6. site 48 · stopped us at site 47—appeared to have been truncated here and drilling with the...

6. SITE 48

Shipboard Scientific Party1

SITE DATA

Occupied: June 30-July 1, 1969.

Position: Crest of Shatsky Plateau:Latitude 32° 24.5'N.Longitude 158°01.3;E.

Water Depth: 2619 meters.

Hole 48.0: One core, total depth 84 meters in Mae-strichtian cherty chalk.

Hole 48.1: One core, total depth 49 meters in Mae-strichtian cherty chalk.

Hole 48.2: Three cores, total depth 72 meters in Mae-strichtian cherty chalk.

MAIN RESULTS

The Upper Miocene here rests unconformably on Mid-dle Maestrichtian.

This is the first record of Middle Maestrichtian inpelagic carbonate facies from the Northwest Pacific andsurrounding lands, a matter of paleontologic-biostrati-graphic importance.

BACKGROUND

Having been stopped by chert in the Maestrichtian atSite 47, a site was looked for which would give an ade-quate Cenozoic thickness for satisfactory spudding-in,yet promised to lead from this into an older part of thesection. Such a site, with a much-thinned sedimentarysequence, appeared only some 18 miles to the eastalong the Argo line (Chapter 5, Figure 1) and along theGlomar Challenger's own track. The location of Site 48is shown in Figure 1. Soundings in the area of Site 48are shown in Figure 2.

The holes at Site 48 were drilled in the moat surround-ing a knoll lying off to the side of the Argo and the

B. C. Heezen, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory; A. G.Fischer, Princeton University; R. E. Boyce, Scripps Institutionof Oceanography; D. Bukry, U.S.G.S. La Jolla; R. G. Douglas,Case Western Reserve University; R. E. Garrison, Universityof California, Santa Cruz; S. A. Kling, Cities Service Oil Com-pany;V. Krasheninnikov, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.;A. P. Lisitzin, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.; A. C.Pimm, Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

Glomar Challenger tracks, but visible as a side echo inthe latters' profiles (see Chapter 21). Moated knolls(Heezen and Johnson, 1963, 1969) have been recog-nized in various areas, and their origin has been attrib-uted to the acceleration of bottom currents around theobstructing knoll. The profiler record shows a markedthinning of the Upper Cretaceous-Cenozoic sequenceunder this moat, suggesting that the knoll and moathave been in existence throughout this time. Above all,the upper part of the Upper Cretaceous—which hadstopped us at Site 47—appeared to have been truncatedhere and drilling with the hope that the lower parts ofthe Upper Cretaceous might be less cherty and that theymight, therefore, penetrate much more deeply into thesedimentary sequence, drilling commenced.

OPERATIONS

Site 48 was occupied at 2000 hours on June 30, 1969.Hole 48.0 was spudded at 0200 hours July 1, and wasdrilled to 84 meters, at which depth chert was encoun-tered. A core was cut but not recovered.

A new hole (Hole 48.1) was spudded at 0530 hours,and met chert at 49 meters, where a core was cut incherty Maestrichtian chalk, and progress was halted.

A third attempt (Hole 48.2) was spudded at 0730 hours.Three cores were cut to a total depth of 72 meters incherty Maestrichtian chalk.

Stopped by chert, the site was abandoned at 1600hours, July 14.

NATURE OF THE SEDIMENTS

Hole 48.0

A single core attempted in this hole recovered only asmall amount of fluid outwash containing scatterednannofossils.

Hole 48.1

A single core from this hole recovered about 39 centi-meters of white to pale brown nannoplankton chalkooze in which nannofossils are abundant and clay min-erals common. Also present are small amounts of plank-tonic foraminifera, radiolarian tests, sponge spicules,unidentified calcareous shell fragments, and clear shardsof volcanic glass. A dark, friable manganese-iron oxidenodule occurs at the top of the core.

