6 x 10.5 long title - cambridge university...

Index

abortion, 310Academia Sinica (Zhongyang yanjiu

yuan), 76–77advertising: false, 291; medical, 83–84,

291, 291n54; radio, 11, 280, 282,290–91; in Shanghai funu, 306

Alcott, Carroll, 287, 287n32Alliance francaise, 265Alliance of the New Medicine Trade and

the Pharmaceutical Industry (Xinyaoyezhiyaoye lianhehui), 72n11

Allies, strategy of, 200All-Shanghai Federation for the Support

of Armed Resistance, 283–84, 287,298

alum, 129Archives of the Self-Defense Research

Institute (Tokyo), 157n1Arnhold, Harry, 231, 252Asano Kazuwo, 292–93, 294, 296Asia Development Board, 30, 34n79, 246assassination: attempts on British

officials, 244; of collaborators, 197,235; of communist targets, 97; of LuBohong, 52; of Mao Liying, 99–100;reported on radio, 287n32; of ShaoShubai, 211; threats of, to Great WayGovernment personnel, 178–79; wars,98, 116, 142

Associated American Industries, Ltd., 53Association for the Chinese Labor

Movement (Zhongguo gongrenyundong xiehui), 219

Association for Worker Welfare(Fuyihui), 215–16, 219, 221

Association of Shanghai Industrialists(Shanghai gongye tongzhihui), 27n37

Association of Shanghai PharmaceuticalManufacturers (Shanghaishi zhiyaochangye tongye gonghui), 72

Aurore University, 271

Badlands, 224n37, 234. See alsoextrasettlement road area

Bai Wei, 343Baillie, Paul, 270, 270n27Bangkok, 70Bankers’ Guild, 163banking, 47, 68, 74, 194, 203Banking Study Society (Yinhang

xuehui), 40n111Bank of China, 54, 74, 203Bank of Communications, 203Banyue (Half Moon bi-weekly), 334Baoding Military Academy, 161Baodong, 131baojia system: instituted by Great Way

Government, 179; in model peacezones, 141–42; mentioned, 250; andrice supplies, 121n24, 127; in theWestern District, 173n30

Baoshan: counterinsurgency activities in,142n129; and Great Way Governmentjurisdiction, 170; pacification teams in,160, 160n2, 174; self-governmentcommittees, 174

363

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Index

Baowei Zhongguo datongmeng (ProtectChina Alliance), 107

Ba qian li lu yun he yue (Eight thousandmiles of clouds and moon; ShiDongshan), 346, 348

Barnett, Robert, 18Barrett, E. I. M., 233n6Basic Treaty, 197Bataillon mixte d’infanterie coloniale de

Chinese, 265Bataillon Suppletif Tonkinois, 265, 271Battle for Shanghai (1937), 119, 193,

205, 257, 318Battle of the Muddy Flat, 234BAT tobacco union, 220, 220n26, 220n27Baudez, Marcel, 262Bayer, 76n20beans, 126Beijing, 70, 158–59, 263Beiping-Suiyuan Railway, 132Beiqiao, 170Benton, Gregor, 110–11Bernez Cambot caserne, 265Bian Qini, 334n14Bing Xin, 332, 342, 343birth control, 314black market: British businessmen and,

253–54; and food shortages, 11; forgold, stocks, bonds, and cotton futures,120; in grain, 121, 122; used by smallworkshops, 42; in supply of goods toCommunist base areas, 102; underWang Jingwei regime, 37. See alsosmuggling

blockade: American-led, of 1941, 245; ofFujian and Zhejiang, 29n51, 35; asliterary metaphor, 326; mentioned, 2,27, 34, 41, 92

Blue Shirts, 179, 224boat captains, 93, 94, 101. See also

shippingde Boissezon, 267bombing: of Great World Theater, 2, 3; of

Japan, 118n7; of Pudong, 303; ofShenxin mills, 50; in Zhabei, 21

bookstores, 85, 92Borneo, 38n98

Bougon, 266boundary zones, 128–130Bourdieu, Pierre, 110n38Bourne, K. M., 241, 247bowing, 119bribery, 29, 84, 104–5, 130Bridge House, 252Brionval, Henri, 269British businesses: and collaboration, 9,

242; engaged in black market trade,253–54; taken over by Japanese, 246;transnationals, 230, 240; after the war,253–54

British diplomats, 229, 231–32British Foreign Office, 232, 238–39, 246,

251, 253British intelligence, 238British land forces, 198British settlers. See Shanghailandersbroadcasting industry. See radioBroadcast Radio Supervisory Office

(Guangbo wuxiandian jiandu chu), 292Brook, Timothy, 262brothels, 250Buddhism, 162building materials, 30n59Bureau of Military Statistics. See JuntongBureau of Social Affairs, 24, 210;

puppet, 123, 181, 220Bureau of Statistics and Investigation

(Zhongtong), 100, 194business barometer, 26Butterfield and Swire, 242

cafes, 124Cai Chusheng, 346, 348Cai Hongtian, 189, 190, 199Cai Lian, 24n31calendar, 169–70Calico Printers’ Association, 235n17Cameron, George, 252Canidrome, 265n12, 271Canton, French concession in, 264Cao Da, 101n20, 102, 108Cao Mengjun, 309n16Caojin District Maintenance Committee,

173n30

364






Index

capital, 4, 29, 41. See also Chinesecapitalists

cartoons, 83, 83n44, 86, 280–81, 281Catalogue of Superior Medicines from

Star Brand, 80n33Cattand, George, 267CC Clique: defections to Wang Jingwei,

189–90, 198–99; and the Guomindangunderground, 188–190, 212; and labor,210, 220, 220–21n27, 222, 226;protected New Asia’s distributionnetwork, 73, 74; and the ShanghaiUnited Committee, 207

censorship: in the InternationalSettlement, 3, 237; of newspapers andperiodicals, 13, 306–7; of radiobroadcasts, 282, 292, 297

Central Bank, 134, 203Central China Area Army (CCAA; Naka

Shina homengun), 158, 159–61, 183Central China Base (Huazhong genjudi),

92, 96, 111–12; defined, 90–91n2, 95.See also New Fourth Army

Central China Commission for Control ofMedicine (Huazhong yiyaopin tongzhilianhehui), 72

Central China Development Company,30n58

Central China Liaison Bureau, 30n58Central Institute for Medical Testing, 76Central News Agency, 285Central Plains Bureau (Communist), 106Central Relief Commission

(Guomindang), 193Central Savings Bank, 194Cercle Sportif, 265, 267cereals, 126CFTE (Compagnie Francaise des

Tramways et de l’electricite):employees of, 222n32, 225n41; 1940strike, 209, 222–23, 227; after 1945,272–73

Chamber of Commerce, 163, 184Chang she, 219Chang, Eileen (Zhang Ailing): and the

feminization of print culture, 12;“Fengsuo” by, 326; first short story,

332; Leo Lee on, 327n4; mediapromotion of, 337; “Qi duan qingchang” by, 325–26; roundable talks,342, 342n30, 342n32; and Su Qing,340–41, 342–44; and Zhou Shoujuan,332, 332n13

Changshu county, 141charitable institutions fund, 265,

265n12chemical industry, 22, 39, 121Chen Baohua, 200Chen Bulei, 200Chen Cunren, 149Chen Diexian (Tianxu Wosheng), 83Chen Dieyi, 329, 330, 330n9, 331, 333,

337n21Chen Fanwo, 280n2Chen Gongbo: as mayor of Shanghai, 7,

184, 197, 257–58, 267; mentioned,188, 219, 220

Chen Gongshu, 198Chen Guofu, 189, 200Chen Lifu, 189, 190, 200, 201Chen Liting, 346, 347Chen Peide, 220, 220n27Chen Xiaodi, 223n34Chen Xingsheng, 102–3Chen Xishun, 173n30Chen Xiupu, 218Chen Yi, 106, 107Cheng Helin, 102–3Cheng Jihua, 360n14Cheng Muyi, 76Cheng Xiaoqing, 330, 332Cheng Yuzhen, 332, 333Chesneaux, Jean, 227, 227n45Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi): and the

cross-zone cotton trade, 205; and DaiLi, 135–36; and the Guomindangunderground in Shanghai, 190; andlabor, 219–20; mentioned, 107, 141,158, 261; ordered execution of FengTi, 133; sought defections from WangJingwei regime, 195, 196; and T. V.Soong, 133n86; and Wang Jingwei,188, 192, 200, 201

“China Incident,” 158

365






Index

China Industrial Bank (Zhongguo gongyeyinhang), 74

China Industry and Commerce TrustCompany (Zhonghua shiye xintuogongsi), 202

China Maritime Customs, 131China Mutual Aid Association, 162,

162n11China Printing and Finishing Company

(CPF): after the Japanese defeat, 254;1939 strike at, 216, 236–37, 245;relations with the Japanese, 235,245; relations with Pudong puppets,242; taken over by Japanese, 246

