(Power Booster Technology)
Adopt the in-phase synthesizing technology.
Generally PBT can generate 2dB downlinkgain.
PA
RF
PA
Synthesizer
DUP
LEX
RF
BB
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Page51Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dynamic PBT
This technology is based on timeslots, allows a calling
subscriber to use a timeslot in other TRX.
When the receive level is lower , channels corresponding
to identical timeslots in adjacent carriers stop delivering
services temporarily.
At this time, the RF channel in the service timeslot and
the auxiliary channel in the adjacent carrier transmit
identical signals, whose phase is also the same. Thecombined signals are stronger, thus improving the
receiving quality for the subscriber.
PBT(P B t
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Page52Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
PBT(Power BoosterTechnology)
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Page53Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
4-way receiving diversity
Compared with 2-way receiving diversity,
4-way receiving diversity gets more 3~5dB
uplink gain.
RF1
RF2
RF3
RF4
BB
>120%R
2WRD
4WRD
R
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Page54Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
AMR-HR TCH/AHS7.95
TCH/AHS7.4
TCH/AHS6.7
TCH/AHS5.9
TCH/AHS5.15
TCH/AHS4.75
Experiment 1b - Test R es
1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
4. 0
5. 0
Condit ion
M O S
Sel. Requi
AMR-HR
EFR
FR
HR
Sel. Requir. 3.99 3.99 3.99 3.14 2.74 1.50
AMR-HR 4.11 4.04 3.96 3.72 3.38 3.10 2.00
EFR 4.21 4.21 3.74 3.34 1.58
FR 3.50 3.50 3.14 2.74 1.50
HR 3.35 3.24 2.80 1.92
No Erro rs C/I=19 dB C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB C/I=10 dB C/I= 7 dB C/I= 4 dB
AMR
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Page55Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Gain of Advance Technology
Gain
Transmitting diversity 3dB
PBT 2dB
AMR 5dB(when EFR lower than
5%,compare with FR)
4-way receiving diversity 3~5dB(uplink)
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Page57Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
TA
The mobile phone should
send the signal in advance!!
Timing Advance (TA)
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Page58Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dual Timeslot Extended Cell
Delay63
Modulation range
Normal cell
Dual timeslot extended cell
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Page59Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dual Timeslot Extended Cell
To support MS signals with a delay exceeding 63bit,
the 2-timeslot cell can bind the even and odd
timeslots, as if a TDMA frame in the extended cell
only has four channels: 0/1, 2/3, 4/5, and 6/7. Only
channel 0, 2, 4, and 6 can be assigned for the MS.
B0 B2 B3B1 B4 B5 B6 B7
0/1 2/3 4/5 6/7
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Page60Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dual Timeslot Extended Cell
The dual-timeslot function is based on the concentric cell. Thecarrier in the underlay cell is configured as the 2-timeslot carrier.
The carrier on the overlay cell is configured as a common cell.
When the cell is configured as a 2-timeslot cell, the concentric cell
attribute of this cell is automatically set to the concentric cell.
If all carriers in the cell must be configured as 2-timeslot carrier,such solution is called the cell-level 2-timeslot solution. In this
case, all carriers are configured in the overlay cell.
If some carriers in the cell are configured as common carriers and
others as 2-timeslot carriers, the BCCH is located on the 2-timeslot
carriers, such solution is called carrier-level 2-timeslot solution. Inthis case, the 2-timeslot carriers are configured in the underlaid
cell and the common carriers are configured in the overlaid cell.
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Page62Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Assignment of Extended Cell
Type Assignment Strategy
Imm-assignment Underlaid
Assignment Depend on assign optimum
layer
Intra-BSC HO Underlaid
In-coming BSC HO Underlaid
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Page63Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Configuration
Modify the cell as double timeslot extended cell.
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Page64Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Configuration
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