145

156°E 157 158°E33° N

32° N

Figure 1. Bathymetric contour map ofShatsky Rise showing Sites 47, 48, 49, and 50.

TABLE 1Summary of Coring at Site 48

Core No.

48.0-1

48.1-1

48.2-1

48.2-2

48.2-3

Interval Cored(Below Mudline)

(ft)

274

159-161

167-197

197-227

227-236

(m)

83.5

48.5-49.1

50.9-60.0

60.0-69.2

69.2-71.9

Recovery

(ft)

0

2

30

30

9

(m)

0.0

0.6

9.1

9.1

2.7

Water depth: 2619 meters (8593 feet).

Hole 48.2

The three cores recovered in this hole between 51 and72 meters subbottom depth contain 23.80 meters ofnannoplankton chalk ooze that was highly disturbedduring coring.

The upper part of Core 1 (Sections 1 through the mid-dle o£ Section 6) consists of highly mottled (due todrilling disturbance) white to pale brown to light yel-lowish-brown nannoplankton chalk ooze with abundantnannofossils and common to abundant clay minerals;among the nannofossils, large and well-preserved dis-

coasters are particularly abundant. Radiolarian tests,well-preserved diatom frustules, sponge spicules, andplanktonic foraminifera are common to rare in this partof the core. Fragments of fresh and altered volcanicglass fragments usually occur in small amounts but arelocally abundant, as are silt-size grains of prismaticcalcite, probably mollusk shell fragments. Large, twin-ned, euhedral phillipsite crystals are a rare component.

Below about the middle of Section 6, Core 1, the sedi-ment changes to a white nannoplankton chalk ooze(Chapter 38) composed of abundant nannofossils,common planktonic foraminifera, and rare to abundantfragments of mollusk shells. All of Cores 2 and 3 arecomposed of this ooze which differs from that above inthe following respects: (1) there are no siliceous micro-fossils, and little if any volcanic material;(2) discoasters,common in the sediment above, are very rare and thenannofossils are dominantly coccoliths. This changeoccurs at about the position of the unconformity be-tween Upper Miocene and Upper Cretaceous sediments.

Large pieces of Inoceramus shells occur in Sections 4,5, and 6 of Core 2, and angular fragments of vitreousbrown chert are present near the middle of Section 4,Core 2.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

These physical properties do not precisely representtrue conditions within the sea floor as the sedimentsamples were disturbed during coring operations.

146

iP*JS J|H

Xfc 1610 HRS£ 28-30 JUNE 69

1 x• \

SITE 4830 JUNE - JULY 69

Figure 2. Bottom soundings in area of Site 47 and 48.

Natural Gamma Radiation

Upper Tertiary and Cretaceous white to pale brownnannoplankton chalk oozes were recovered from Hole48.2 from a depth of 51 to 69 meters. Natural gammaemissions ranged from zero to 600 counts/7.6-cm coresegment/1.25 minutes and averaged 200. The highergamma counts (300) were from Pliocene-Miocene marlyoozes with the lower counts (100) from the Cretaceouschalk oozes (see hole and core plots). This higher countis apparently related to the greater amount of clayminerals in the Tertiary sediment. Therefore, the un-conformable contact between the Upper Tertiary andCretaceous is marked by a fairly abrupt radiationchange. Gamma radiation versus depth usually variesdirectly with the variations of porosity, and indirectlywith wet-bulk density, sound velocity, thermal con-ductivity, and needle penetration.

Porosity, Wet-Bulk Density and Water Content

Porosities, wet-bulk densities, and water contents ofthe Teritary-Cretaceous pale brown to white nanno-plankton ooze, retrieved from 51 to 69 meters at Hole48.2, ranged from 50 to 90 per cent(?), 1.15(?) to

1.80 g/cc, and 31 to 48 per cent, respectively, withaverages of 63 per cent, 1.40 g/cc, and 41 per cent.The greater porosities averaged 67 per cent (1.38 g/cc)and occurred in the Pliocene-Miocene marly oozes (seehole and core plots). The Cretaceous nannoplanktonoozes had lower porosity averages of 61 per cent (1.45g/cc). A low porosity spike of 35 per cent was recordedwhere Inoceramus fragments occurred.