China Vegetable Oil Company, 74China Vocational Education Society

(Zhonghua zhiye jiaoyu she),194

China Weekly Review, 27n36,30n58

Chinese capitalists: adaptability of, 65;business organization, 48, 55;collaboration with Japan, 9, 31, 60;denounced in People’s Republic ofChina, 68n4; financial and investmentcompanies, 40, 40n111; “idle capital,”29, 40, 40n112; before 1941, 47–48;relocation to foreign concessions, 47;relocation to Hong Kong, 29, 31;retreat to interior, 47; and the ShanghaiUnited Committee, 193. See also Rongfamily; Xu Guanqun

Chinese Communist Party: developmentof wartime rural base, 91; economicrole assigned to Shanghai after 1949,149; fund-raising for New FourthArmy, 97, 99; in Hong Kong, 73;Jiangsu Provincial Committee, 95; andlabor, 212, 215, 219, 219n25; publicactivity in Shanghai, 97; purchase ofcontrolled commodities, 5; andrelations between Chongqing andpuppets, 207; recruitment by, 91n4,106; and Shanghai funu, 304–5;Shanghai underground, 91, 96–97,100–101, 106, 304–5; strategy ofcaution during occupation, 307n12;

used social relations in operations,106; writers and playwrights in, 305n4,347. See also Central China BaseArea; New Fourth Army

Chinese medicine, 79Chizhi College, 161Chongming, 160n2, 170Chongqing: as center of journalism and

culture, 86, 347; government, 187–88,200, 202; New Asia PharmaceuticalCompany offices in, 69–70; andShanghai economy, 4, 5. See alsoGuomindang

Chu Minyi, 57–58, 72–73, 77n25, 267Chuansha county: and Great Way

Government jurisdiction, 170; guerrillaattacks on, 179; merchant strikes in,180; pacification team in, 159n2;representatives of fishing populationin, 175; self-government committee in,176; town councils in, 173n31

Chun’an: entrepot for cotton trade, 203,204; headquarters for Loyal andPatriotic National Salvation Armyinspection group, 206

Chunqiu yuekan (Spring and autumnmonthly), 332

cigarettes, 119, 122civil war, 7, 13Clarke, W. G., 233n6Classic of Rites (Li ji), 166–67, 169clerical workers, 91n4clothing, 128n58coal, 38, 38n98, 121, 123, 129, 235Coble, Parks M., 32, 282Cochran, Sherman, 37n95collaboration: by British businessmen, 9,

242; in France, 6, 7; ideology of, 169;versus resistance, 6–7, 350, 359; byRong family, 10, 32, 51–53, 60, 63, 65;and Shanghai capitalists, 9–10, 31; andWestern colonialism, 8; and women’spursuit of daily life, 322–23; workers’lack of support for, 8–9. See alsocollaborators; Great Way Government;Reformed Government; Wang Jingweiregime

366






Index

collaborators: assassinations of, 4, 52,197, 235; denounced by Communists,68n4, 305n4; in Liren xing, 349, 355,356; on radio, 288n36; on ShanghaiMunicipal Council, 71; terroristactivites by, 4; took bribes fromcommunists, 104–5; women as, 321

colonialism, Western, 8. See also treatyport system

comedy, 289–90, 299Commerce Control Commission

(Quanguo shangye tongzhi zonghui),63, 64

Commercial Bank of China, 199Commercial Press (Shangwu

yinshuguan), 23, 144commercials (radio), 290–91Committee for Popular Movements, 221communications: between Chongqing

and Shanghai, 199; under GuomindangMilitary Affairs Commission, 137;under Japanese occupation, 118;between New Fourth Army andShanghai, 92

Communications Inspection Bureau(Jiaotong jiancha ju), 133

communists. See Chinese CommunistParty

Compagnie Francaise des Tramways etde l’electricite. See CFTE

conductors. See CFTEconfiscation: of Chinese flour mills,

51–52; of factories, 46; from Shanghaienterprises, 31, 31n65; of U.S. andBritish firms, 36–37, 37n89

controlled economy, 6, 11, 37, 217cooking oil, 121cooperative industrial movement, 321Cornet, Christine, 230Cosme, Henri: and French municipal

employees, 268, 270, 272; and Frenchpolicy toward China, 262, 263, 264;mentioned, 267; and Russianemployees in French Concession,265n15; viewed as supporter of Vichypolicy, 268

cost of living, 39–40, 211–12

cotton: futures, 120; imports of, 34n81,235; Japanese policy on, 34; fromoccupied China, 121, 129; price of, 30,63, 143; shortage of, 203; tradebetween Shanghai and Chongqing,203–5. See also cotton mills

Cotton Control Commission (puppet), 60,63, 64

cotton mills: British, 235–36; economicrecovery in, 26, 27, 28, 30; Japanese,23, 23n21, 177; under Japanesemilitary control, 32, 32n66; rawmaterials for, 34, 60, 62–63, 130, 235;war damage to, 21, 22–23, 22–23n20,25. See also China Printing andFinishing Company; textile industry

Cotton Yarn and Cloth RegulationBureau (Shabu guanliju), 203, 204

counterfeiting, 134CPF. See China Printing and Finishing

Companycultural organizations, Nationalist, 347Cultural Revolution, 347, 350culture, ruralization of, 68, 85–86currency: and foreign exchange, 35n82,

241; instability of, 30–31, 36, 36n87;military scrip, 30; puppet, 35n82, 55,124–25; reform of March 9, 1942, 125;Shanghai United Committee and, 195

Dachang, 170Dadao government. See Great Way

GovernmentDa gong bao, 284; home supplements to,

335Dai Li: agents of, 211n6; and cross-zone

trade, 202; and defections from WangJingwei regime, 195; and DuYuesheng, 193; and the FreightTransport Regulation Office, 203, 204;and guerrilla fighters recruited fromthe Green Gang, 138; and KongXiangxi, 134n91, 135; and the Loyaland Patriotic National Salvation Army,205–6; and SACO, 206; and theShanghai United Committee, 191;and smuggling prevention, 132–37,

367






Index

Dai Li (cont.)134n91, 202; threat to Great WayGovernment, 179; and the TongjiCompany, 203; U.S. view of, 136; andWu Kaixian, 201

Dajia yuekan (Everybody monthly),337n21

Da Mei wanbao (Shanghai Evening Postand Mercury), 32n66, 325, 325n1

Daminhui (Great People’s Association),216, 218, 236, 244

Dangde shenghuo (Party Life), 215Daoism, 162Dauphine, 269n22defections: of aides to Wang Jingwei,

195–96; of Chongqing agents inShanghai, 198; to puppet forces, 206;Shanghai United Committee and, 207;to Wang Jingwei regime, 189–90

department stores, 31Des Courtils, Louis, 269, 270Ding Fubao, 79, 334n15Ding Ling, 305n4, 342Ding Mocun: and the Committee for

Popular Movements, 222; and labor,211; offered reward for ShanghaiUnited Committee members, 195,195n25; and the Social MovementSteering Committee, 123, 220, 221

Ding Song, 83Ding Xishan, 206“divided city,” 46Doctrine of the Mean, 165Doihara Kenji, 211Domestic Bliss (Xingfu), 336domesticity: and the public identity of Su

Qing, 344; during wartime, 12, 337;and women’s print culture, 328, 333,344; and women’s role in society,308n14. See also home journals

Donghai (Jiangsu), 124Dongshan (Jiangsu), 124Dongwu University, 333dramatists, 86, 347Du Yuesheng: association with the

Guomindang, 187; British businessesand, 242; and the CC Clique, 190; and

the cotton industry, 203–4; andcross-zone trade, 202; and defectionsfrom Wang Jingwei regime, 195–96;exile in Hong Kong, 71, 187; influenceof, 193; and labor, 190, 210, 217, 220,223n34; and leadership of ShanghaiGuomindang branch, 189; and theLoyal and Patriotic National SalvationArmy, 205–6; and narcotics trafficking,202; and peace discussions, 200; radiospeech by, 285; and Shanghai banks,74; and the Shanghai UnitedCommittee, 191, 192, 193, 199, 201,208; Xu Guanqun’s association with,71. See also Green Gang

Duan Hongguang, 204Duan Qirui, 204Duban Shanghai shi gongshu (Shanghai

Municipal Commission), 183dyeing industry: destroyed plants, 22, 23;

economic recovery in, 27, 28; growthin, 29n51; index of industrialproduction, 28; in New Asia EnterpriseGroup, 68; smuggling in, 129, 131