In general, the Upper Tertiary-Cretaceous unconformitywas marked by an apparent porosity decrease, whichappears to be a function of particle size. The Cretaceoussediments are coarser with more foraminiferal and shelldebris, while the Tertiary are composed of finer-grainedclayey sediments, which typically have higher porositiesas unconsolidated marine sediments. Porosity, in gen-eral, varied inversely with sound velocity, heat conduc-tivity, and the penetrometer values, and of coursedirectly to wet-bulk density.

Sound Velocity

Upper Tertiary and Cretaceous nannoplankton oozeswere cored at 51 to 69 meters from Hole 48.2. Sound

147

velocities through these sediments ranged from 1.48 to1.65 km/sec and averaged 1.53 km/sec. Sedimentsound velocities were less in the Tertiary marly oozes,with an average of 1.50 km/sec, and greater in theCretaceous nannoplankton oozes with an average of1.57 km/sec (see hole and core plots). This velocitychange appears to be a combined function of porosity-density and grain size distribution.

Sound velocity appeared to vary inversely to the pene-trometer and porosity values and directly with heatconductivity and wet-bulk density values. All of theseproperties abruptly changed at the Upper Tertiary-Cretaceous unconformity.

Heat Conductivity

Two heat conductivity values of 2.71 and 2.94 × I0"3

cal^C"1 cm"1 sec*1 were recorded in Upper Tertiarymarly ooze and Cretaceous nannoplankton ooze, respec-tively. When these values are plotted versus depththey exhibit a similar direct variation to wet-bulk den-sity, sound velocity and needle penetration, and asimilar inverse variation to porosity and the gammaradiation.

Penetrometer

At Hole 48.2, penetration measurements in Upper Ter-tiary and Cretaceous nannoplankton chalk oozes from51 to 7 meters in Hole 48.2 ranged from -4 X I0"1 mil-limeters to complete penetration to the core liner.

Penetrability, in general, was less in the Tertiary marlynannoplankton oozes (see hole and core plots). This maybe the result of greater plasticity of the clayey fractionin these marly chalk oozes compared to the finer Creta-ceous chalk oozes. The two penetrometer values plottedversus depth of recovery in the hole exhibit an indirectsimilarity to porosity and gamma radiation, and a directsimilarity to wet-bulk density, sound velocity, and heatconductivity.

CONCLUSIONS

At Site 48, the Upper Miocene rests directly on MiddleMaestrichtian; the unconformity noted at the base ofthe Upper Miocene at Site 47 thus cuts deeper into thesection at Site 48, having truncated the Eocene, Paleo-cene and Upper Maestrichtian.

The variable depth at which cherts were encountered atSite 48 confirms the conclusion reached at Site 47, thatthe cherts in these chalk oozes do not form beds ofcontinuous thickness, but lense in and out over shortlateral distances. Specimens recovered in the coresshow a highly angular surface, and a differentiation intoa vitreous core and a chalky rind. These cherts are thusmuch like the flints in the chalk of Europe.

The excellent faunas and floras of the Middle Maestrich-tian, slightly older than those penetrated at Site 47,add significant paleontologic information. Traces ofInoceramus are abundant.

148

HOLE 48.1 & 48.2

40

60

80

LITHOLOGIC DESCRIPTION

NANNOPLANKTON CHALK OOZE

NANNOPLANKTON CHALK OOZE, white - pale brown; sediment stronglymottled due to d r i l l i n g deformation

NANNOPLANKTON CHALK OOZE, w h i t e ; contains angular fragments ofbrown vitreous chert and white pr ismatic Inoaeramuβ fragments 1nlower h a l f

NANNOPLANKTON CHALK OOZE, white

Only f l u i d recovered.