East Asian Anti-Communist League,179n48

Eastman, Lloyd, 85, 104n27, 201economy: command, 5, 34n80;

controlled, 6, 11, 37, 217; decline of1941 to 1945, 35–41; in the foreignconcessions, 5; monopolistic policiesof Japan, 5, 18, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42;regional, 17; revival of 1938–1939, 4,11, 26–27, 28–29, 34–35, 212n9,235–36; wartime, 4–5

Eden, Anthony, 246eggs, 123Eighth Army (Guomindang), 135Eighth Route Army, 110, 111Eighth Route Army Office (Shanghai),

97, 305electrical power, 36–38, 38n99, 123Eli Lilly, 76n20embezzlement, 287, 287n34Emile Bertin, 274Employees’ Circle, 225, 225n41

368






Index

Endurance Club (Hengshe), 190, 193,199, 202, 203, 219; Chun’an branch,206

epidemics, 314escort trips, to New Fourth Army base

areas, 101European war, 35, 198, 237, 240, 242Executive Yuan, 191, 192extrasettlement road area (International

Settlement): ambiguous status of,32–33n71; Badlands situation, 234;conflict over sovereignty, 50, 233;factories in, 27, 32–34; policing of,198

extraterritoriality: abolition of, 229, 251,258; and British and Americanneutrality, 2; and Chinese-Frenchtreaty of 1946, 274; French and, 257,258, 268; and Japanese invasion, 240;renunciation of, in 1943, 263

fabi. See currencyfactories: Chinese-owned, 24–25;

confiscation of, 31–32, 31n61, 46, 64;and cooperative industrial movement,321; decrease in, from 1937 to 1942,38–39; distribution of, 21–22; duringeconomic recovery 27–28; in theInternational Settlement, 21, 22, 36,64; Japanese, 27, 27n37, 31n65;migration of, from surroundingprovinces, 41; moved to inlandprovinces, 25; in North China, 30n56;opened in February 1939, 33n73; inoperation in 1943 and 1944, 39; rawmaterials for, 34–35; replaced by smallworkshops, 42; war damage to, 22–25,25n32, 64; in western Shanghai,32–34, 42; in Yangshupu, 21

factory workers, 28, 313. See also textileworkers

Fain, Baron G., 272Family Annual (Jiating niankan), 334,

334n15family firms, 48–49, 59, 65family ties, 107, 108n35famine, in Indochina, 126

famine relief, 319n51Fan Caizong, 210Fan Jugao, 340n27Fan Yanqiao, 83n42Fan Yifeng, 220, 222Fan Yuzhang, 224Fang Guofeng, 101Fano, Pierre, 269n22Farmers’ Bank, 203Faure, David, 48Feng Jiao, 291n54Feng Shaobai, 106–7Feng Ti, 133Feng Xuefeng, 106Fengxian, 159n2, 170Fengyu tan (Chats of winds and rains),

339, 339n24Ferguson, Dorothy, 252ferry tax, 180fertilizer, 143, 146Fessenden, Sterling, 232–33, 233n6Fiction Monthly (Xiaoshuo yuebao),

332filial piety, 80–81film actors, 338n22, 347films, 299, 346. See also Liren xingfinancial companies, 40–41firewood, 123five Lius, 212, 212n11fixers (lulutong), 66–67, 68, 85, 86–87;

defined, 66fleeing Shanghai, 117floods, 146flour mills: economic recovery and, 26,

29; and export of flour from Shanghai,126n46; in Jiangsu prewar, 124; lack ofelectricity for, 123; number of flourgrinders in Rong mills, 50n7;production of, 28; sources of wheat,59; war damage to, 21, 22, 23, 49–50.See also Fuxin flour mills; Maoxinflour mills

flour stores, 120n18flu, 128food shortages, 11, 39n105, 116, 316,

318; in film Liren xing, 350; andsurpluses, 146–48

369






Index

foreign concessions: abolition of, 229,251, 257, 258, 273–74; access by sea,2; banks in, 74; building activity in,30n59; communist activity in, 97–98;economy of, 5, 35, 212n9; labor unrestin, 215–16, 221; and Japaneseoccupation, 5, 8, 117–18, 261–62,245–47; movement of plants to, 32;Nationalists and, 14, 129; “neutrality”in, 2, 215, 276; puppet currency in,124; refugees in, 52; relocation ofChinese capitalists to, 47; as solitaryislands, 46, 53, 60, 64, 97; wardamages in, 20–21. See also FrenchConcession; International Settlement

foreign exchange, 35n82, 241Foreign Ministry Archives (Tokyo),

157n1foreign registration, 53–54, 59, 60–61Foucault, Michel, 110n38Four Great Families, 135France, collaboration in, 6, 7France Libre movement, 268, 271France Quand Meme, 268Franklin, Cornell S., 294–95free clinics, 84Freemasons, 268freight transport. See transportationFreight Transportation Bureau, 137Freight Transport Regulation Office

(Huoyun guanliju), 203, 204French businesses, 262, 263, 272. See

also CFTEFrench Center, 265French community: considered

themselves Shanghaiens, 258;divisions in, between Gaullists andpro-Vichy, 259, 268; divisions in, overreemployment status, 266; repatriationof, 266, 270; and the return of theconcession, 264, 274, 275; and thesurrender of Japan, 272

French Company of Electricity andStreetcars. See CFTE

French Concession: abolition of, 257,258, 273–74; autonomy of, 261;Chinese administration of, 270, 271;

Chinese personnel of, 265; Chineseradio stations in, 292; Chineseresidents of, 260–61; employees of,259, 265–68, 269–72; employers in,261; French state properties in, 265;Green Gang in, 179; handover to WangJingwei regime, 258, 264, 267–68;Japanese access to, 2–3; and Japaneseoccupation, 261–62; lease of land,269n24; loyalty oath to Petain, 268;neutrality of, 276; reemployment ofmunicipal employees in, 269–72, 275;residents of, 260–61; search ofChinese soldier entering, 67; socialorder in, 263; soldiers of, 270–71;stance toward Japan, 8; transfer toChinese Nationalists, 274; under Vichycontrol, 198. See also Frenchcommunity; French Concession police

French Concession police: employees of,262, 265, 266, 269; Vietnameseofficers, 259

French consulate, 269–70, 270n25,275–76

French diplomacy, objectives of, 259, 262French Expeditionary Corps (COC),

271French Municipal Council, 230, 260,

261French radio station, 272, 275Frugality Campaign, 316–18, 318n47,

320Fu, Poshek, 299n103, 319n51, 330n11Fu Xiao’an: assassination of, 184, 197;

mayoralty of, 7, 117, 184, 218Fujian: blockade of, 29n51, 35; food

supplies in, 147; goods from occupiedChina, 121

Fulihui, 218fund-raising for the war effort, 316–18,

319Funu ribao (Women’s daily), 334Funu shenghuo (Women’s lives), 309–10,

309n16Funu zazhi (Women’s magazine), 334furniture industry, 22, 39Fuxin flour mills, 49, 52, 55, 56, 59–60

370






Index

Fuyihui (Association for WorkerWelfare), 215–16, 219, 221

Fuzhou, 121

Gander, Owen, 246, 247gangsters: and divisions of jurisdiction in

Shanghai, 3; portrayed in film Lirenxing, 350; relied on in smugglinggoods to Communist bases, 93–94,109

Gao Guanwu, 142Gao Xinbao, 190Gao Zongwu, 195–96Gaoqiao, 174Garde Indigene of Indochina, 265Garden Bridge, 19Gascogne, 269n22gasoline, 36, 121, 132, 140de Gaulle, General Charles, 273Gaullists, 268Ge Sen, 138gender inequality, theme in Liren xing,

355General Hospital (French Concession),

271General Labor Union of Shanghai West,

209General Labor Union of the Shanghai

Special Municipality, 217–18Geng Jiaji, 190Geng Jizhi, 145, 145n147glass factories, 22, 23–24Glosser, Susan, 86gold, 120, 125Golden Twin Horses brand, 54Gong Zhifang, 337n21gongshu (offices), 183n63government bonds, 283grain-boring worms, 144–45, 148,

289–90. See also profiteeringGrain Bureau (Liangshi ju), 144, 145Grain Control Commission (Japanese),

116n2Grain Guild (Miye gonghui), 144Gray, Adeline, 140n117Great Britain, economic relations with

Japan, 36, 42

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere,61

Great Way (dadao), 165, 166–67Great Way Government (Dadao zhengfu):

article on regime’s achievements,168–69; collapse of, 183–85; datingsystem used by, 169–70; documentarymaterials on, 157n1, 164; emphasis onnation-building, 165; establishment of,7, 157, 162; financing of, 30, 164,180–83; first appointments of, 160;ideology of, 163, 164–70, 185;Japanese and Chinese role inestablishing, 163–64, 165–66, 168–69;and the Japanese army, 157, 158,176–77, 183; jurisdiction of, 164,170–77; and labor, 216, 218; manifestoof, 165–66; name of, 165, 166–67,169, 185; obscurity of, 157–58, 164;personnel of, 185; petitioners to,175–76; police of, 160, 164, 177–79;propaganda booklet published inTokyo, 168; recruitment by, 179,179n50; relations with Wang Jingwei,220; requested to reopen waterways,183; set up Society for the EconomicReconstruction of Shanghai, 33; andShanghai Citizens Action, 52; slogansof, 185; Social Affairs Bureau, 181;Special Service unit attached to, 167;weakness of, 185. See also Su Xiwen

Great Way Self-Government Committee(Pudong), 160n5, 171, 173

Great Way spirit (dadao jingshen), 161,168

Great World Theater, bombing of, 2, 3Green Gang: and the Guomindang, 187,

212; and labor, 210, 226; members,202; Nationalist guerrillas recruitedfrom, 138; representative atGuangcheng pharmacy school, 77n25;and the Shanghai United Committee,207; threat to pro-Japanese personnel,179; Xu Guanqun’s contacts in, 71

Gu Jiatang, 202Gu Jinrong, 225, 225n39, 225n41Gu Jiwu, 224

371






Index

Gu Kemin, 71, 77n25Gu Mingdao, 83n42Gu Shutong, 138Gu Zhutong, 205Guan Lu, 305, 305n4, 334n15, 335,

342n30Guandong Army, 158Guangcheng Professional School for

Advanced Pharmacy (Guangchenggaoji yaoxue zhiye xuexiao), 77–78

Guangxi provincial government, 253Guangzhou, 70guanxi. See social connectionsguanxixue (art of social relations),

108n35Guanyu brotherhood, 226guard posts, 118–19gudao era literary production, 327–28.

See also Island Shanghai thesisguerrillas, Nationalist, 138–39Gui Fang, 318–19Guo Lanxin, 193Guofang zuigao weiyuanhui (Supreme

Defense Council), 193Guohua Electrical Appliances Store,

280n1Guohua Radio Station, 280n1Guomindang: anti-Chiang elements, 224;

collusion with puppet police, 133;corruption of, 162; criticized in GreatWay manifesto, 165; defections toWang Jingwei, 189; dependence onShanghai, 17, 85, 187; disillusionmentof leftist artists with, 348; and theGreen Gang, 187; Hu Hanmin faction,161; and labor, 209–11, 222, 223,224–25; military intelligence, 132;movement of capital, 69; nationalsalvation propaganda, 194;negotiations with Wang Jingweiregime, 200–201; on populationgrowth, 314n34; profiteering by, 132;Shanghai party branch, 188–89;smuggling apparatus, 134–38, 202;taxation by, 175; terrorism by, 4, 52,98; and U.S. imperialism, 359–60. Seealso Guomindang underground

Guomindang underground, 73, 187–89,194, 206–7, 212. See also ShanghaiUnited Committee

Guzhen (Chuansha county), 173n31

Han Qitong, survey of China’s war losses,20n7

Hangzhou Bay, 140hanjian (traitors), 71, 116, 118n7, 221Hankou, 49, 53, 70, 73, 264Happy Home Monthly (Jiating yuekan),

334, 334n15, 335Hart, Sir Robert, 249Haruke Yoshitane (Lieutenant Colonel),

141Hata Shunroku (General), 141–42Hayashi Yukichi, 239He Jiayou, 179n50He-Umezu Agreement, 130health, terms for, 80–81, 80n34Healthy Home (Jiankang jiating), 80–83,

83n42Healthy Home Monthly (Jiankang jiating

yuekan), 334n 334n15, 335Helpful Friend Society (Yiyoushe), 91,

91n4, 93, 103Hengshe. See Endurance ClubHengyang (Hunan), 202Henriot, Christian, 143n137, 144n139,

319n51Hill, Charles, 252Hinder, Eleanor, 237hinterland, connections to, 4–6, 17, 30,

148n158hoarding, 31, 37, 120, 121, 289home journals, 333–37, 334n14, 334n15,

344; housekeeping columns, 307–8;and marketing of household products,335

Hong bang. See Red GangHong Kong: branch of New Asia

Pharmaceutical Company, 70; Britishpolicy and, 240, 251; capital shifted to,4, 29, 40n112; flight to, 52, 71, 84–85,244; foreign registration of Chinesefirms in, 54; headquarters of theShanghai United Committee, 192;

372






Index

Japanese occupation of, 198, 248;Juntong operations in, 195–96,195n26; and shipping of goods toinland China, 29, 30, 236

Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, 230,242

Hong Shen, 347Hongjin jiujia, 124Hongkou, 20, 21, 22, 23, 234Hongqiao, 175Hongye guanggao tushu gongsi (Hongye

Advertising and Printing Company),334n15, 335

Honig, Emily, 289n41Hou Dachun, 144–46, 144n141housewives. See domesticity; home

journalshousing crisis, 321Hsu Shuhsi, 21Hu Hanmin, 161Hu Linge, 215n13Hu Menglin, 210Hu Shaochen, 217Hu Zheng, 144, 145Hu Ziying, 309n16Hu Zongnan, 199Hua Mulan Joins the Army, 299n103Huainan district, 92Huaiyin (Jiangsu), 124Huang Aidi, 109Huang Jinrong, 193Huang Juyin, 287Huang Renzhi, 193Huang Ronghua, 137Huang Suchu, 195–96Huang Xianggu, 189, 190Huang Yanpei, 191Huang Zongying, 347, 349Huangpi, 217Huangpu Clique, 191Huangpu West Fellow Residents’

Association, 172Huazhong genjudi. See Central China

BaseHuazhong yiyaopin tongzhi lianhehui

(Central China Commission forControl of Medicine), 72

Hung, Chang-tai, 68, 85–86Hu-Ning Railroad, 104Huxi. See Western District

Ichigo offensive, 203“idle capital,” 29, 40, 40n112imperialism, U.S., 359India, 34, 38n98Indochina: famine in, 126; French

employment in, 271; French policy in,259, 262, 273, 276; French radiostation of, 275; French repatriation to,275; retreat of Chinese troops from,274; rice from, 144, 237; source ofcoal, 38n98; supplied rice to theJapanese, 126

industrial production, index of, 27, 28.See also factories

inflation, 122–24, 125, 202, 252; benefitof, to Rong family, 54–55; andworkers’ protests, 223

insurance enterprises, 68International Settlement: abolition of,

251; boom economy of 1938–1939,235–36; British businesses in, 235;British policy on, 234–35, 238–42;censorship of newspapers in, 306–7;Chinese factories in, 33, 36; Chinesejurisdiction of, 240; Chinese residentsof, 242; factories operating in, 27–28,27n40; Japanese occupation of, 9, 18,36, 124–25, 149, 198, 243–47,247–50; Japanese policy on, 234–35;Japanese seizure of firms in, 32n66,36–37; killing and kidnapping in, 117,235; Land Regulations of, 239; moraleof residents in, 245; parks in, 232;public order under Japanese, 149; radiostations in, 292–97, 294n79; refugeesin, 19, 315; under Wang Jingweiregime, 263; war damage in, 21, 22,234. See also extrasettlement roadarea; foreign concessions;Shanghailanders; Shanghai MunicipalCouncil; Shanghai Municipal Police

international trade, 42internment, 8, 251n91, 252, 253

373






Index

investment companies, 40Island Shanghai thesis, 6–7, 18, 67–68,

85–86, 112, 252

Japan: food control by, 143–44, 143n137;invasions of north China, 158;monopoly policies, 18, 34, 37, 40, 41,42; peace initiatives of, 188; return ofconcessions by, 263; soughtcollaboration by Chinese capitalists,60–61; surrender of, 206, 267, 272; useof local resources by, 10–11, 18.See also Japanese army; Japanesenavy; Japanese occupation

Japanese army: barred Chineseindustrialists from their plants, 31;bought up military materials inShanghai, 92; Central China AreaArmy, 158, 159–61, 183; and the GreatWay Government, 157, 158, 176–77,183; and local administration, 177;North China Area Army, 158–59, 160;rivalry with Japanese navy, 183;Special Service Section, 33; taxationby, 27n36

Japanese community, 7n8, 10–11Japanese companies, 10–11Japanese concessions, 47, 263Japanese Military Police (Kempeitai),

104, 118–19, 178, 189, 198, 252Japanese navy: docks of, 93–94; and the

Great Way Government, 7; and labor,215–16; occupied Shenxin #7, 161;regulation of coastal trade, 140n120;rivalry with Japanese army, 184;and shipments to New Fourth Army,103

Japanese occupation: attitudes toward, 7;and the broadcasting industry, 280; ofthe foreign concessions, 8, 117–18,261–62, 245–47; march into Shanghai,47; in November 1937, 158; phases in,117; and public order, 149; seizure ofnorthern districts, 243; treatment of, infilm Liren xing, 346–47, 350; women’slives during, 302, 322–23, 341;women’s magazines during, 303–4,