AGE

SERIES-SUBSERIES

LLATE MIOCENE

_EARLY_PLipCENE_

LATE MIOCENE

LATE CRETACEOUS

Figure 3. Summary oflithology in Hole 48.1 and 48.2.

150

HOLE: 48.1 & 48.2

DEPTH NATURAL GAMMAIN RADIATION

HOLE

WET-BULKDENSITY

WATER CONTENTAND

POROSITY

SOUND THERMAL PENETROMETERVELOCITY CONDUCTIVITY

COUNTS/7.6cm/1.25miπ % wt % vol cal/(°C cm sec)

8 0 -

220 -

48.148.2

5000 1.4 1.8 2.2 20 40 60 80 100 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.0 3.0 4.0 0 100 200 300

^

I

I

•O LABORATORY- ATMOSPHERIC BACKGROUND COUNT.

Figure 4. Summary of physical properties in Hole 48.1 and 48.2.

151

LEGCORE

«"HOLEDEPTH •»

FORAMINIFERA NANNOPLANKTON RADIOLARIANone. Only a fluid outwash con-

taining nannoplankton was

recovered from the core. An

assemblage of mixed upper

Tertiary and Maestrichtian

species is present. The

upper Tertiary group includes

Cyolooooaolithina leptoporus,

Discoaster brouwevi, and

Heliaopontosphaeva hconptnevi,.

The Maestrichtian species

include Apertapetra gronosa,

Cylináralithus gallicus>

Pr>ediscosphaera ovetaoea,

and Tetz>alitkus murus.

None.

Figure 5. Summary of biostratigraphy in Hole 48.0 Core 1.

152

NO PHOTOGRAPHS OF HOLE 48.0 CORE 1

153

LUZoN

LU_J<

25I3 oI— TTa iCO _ l

SS

LEGCORE

HOLEDEPTH .1m

LITH0L06IC DESCRIPTIONo

3 alo

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. 1

- 4

-6

2:-8

-9

3:-io• I I

-!2

-13

-14

-I

-16

-17

18

19

6: 20

•-21

;•22

24

cc

36 61 44 79

NANNO CHALK OOZEWhite (10YR 8 / 2 ) , very pale brown(10YR 8/3)Nannos AForam RClay CRad RSponge RGlass R

Mn-FeO nodule occurs at top of core

Figure 6. Summary oflithology in Hole 48.1 Core 1.

154

CORE: 48.1-1DEPTH NATURAL GAMMA WET-BULK WATER CONTENT SOUND THERMAL PENETROMETER

IN RADIATION DENSITY AND VELOCITY CONDUCTIVITYCORE POROSITY

COUNTS/7.6cm/1.25min g/ccX10 »

km/sec cal/(°C cm sec)

M SS *o 5000 1.4 1.8 2.2 20 40 60 80 100 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.0 1 0 4.0 0 100 200 300

5 -

i i r i i r?

IIII

i i i i i i i r i

j i i i i

*O = LABORATORY-ATMOSPHERIC BACKGROUND COUNT.

Figure 7. Summary of physical properties in Hole 48.1 Core 1.

155

LEGCORE

HOLEDEPTH

FORAMINIFERA NANNOPLANKTON RADIOLARIAThis core contains planktonic

Foraminifer of the Globoro-

tàlia miooaenioa Zone (Upper

Miocene, Messinian stage) -

Globorotalia margaritae, G.

tumida plesiotwnida, G.

tumida gumida, G. aaostaen-

sisj Globigerina nepenthes3

G. bulloides, G. apertura,

SphaeroidineIlopsis

sübdehisoens paenedehiscens3

Globigerinoides obliquus

extremis.

Apparently it is the top of

Upper Miocene because rare

specimens of Globorotalia

arassaformia and G. inflata

were found.