305. See also Great Way Government;International Settlement, Japaneseoccupation of

Japanese Residents’ Association, 239Japanese soldiers, rape committed by,

310–11, 348, 350–51, 358Jessfield Park Strike, 222–25Jessfield Road No. 76. See Number 76

Jessfield RoadJews, 268Ji Zhangjian, 137Jiading, 160n2, 170Jiang Baiqi, 106–7Jiang Bocheng: arrest of, 201; effort to

get Yu Xiaqing to leave Shanghai, 196;and the Shanghai United Committee,191n12, 192, 198, 201

Jiang Dawei, 107Jiang Dongrong, 106–7Jiang Jianzhong, 103Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai-shekJiang Junhui, 60, 63–64Jiang Shangda, 60–61Jiang Yixiao, 305Jiang Zhaoxiang, 224, 224n35Jiang Zhongfang, 93n7Jiangbei: considered unpatriotic, 217,

289n41; counterinsurgency activitiesin, 142n129; laborers from, 217, 223,224, 225; stereotype perpetuated onradio, 289

Jiangsu, 29, 146, 147Jiangwan, 170Jiangxi, 20, 131–32Jiangyin county, 141Jiankang jiating yuekan (Healthy home

monthly), 334, 334n15, 335Jiankang jiating (Healthy Home), 80–83,

83n42Jiaotong jiancha ju (Communications

Inspection Bureau), 133Jiating niankan (Family annual), 334,

334n15Jiating yuekan (Happy home monthly),

334, 334n15, 335Jieshou, 203Jiezhou, 130

374






Index

Jin Guangmei, 189Jin Runsheng, 135Jin Tingsun, 193Jin Xiongbai, 194, 204Jin Yan, 215Jincheng yinhang (Kincheng Banking

Corporation), 25Jingdezhen, 132Jinmei (heroine of Liren xing), 348–49,

350–52, 358, 360n14Jiuguo hui (Save the Nation Society),

305n4Jiuwang ribao, 285Jobez, Roland, 268Jourdan, 266Journal of New Medicine (Xin yiyao

kan), 80n33journals. See home journals; periodicalsJuntong (Bureau of Military Statistics):

assassination squads, 197; full nameof, 210n4; Hong Kong operations,195–96, 195n26; and labor, 210; loansto, from Du Yuesheng, 202–3; revenuefrom smuggling, 133–34, 202; andSACO, 206; and the Shanghai UnitedCommittee, 207. See also Dai Li

Kagesa Sadaaki (Major General),141

Kanegafuchi Company, 51Kang Xinru, 202Kangli yuekan (Happy couple monthly),

337n21Kaufman, Judge, 268Ke Ling, 328n5, 330–31, 330n11Kempeitai, 104, 118–19, 178, 189, 198,

252Keswick, W. J. “Tony,” 235, 237, 239,

242, 244kidnapping, 34, 117, 136Killery, Valentine St John, 242Kincheng Banking Corporation

(Jincheng yinhang), 25Kinloch, Jock, 244Kipnis, Andrew, 110n38Kirby, William, 48Kitaoka Tatsuo, 173n30

knitting plants, 22, 23Kokyogun (Imperial Cooperation Army),

118Kong, David, 135Kong Xiangxi (H. H. Kung): appointed

minister of finance, 133n86; and theCotton Yarn and Cloth RegulationBureau, 203; and Dai Li, 134n91,135–36; and peace negotiations withWang Jingwei, 200; and the ShanghaiUnited Committee, 193

Konoe Cabinet, 158Kuaile jiating (Happy home), 334n15Kung Dah Cotton Mill, 177Kung, H. H. See Kong XiangxiKunlun Film Studio, 348Kunshan, 141, 159n2

labor: CC Clique and, 210, 220,220–21n27, 222, 226; communistsand, 212, 215, 219, 219n25; DuYuesheng and, 190; Japanese and,215–18, 236; native-place associationsand, 123, 222, 223, 226, 227; unions,217, 220–21, 220n26; and WangJingwei regime, 9, 123, 189, 220–22.See also Shanghai General LaborUnion; strikes; workers

Lan Ma, 347, 355Land Regulations, 231, 239Laval, Pierre, 263League of Left-wing Writers, 305n4leather industry, 39, 121Lee, Leo, 327n4Li Linshu, 224Li Lisan, 219n25Li Ming, 242Li Shengwu, 144Li Shiqun, 100, 141–42, 142n129, 144,

211Li Ziqiong, 217Lian Yuanxiu, 332Liang Desuo, 336n20Liangshi ju (Grain Bureau), 144Liangyou huabao (Good companion

pictorial), 336n20Lianyihui, 195

375






Index

Lianyishe, 224, 225, 225n41Li ji (Classic of rites), 166–67, 169Lin Huaibu, 197Lin Huiyin, 332Lin Kanghou, 71, 77n25, 193, 204Lin Saiwen, 221Lin Shiliang, 136Lin Zijiong, 215, 216Ling Shuhua, 332Link, Perry, 82–83Liquidation Commission, 253Liren xing (Women side by side; Chen

Liting): banned as reactionary, 361;conversion to film, 347–48; ending offilm, 358, 360; original title of, 348;politics of, 356, 359–60; portrayal ofmen in, 351, 353, 354–55. 356–57;portrayal of proletariat in, 350, 360,360n14; prison scenes, 353–54;rehabilitated in 1979, 361; setting of,348, 348n5; as source on socialconditions during wartime, 349–50;stage play, 358, 360; stage productionof, 347, 348; stereotypical treatment ofwomen in, 357–58; about women whoremained in Shanghai, 346, 348–49

literature: boudoir style, 332, 336; byfemale college students, 332; gudaoera, 327–28; Mandarin Ducks andButterflies, 330, 328–29; new-style,329, 330; popularized, 332; post-1945fiction, 336; resistance, 328; seriousand popular, 331, 333; Shanghaischool, 329; women writers, 337–38,340–42, 343–44. See also theater

Liu Buqing, 77Liu Changsheng, 212, 215n13Liu Degong, 224, 225, 225n41Liu Fan, 137Liu Hangshen, 202Liu Ningyi, 212, 215n13Liu Qingyang, 309n16Liu Shaoqi, 106, 212n11Liu Shaowen, 212Liu Xiao, 212Liu Yanru: memoirs of, 90–91; shipments

to New Fourth Army, 91–95, 103, 109;

used social connections in sensitiveoperations, 105

Liu Yusheng, 339n24liumang (loafers), 159n4, 173n30livestock, 129loafers, recruited for pacification teams,

159n4, 173n30“lone island.” See Island Shanghai thesisLongcao, 173n30, 175Longtan, 94Lou Guowei, 133n87Lou Jingguan, 220Loyal and Patriotic Army, 134, 138–39,

140, 142Loyal and Patriotic National Salvation

Army (Zhongyi jiuguo jun), 205–6Lu Bohong, 52Lu Boyu, 334n15Lu Jingshi, 193, 202, 210, 219Lu Wei, 321n59Lu Xun, 355Lu Yan, 330lulutong (fixers), 66–67, 68, 85, 86–87;

defined, 66Lunchang mill. See China Printing and

Finishing CompanyLuo Qinghua, 202

Ma Bosheng, 206MacDonald, R. G., 247machine industry, 21–22, 27, 28, 29, 39machinery, imports of, 121, 143magazines. See periodicalsMains, Joan, 244, 252Manchuria, 17, 131, 158, 240Manchurian Railway Incident, 130Mandarin Duck and Butterfly school,

82–83, 83n42, 328–29, 330n9;Butterflies journals, 329–30, 332, 333,334, 344

Manila, 70Mantetsu (South Manchurian Railway

Company), 159Mao Dun, 285Mao Liying, 99–100, 99n16, 349Mao Zedong, 110, 149, 212Maoxin flour mills, 49, 56

376






Index

de Margerie, Roland, 198, 262, 263, 265,265n15, 266–67

Martin, Brian, 85Martyrs Cemetery, 99n16May 15 Incident (Tokyo), 61May Fourth Movement: feminism of,

355, 357; performances in support of,319n51; politics of, in Liren xing, 352,356–57

May 30 movement, 212, 212n10, 232,261

media, coastal and inland, 86medical publications, 79–83, 80n33, 86medical workers, 102medicine: advertising of, 291, 291n54;

Chinese and Western, 80; distributionof, 72; factories and enterprises, 39, 68;for the New Fourth Army, 107; fromoccupied China, 129; pharmaceuticalindustry, 72, 75; smuggling of, 131;traded by Tongji and Minhuacompanies, 203n55, 205. See also NewAsia Pharmaceutical Company

Mei Fu, 334n15Mei Siping, 61, 72memoir sources, 68, 68n4, 90–91merchant vessels, licensing of, 140,

140n120Merck and Company, 76n20metal industry, 22, 37, 39metal imports, 121Meyrier, Jean, 269Mikyo flour company, 59Miles, Milton E., 137–38, 206Military Affairs Commission

(Guomindang), 134, 137. See alsoDai Li

military uniforms, 51milk industry, 86minerals, 131Mingxing ribao (Star daily), 330n9Minhua Company, 203–4, 205, 208Ministry of Colonies (French), 265,

272Ministry of Finance (Guomindang),

133n86, 134, 137. See also SmugglingPrevention Office

Ministry of National Defense SecurityBureau (Guofangbu baomiju), 205

Ministry of Social Affairs (WangJingwei), 220

Miscellany Monthly: promotion ofwomen writers, 340–41, 340n27,342n32; roundtable talks in, 342,342n32; special issues of, 341–42,341n29

Mitonghui (Grain Control Commission),116n2

Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, 242Miye gonghui (Grain Guild), 144model peace zones, 141–42, 143“Model Settlement,” 232, 241Modern Therapeutics, 80n33modernization, and health, 80monopoly policies, 18, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42mop-up operations, 101, 141municipal employees: Chinese employees

of the French Concession, 265; French,259, 268, 269–72, 275; and the GreatWay Government, 163

Municipal Orchestra, 244, 249Murphey, Rhoads, 17

Nakajima Seiichi, 72Nanhui, 107–8, 160n2, 170Nanjing, flour mills in, 124Nanjing-Shanghai Railroad, 138Nanshi (South City): chamber of

commerce, 181; destruction of plantsin, 21; dyeing plants in, 23; economyof, 181; Great Way Governmentjurisdiction over, 170; pacificationteam in, 159, 159n2, 159n3; refugeesfrom, 52; self-government committeeof, 175, 181–82

Nanshi Electric Company, 52Nantong, flour mills in, 124Nanxiang, 170Nanyang Enterprise Company (Nanyang

qiye gongsi), 74narcotics trade, 129, 130–31, 132n84, 202National Commission for the Control of

Commerce (Quanguo shangye tongzhilianhehui), 72

377






Index

Nationalists. See GuomindangNational Salvation Movement, “seven

gentlemen of,” 58, 58n24native place associations: and labor, 123,

223, 224, 226, 227; organizingtransportation to the village, 117; andstrikes, 222

native-place connections: and the GreatWay Government, 163n11; andrecruitment at New Asia, 77; used byNew Fourth Army agents, 93,107–8

neutrality: of film character WangZhongyuan, 355; of foreignconcessions, 2, 276; ofShanghailanders, 215, 240, 245–46

New Asia Biological Research Institute,76

New Asia Chemical and PharmaceuticalResearch Institute, 76

New Asia Enterprise Group (Xinya qiyejituan), 68

New Asia Free Clinics, 84New Asia Medical Materials Plant,

76New Asia Pharmaceutical Company

(Xinya zhiyao chang): advertisingdepartment of, 83; Beijing branch, 72;capital and sales revenue, 69;Chongqing branch, 70, 73; distributionnetwork of, 73, 74, 77–79; financingof, 73–75; identified with Chinesevalues, 84; inspection teams, 79; left inhands of Gu Kemin, 71;medicine-making factories of, 70, 77;popularization of science at, 75;promotional publications of, 79–83;owned Healthy Home Monthly,335–36; records of, 68; recruitment at,77; research scientists at, 75–77; salesorganization of, 78–79; wartimeexpansion of, 70, 73

New Asia Reconstruction Company(Xinya jianye gongsi), 74

New Asia Serum Plant, 76New Asia Southwest China Company,

70

New Engineering and ShipbuildingWorks (Ruirong), 216, 217

New Fourth Army: compared with EighthRoute Army, 110, 111; connectionsused by, 109–10; donations for, 97, 99;Gregor Benton on, 110–11; illicitdealings with Japanese, 103; inJapanese model peace zone, 142;members of, 93; motivations forhelping, 102–4; movement of goodsand people to, 92, 94, 98–99, 100–102,103, 107–8, 109; purchasing agents inShanghai, 98; recruitment ofintellectuals, 108; relationship withShanghai, 95–96; rural bases of, 90n2;territory designated in United Frontnegotiations, 95; urban recruits of,111; used social connections to buildrural bases, 106–7; winter clothes for,96, 97

New Fourth Army Incident, 98, 98n14New Fourth Army Office (Shanghai),

98–99New Home (Xin jiating), 334newspapers: censorship of, 306–7;

closing of, 118; columns on everydaylife, 325–26; home supplements to,334, 334n14, 335; after the war, 85;women’s, 333–34

New Voice of Chinese Medicine (Guoyaoxinsheng), 79

new woman, 302–3, 353, 3601911 revolution, 261Ningbo, 126n46, 126n49, 132, 148n158Ningxia, 78Ninth Brigade Theater Troupe (Yan ju jiu

dui), 347Nishimura Tenzo, 167–68, 169, 182North China Area Army (Kita Shina

homengun), 158, 160North China Daily News, 31n61North China Provisional Government,

72Northern Expedition, 212Northern Sichuan Road bridge, 119North Pudong Garrison Command,

176

378






Index

Number 76 Jessfield Road: and theassassination of Mao Liying, 99–100;censorship by, 325n1; founders of,123; interrogation of Wu Kaixian at,198; mentioned, 4, 142, 149, 220; andrice brokers, 145

Nusheng yuekan (Women’s voicesmonthly), 334–35, 334n15

Nuzi shijie (Women’s world), 333

Office of Strategic Services, 206Okawa Shumei, 60–61Okazaki, K., 247Okuba (Japanese yakuza), 215One Day in Shanghai, 288Operation Remorse, 253–54opium, 129, 132n84. See also narcotics

tradeOrganization Department (Guomindang),

189, 190overseas Chinese, market for Chinese

goods, 54

pacification teams (senbuhan), 159–60,159n4

padded coats, 128, 128n58Pan Gongzhan, 285Pan Hannian, 106Pan Jinsheng, 281n5Pan Liudai, 335, 342n30Pan Yangyao, 334n15Pan-Asianism, 61paper industry, 28, 39, 68, 121,

129Paris, radio broadcasting in, 297–98Pasteur Institute, 265, 271patriotism: in films and broadcasts, 12,

299, 356; Jiangbei people and, 217,289n41; in magazines and periodicals,12, 304; motivation of civilians helpingNew Fourth Army, 102; of ordinarypeople, 359; and profits, 65, 70

peace maintenance committees, 159, 167,170, 171–72, 175, 176

Peach River Dancing Society, 312Pearl Harbor, 117Pechkoff, General Z., 273

People’s Political Council (Canzhenghui),201

periodicals: Butterflies journals, 329–30,332, 333, 334; columns in, 332;editorial strategies during wartime,336–37; letters from readers, 332; andmarketing of household products, 335;mentioned, 309n16; patriotism and,12, 304; pictorial style, 336, 336n20;readership of, 335; women’s, 12,303–4, 309–10, 328, 333–34. See alsohome journals; Shanghai funu

permit system, 34, 34n79Perry, Elizabeth, 226, 227, 227n45Petain, Marshall, 8pharmaceutical industry, 72, 75; female

employees, 313. See also New AsiaPharmaceutical Company; XuGuanqun

pharmaceutical research, 75–76,76n20

Phenomena Monthly, 330–31, 332Philco Sales Corporation, 286Phillips, Godfrey, 239, 248; assassination

attempt on, 197–98, 244pirates, 132n84, 140n120playwrights. See Tian Hanpolice: anticommunist activities by, 235;

of Great Way Government, 161, 174,177–79; puppet, 53, 53n13, 133, 198,244; and rice lines, 127; surveillanceby Japanese in the InternationalSettlement, 3. See also Frenchconcession police; Kempeitai;Shanghai Municipal Police

Political Study Clique (Zhengxue xi),73–75

population, growth rate of, 314n34Postal and Aviation Inspection Office

(Youhang jiancha chu), 137postal employees union, 210, 219Post Office Savings Bank, 203poverty, 123–24print culture, 12–13. See also periodicals;

women, and wartime print cultureprinting industry, 22, 39, 68printing presses, 92, 103, 134