A small amount of ooze from

the upper upper Miocene

Ceratolithus triaorniculatus

Zone is present in this core.

Species present include

Ceratolithus trioornioulatus}

Cyoloooacolithina leptoporus,

Discoaster challengeri3 D.

qµintatus, D. suraulus,

Retiaulofenestra pseudoum-

bilioa, and Triquetrorhabdu-

lus rugosus.

This core contains species

representing the combined

ranges of the Spσngaster

pentas (lower Pliocene) and

Stiohooorys peregrina (upper

Miocene) Zones. Radiolaria

are rare.

TOP: not examined.

BOTTOM: Stichoaorys peregri-

na and Druppatraotus

aoquilonius.


156

SECTION 1Ocm•

'25

50

75

100

125

150.

Vr

•

( '

Plate 1. Photographs of Hole 48.1 Core 1.

157

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Sediment s t r o n g l y deformed by d r i l l i n g

NANNO CHALK OOZEWhite (10YR 8/1 - 8/2) , pale brown(10YR 6 / 3 ) , l i g h t ye l lowish brown(10YR 6/4)Nanno A-DForam R-C

Shell [Inoaeramus) R-ARad R-CSpcl RClay R-A

Spdimpnt αreatlv mottled -– Drobablv dues** C \Λ 1 UIC l l v M l v* U V* 1 J II IU w L> 1 L U U | \J‰J U U I T U U w

to drilling

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70

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48

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90

81

87

87

95

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s


158

CORE: 48.2-1

DEPTH NATURAL GAMMA WET-BULK WATER CONTENTIN RADIATION DENSITY AND

CORE POROSITY

COUNTS/7.6cm/1.25min i wt % vol

SOUND THERMAL PENETROMETERVELOCITY CONDUCTIVITY

X10"3 X10'1 mmkm/sec cal/(°C cm sec)

5000 1.4 1.8 2.2 20 40 60 80 100 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.0 3.0 4.0 0 100 200 300

1 -

2 -

4 -

5 -

7 -

, ,

I i i i i i i r



o?

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CD

159

LEGCORE

HOLE **DEPTH 5o9-6° °m

FORAMINIFERA NANNOPLANKTON RADIOLARIAThe assemblage recovered in

the section 6 is characteris-

tic of the lower part of the

Abathonphalus mayaroensis

Zone. Among species present

are Globotrunoana stuarti, G.

aegyptiaoa, G. aontusa, G.

stuartiformis, Abathomphalus

intermedia* Trinitella

sootti, Raoemtgvmbelina

fruβtioosa, Pseudotextularia

intermedia.

Planktonic Foraminifer of

sections 5-2 (107-109) belong

to the Upper Miocene

(Messinian) - Glóborotália

miozae saphoae, G. margar-

itae, G. miooaenica, G.

multiβamerata, G. tumida

plesiotumida, G. tumida

tumida, Globigerinoides

obliquuβ extremust Globigerina

nepenthes, Sphaeroidinel-

lopsis subdehisoens.

Samples from sections 2(5-7)-l

contain Pliocene microfauna:

Glóborotália orasβaformis, G.

hirsuta, Sphaeroidinella déhi-saens, Globigerinoidesoonglobatus.

None. None.


160

SECTION 1

— 0 cm

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EMPTY


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LEG β HOLE «

CORE ^ DEPTH


NANNO CHALK OOZEWhite (10YR 8/1 - 8/2)Nanno AForam CC a l c i t e C-AClay R

Angular fragments o f brown v i t reous c h e r tPieces of p r i s m a t i c c a l c i t e (inoaeramus)