379






Index

prisoner-of-war camps, 139professional associations, Sino-Japanese,

10profiteering: by fixers, 66; by

Guomindang officials, 132; radiocomedy on, 289–90; rice, 126n49,144–45, 148, 289–90; by the Rongfamily, 64–65. See also Chinesecapitalists

propaganda: national salvation, 194; onradio, 280, 281, 281n5, 283–87, 295,297

prostitution, 250, 352, 358Protect China Alliance (Baowei

Zhongguo datongmeng), 107Provisional Council Agreement (1941),

239, 247Pu Shuxiu, 289, 291, 291n54,

291n56public intellectuals, women writers as,

344Public Security Bureau, 235publishers, 92, 329, 338–39Pudong: chamber of commerce, 173;

destruction of plants in, 21; fate ofShenxin textile mill in, 51; Great WayGovernment in, 157, 170; Great WaySelf-Government Committee in,160n5, 171, 173; Japanese bombing of,303; Japanese control of, 139, 139n11;labor incidents in, 216, 236–37;pacification team in, 159, 159n2;police, 53, 53n13, 139; refugees from,52; rice prices in, 181; smuggling in,139; trade unions in, 220. See alsoGreat Way Government

puppet government. See collaborators;Great Way Government; Number 76Jessfield Road; ReformedGovernment; Wang Jingwei regime

puppet troops, 142

Qian Xinzhi, 193, 200, 202Qiantang River, 140Qibao, 175Qin Shou’ou, 83n42Qing bang. See Green Gang

Qingdao, 51Qinghai, 78Qingpu, 159n2qingxiang yundong (clearing the villages

movement), 141, 142n129Quanguo shangye tongzhi lianhehui

(National Commission for the Controlof Commerce), 72

Quanguo shangye tongzhi zonghui(Commerce Control Commission), 63,64

“Quarrelling Couple from Jiangbei,” 289,299

radio: broadcasts of political propaganda,280, 281, 281n5, 283–87, 295, 297;categories in program guides, 288n37;comedy on, 289–90, 299;commercials, 290–91; dominated byadvertising and entertainment, 11, 280,282, 288, 298; donations to war effortsolicited on, 286, 287; under Japanesecontrol, 12, 292–99; in Moscow andParis, 297–98; before 1937, 282;patriotism and call for resistance on,12; programming under PropagandaCommittee plan, 283–85; salaries ofperformers, 288, 288n39; speeches byprominent individuals, 284–85;storytellers on, 279–80, 285, 299;suppression of patriotic broadcasting,282; tool for adult education, 287n33.See also radios; radio stations

radio communications, 194Radio Moscow, 297Radio-Paris, 298radios, 118, 118n7, 286, 286n29, 286n30,

287radio stations: Chinese-operated, 282;

closed by Guomindang, 291n55;closed by Shanghai Municipal Councilon Japanese request, 296; number of,282, 291; pro-Japanese, 288n36;operated by Westerners, 282n7;registration of, 292–97, 298; XHHG,297; XHHH, 284; XHTM, 281n5;XOJB, 288n36

380






Index

rape, 304, 304n3, 310–11; in film Lirenxing, 348, 350–51, 358; of ShenChong, 359

rationing: of coal, 38n98; of rice, 127–28,146, 146n152

real estate companies, 41, 42, 68recipes, 318reconstruction, 30n59Red Cross, 84Red Gang, 220n27, 226Reformed Government (Weixin zhengfu):

Central China Area Army and, 160;dating system of, 170n24; and demiseof Great Way Government, 183–84;lacked legitimacy, 188; taxationby, 30

refugees: crossing the Garden Bridge intothe International Settlement, 19; anddemand for flour, 59; and demand forradio, 282, 286; donations to, 317, 319,320; experiences of, broadcast by YanXueting, 279–80, 288; and foodsupplies, 120; in the foreignconcessions, 237, 258; as smugglers,129; as source of cheap labor anddemand, 47; in South City, 159n3,181; women, 303, 310–11, 311–13;from Zhejiang and Jiangsu, 29

refugee shelters, 311, 313, 319Relief for Refugees ( jiuji nanmin),

97Ren Baoan, 179n50repatriation: of French community,

274–75; of population to thecountryside, 39n105

repatriation fund (French Concession),266, 269, 270, 272

resistance, 13–14. See also collaboration,versus resistance

restaurants, 124rice: amount to feed population, 119;

black market in, 121, 122; exportedfrom free to occupied China, 129;exported to Japan, 126, 143–44;imported by Yu Xiaqing, 196; importedinto Fuzhou, 12; from Jiangxi, 131;lines, 350; price of, 119, 120–21, 123,

142, 181, 223; production, 126; puppetbrokers, 144–45; purchased byJapanese military, 196; rationing of,127–28, 146, 146n152; restrictions onsales of, 120, 120n18, 122; riots, 211;Shanghai imports and exports of, 126;smuggling of, 140, 143, 145, 148; fromSoutheast Asia, 125, 144, 196, 237; inSouth City, 181; stores, 120, 120n18,122, 181; supplies of, 146–48; taxationof, 27n36. See also hoarding;profiteering; rice-boring worms

rice-boring worms, 144–45, 148, 289–90.See also profiteering

rice guild, 120Rice Management Bureau, 121rickshaws, 119roads, 94, 118; “road money,” 130.

See also extrasettlement road areaRomance of the Three Smiles (San xiao

yin yuan), 288Rong Bing’gen, 53n13Rong Desheng: and collaboration with

the Japanese, 53, 63–64; difficultycontrolling firms after death of RongZongjing, 49; founder of textile andflour mills, 49; and management ofRong firms, 55–56; plans for TianyuanIndustrial Company, 58–59; relationswith Chongqing, 64; andreorganization of Shenxin #2 and #5,57; returned from Hankou to Shanghai,53

Rong Er’ren,, 53, 53n13, 56–58, 64Rong family: and collaboration, 10, 32,

51–53, 60, 63, 65; dissension in,56–59; as illustration of conditions ofShanghai businessmen, 49, 64–65;organizational structure of enterprises,48, 55–59; relations within, 49, 55–56,58; wartime profits of, 54. See alsoFuxin flour mills; Maoxin flour mills;Rong Desheng; Rong Er’ren; RongHongyuan; Rong Zongjing; Shenxintextile mills

Rong Hongqing, 56Rong Hongsan, 56

381






Index

Rong Hongyuan: and dissension in Rongfamily, 56–58; as general manager ofRong enterprises, 56; and negotiationwith Japanese, 61, 62

Rong Weiren, 56Rong Zongjing: and collaboration,

52–53; death of, 49, 53; departure forHong Kong, 52; founded textile andflour mills, 49; and the organization ofRong firms, 55

Rottmann, Allison, 85roundtable talks, 342, 342n30, 342n32Roux, Alain, 13–14rubber industry, 22, 23, 28, 29, 39; Tongji

and Minhua companies, 203n55, 205Ruirong (New Engineering and

Shipbuilding Works), 216, 217Ruoying (heroine of Liren xing), 349,

352–56, 358ruralization of culture, 67–68, 85–86Russians: in the French Concession, 261,

265, 265n15; White Russians, 233, 249

Saigon, French police of, 275Sainte-Marie Hospital, 271Sakurai, Mr., 159n4Salade, 263, 267San Bei Steam Navigation Company, 196San ge modeng nuxing (Three modern

women; Tian Han), 347Sanminzhuyi qingniantuan (Three

People’s Principles Youth Corps), 191San xiao yin yuan (Romance of the three

smiles), 288saodang (mop-up operations), 101, 141Sarly, Roland, 266, 270Save for the Distressed ( jieyue jiunan), 97Save the Nation Society (Jiuguo hui),

305n4Savings Society, 269n22Sawada Shigeru (Lieutenant General),

141de Sayve, Olivier, 269, 270schools, 194school ties, 102–3, 108, 108n35Schoppa, Keith, 29science, popularization of, 80–83

scientific instruments, 39scientific research, 75–77scientists, 76–77, 84second united front, 212self-government committees (zizhi

weiyuanhui): assumed police powers,173; characterized as hoodlums, 172,173n30; designation of, 174–75,175n35; formed from peacemaintenance committees, 159; andGreat Way Government jurisdiction,170–71; issues on the agenda of, 174;and the Japanese army, 176–77;membership of, 174; Pudong, 160n5,171, 173; resilience of, 175; taxationby, 173, 181–82

Seven Big Unions, 220, 220n26sex industry, 311–12sexuality, women writers on, 340, 341Sha Li, 349Sha Wenhao, 212Shamian, French concession in, 264Shangguan Yunzhu, 347, 348Shanghai: as center for culture and

commerce, 67–68, 85–86; as center offilm and modern theater, 346; flightfrom, 315; population of, 146n151;shared victimhood in, 148, 288

Shanghai Association of the CulturalCircle, 305n4

Shanghai Association of the NewMedicine Trade (Shanghai xinyaoyetongye gonghui), 71