M o n t m o r i l l o n i t e A (17%)Calcite

Calcite

J.2

60-<

T3

c§S*

1310

1218

11

9

59.2

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3435

3134

30

36

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5748

59

55

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37SJ 1

36

36

31

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9894

9896

97

96

QUJ

Q£Ou.Q


162

CORE: 48.2-2

DEPTH NATURAL GAMMA WET-BULK WATER CONTENT SOUND THERMAL PENETROMETERIN RADIATION DENSITY AND VELOCITY CONDUCTIVITY

CORE POROSITY

M iβ o

COUNTS/7.6cm/1.25min 9/cc %wt %wol

X10"3 X10'1 mmkm/sac cal/(oC cm sec)

5000 1.4 1.8 2.2 20 40 60 80 100 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.0 3.0 4.0 0 100 200 300

1 -

5 -

I I I I I

i i r \ i



163

LEGCORE

HOLE «*DEPTH 60069.201

FORAMINIFERA NANNOPLANKTON RADIOLARIA

Globotrunoana gansseri

Zone, lower upper Maestrich-

t ian. Preservation f a i r to

good.

Globotrunoana gansseri,

G. cf. σontusa, G. stuarti-

formis, G. fomieata, Globo-

trunβanelta havanensis,

Abathomphalus intermediat

Tz>initella sootti, Rugog-

lobigerina hexaoconei>ata3

Pseudotextutavia intermedia.

Lower or middle Maestrich-

tian assemblages of the

Lithraphidites quadratus

Zone are present throughout

this core. Species present

include Apertapetra gronosa,

Arkhangelskiella oymbiformis,

Cretarhabdus? anthophorus,

C. oonicus, C. orenulatus,

Cytindralithus gaflicus,

Eiffellithus turriseiffeli>

Miororhabdulus deaoratus3

Micula deoussata, Parhabdo-

lithus angustus, Predisoos-

Phaera oretaoea lata, and

Watznaueria barnesae.

None.


164

SECTIONSECTION 1 2 4 6

OCITI—I 1 1 J 1 1 ; rw

ft.'* ' * ' iBi* "~ ifi *


165

LU

Ld_J

CO

LEGCORE

HOLEDEPTH

2 P

CO _ l ( LITH0L06IC DESCRIPTION CO c5 QiO

6-

- i

-2

-3

-4

5

-6

-8

-9

5-: -io-ii

-12

4 : • i :

-14

-15

:•i65-

.-17

•20

I-22

24

cc

Sediment strongly deformed by d r i l l i n gOnly 3 meters cored, but due todeformation sediment placed in 5 l i n e r s .

NANNO CHALK OOZEWhite (10YR 8 / 1 , 5Y 8/2, 2.5Y 8/2)Nanno A-DForam CCalcite RClay R-C

26

30

69

63

29 65

10 29 61

31 64

95

93

94

95

94


166

NO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA FOR HOLE 48.2 CORE 3

167

LEGCORE

HOLE «DEPTH β9.2'1.9π,

FORAMINIFERA NANNOPLANKTON RADIOLARIA

Globotvuncana ganssevi

Zone, lower upper Maestrich-

tian. Preservation good to

excellent.

Abathomphalus intermedia,

Globotrunoana gansseri, G.

aegyptiaca, G. elevata, G.

stuar>tiformisj G. fornicata,

G. linneiana, G. vosetta,

G. subeircummodifier Rugoglob-

igevina vugosa, R. hexa-

aamevata, Schackoina

multispinata, Pseudotextular ia

elegans.

Lower or middle Maestrich-

tian assemblages of the

Litbraphidites quadratus

Zone are present throughout

this core. Species present

include Apertapetr>a gronosa,

Arkhangeleskiella aymbifσrm-

is3 Cretarhabdus?

anthophoruSj C. aoniaus, C.

ar enülatus3 Cylindratithus

gallious. Eiffellithus

tuvriseiffeli, Micvorhabdulus

decoratus, Mieula deaussata,

Parhabdolithus angustus,

Predisoosphaera oretaoea

lata} and Watznaueria

bat>nesae.

None.


168

SECTION 1•0 cm


169

6. site 48 · stopped us at site 47—appeared to have been truncated here and drilling with the...

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