Shanghai Bank, 54Shanghai British Residents’ Association,

232Shanghai chanye yu Shanghai zhigong

(Shanghai Industries and ShanghaiWorkers), 215, 215n13

Shanghai Citizens Action (Shanghaishimin xiehui), 52

Shanghai Commercial Savings Bank, 74Shanghai county peace maintenance

committee, 167Shanghaiens. See French communityShanghai Evening Post and Mercury

(Da Mei wanbao), 32n66, 325, 325n1

382






Index

Shanghai funu (Shanghai women):advertising in, 306; cartoon about radiobroadcasts, 281, 281; on childbirth andbirth control, 314–15; on child rearing,315–16; class distinctions and, 320; onhousekeeping and marriage, 307–8,313, 317–18, 322; circulation andreadership, 306; covers of, 305–6;edited by Communist Party members,305; as force in the resistance, 309–10,319–20, 322; on the FrugalityCampaign, 316–17; on moralresponsibility, 321; on overpopulation,314n34; political activism in, 321–22;self-censorship of, 307, 308; storiesabout sex workers, 312, 313; onwomen’s employment, 313; andwomen’s role in the resistance, 304

Shanghai Funu Society, 306Shanghai General Chamber of

Commerce, 20n8Shanghai General Labor Union

(Shanghai shi zhonggonghui), 195,210, 218, 224. See also West ShanghaiGeneral Labor Union

Shanghai gonghui zuzhi tongyiweiyuanhui (Committee for theUnification of Labor Organizations),218, 218n22

Shanghai gongye tongzhihui (Associationof Shanghai Industrialists), 27n37

Shanghai Guild of Private RadioBroadcasters, 283, 284, 293, 295

Shanghailanders: British policy toward,240; desire for neutral status, 215, 240,245–46; disruption of lives duringwartime, 243–45, 252; and the end ofthe treaty port system, 251, 251n91,254; identity of, 230, 244; internmentof, 251n91, 252, 253; and the ShanghaiMunicipal Council, 231–32, 240–41;strategy for survival, 233

Shanghai Municipal Archives, 157n1Shanghai Municipal Commission (Duban

Shanghai shi gongshu), 183Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC):

Anglo-American conflict, 232–33;

autonomy of, 230–32, 239, 240–41,250; and the British Foreign Office,232, 238–39; and Chinese broadcastindustry, 281, 282; and Chineseresidents of the settlement, 233;Chinese staff of, 237–38; collaborationwith Japanese, 71, 295–96; comparedwith French Municipal Council, 260;confidential economic report by,27n36; constitution of, 232; count offactories in the InternationalSettlement, 27; and the extrasettlementroad area, 33, 50, 233; financial affairsof, 232, 241–42; Industrial and SocialSection, 237; industrial statistics of,28n49; under Japanese occupation,247–50, 252; Japanese pressure on, 3,233, 234–35, 237; Japaneserepresentation on, 239; personnel of,232, 241–42, 247, 248, 250; PoliceAffairs Division, 295, 296; relationswith Chongqing, 235; and registrationof Chinese radio stations, 292–96,294n79; report on damages to industry,20, 21–22, 24; restrictions on sale ofrice, 120, 120n18; sale of publicutilities, 241; shift of leadership, 232;strategy toward Japanese, 8; andtaxation, 233

Shanghai Municipal Health Department,314

Shanghai Municipal Police: Chinesebranch of, 250; Chinese staff of,237–38, 241–42; under Japaneseoccupation, 247–48; killings ofChinese demonstrators in 1925, 232;relationship with British diplomats,231, 238; relationship with PublicSecurity Bureau, 235; sackings ofBarrett and Clarke, 233n6; duringwartime, 244; White Russians in,249

Shanghai Newspaper Censorship Bureau,306

Shanghai Pharmaceutical StudentsFriendship Society (Shanghaiyaojisheng lianyihui), 108

383






Index

Shanghai Postal Workers’ Union, 189,190

Shanghai Power Company, 38Shanghai Radio, 282, 289, 291Shanghaishi zhiyao changye tongye

gonghui (Association of ShanghaiPharmaceutical Manufacturers), 72

Shanghai Special Municipality: Bureauof Social Affairs, 210; Japaneseoccupation of, 210

Shanghai Textile Company (Shanhaiboseki kabushiki kaisha), 51, 61

Shanghai United Committee (Shanghaishi tongyi weiyuanhui; SUC): and thearrest of Wu Kaixian, 198–201; andassassinations of collaborators, 197;creation of, 191; and economicrelations between Chongqing andNanjing, 201, 208; finances of,192–93; headquarters of, 192, 199;influence of Du Yuesheng in, 193;instrument of Guomindang resistanceand vehicle for cooperation withpuppet regime, 187–88; objectives of,191–92, 206–7; power struggle in, 201;and secret peace discussions, 201;sections of, 192, 194–95; standingcommittee of, 191, 191n12

Shanghai Volunteer Corps (SVC), 243,249

Shanghai Women. See Shanghai funuShanghai Women’s Circle, 319,

319n52Shanghai xinyaoye tongye gonghui

(Shanghai Association of the NewMedicine Trade), 71

Shangqiu, 203, 204Shangwu yinshuguan (Commercial

Press), 23, 144Shanhai keizai nenkan (Shanghai

economic yearbook), 40Shanhaiguan News, 168, 183Shao Shijun, 107Shao Shubai, 210, 211Shaonu yuekan (The maiden monthly),

337n21Shashi Cotton Mill, 203

Shawozi, 94She Aizhen, 144Shehui yundong zhidao weiyuanhui

(Social Movement SteeringCommittee), 123, 220, 221, 224

Shen Chong, 359Shen Ji, 330Shen Junsheng, 138Shen, Vivian, 348, 352Shen Youchu, 107Shen Zijiu, 309n16Shen bao, 194, 285, 288; “Women’s

Garden,” 309n16Shenghuo, 320n53Shenxin textile mills: comprised ten

companies, 49; conditions inmid-1930s, 55; destruction of, inWestern Roads section, 50; distributionof profits, 57–58; foreign registrationof, 53–54; independence of generalheadquarters, 56; in the InternationalSettlement, 53, 60; under Japanesecontrol, 60; in Japanese-occupiedareas, 51; number of spindles andlooms, 50, 50n7, 53; organizationalstructure of, 55–58; plan for GreaterShenxin, 58; profits during war, 54;return of, to Chinese owners, 61–62;after return from Japanese, 62–63;“seven gentlemen” of, 58, 58n24;stockholder disputes at, 56–58, 62;unemployment at, 58

Shi Dongshan, 346Shi Jimei, 332–33, 335, 336Shi Jiying, 332Shi Kaitian, 145Shi Liang, 309n16Shi Quanfu, 223n34Shidai Publishing House, 93, 93n7Shidai Weekly (Shidao zhouke),

93n7Shigemitsu Mamoru, 263shimin, active resistance by, 13–14Shimonoseki treaty, 17shipping: control of, by Japanese, 30,

182–83; and economic recovery, 34;through Hong Kong, 30; of military

384






Index

materials to New Fourth Army, 92–95;by river in South China, 5; of wheat,59; Yangzi river closed to, 34

shipyards, strikes in, 216Shishi xinbao, 335Shuijing (Tax Police), 133, 133n86, 135,

137Shuilu jiaotong tongyi jiancha chu (Water

and Land Communications UnifiedInspectorate), 137

silk industry, 22, 23, 23n22, 24, 28,29n51, 32n66

silk unions, 218silver, 55, 131Singapore: branch of New Asia

Pharmaceutical Company in, 70;British policy and, 240; anddistribution of medical manual,80n33

Sino-American Cooperative Organization(Zhong-Mei hezuo suo; SACO), 134,137, 206; training camps, 206

Sino-American treaty (1943), 229Sino-British treaty (1943), 229, 251Sino-French school, 265, 266Sino-Western Pharmacy, 284, 294“Sixth National Congress of the

Guomindang,” 189smuggling: by Chiang Kai-shek’s in-laws,

135–36; control offices and guardposts, 134–35; Dai Li’s empire,132–35; and economic decline, 36; andequivocal marketing areas, 128; ofgoods and intelligence to Communistbase areas, 92–94, 98–99; by Japaneseofficials, 125; and loss of Shanghai’seconomic role after 1949, 149; Loyaland Patriotic Army and, 138–39, 140;by merchants, 129; and migration, 148;of narcotics, 130–31; north Chinacontraband networks, 130–31; betweenoccupied and unoccupied zones, 5,104n27, 202; official involvement in,11; puppet forces and, 142; by puppetpirates, 132n84; of rice, 117, 122; forsurvival and profits, 117; types ofsmugglers, 129–30; Yangzi River boat

captains and, 92, 93. See also rice,smuggling of; Smuggling PreventionOffice

smuggling entrepots, 128–30Smuggling Prevention Office

(Guomindang), 134, 135, 136, 202social connections: in contemporary and

wartime China, 110n38; relied on byCommunists during wartime, 91, 92,105, 109–10; and Shanghai’s economicstructure, 108

Social Movement Steering Committee(Shehui yundong zhidao weiyuanhui),123, 220, 221, 224

Society for the Economic Reconstructionof Shanghai, 33

Society for the Economic Reconstructionof the Western District of Shanghai, 33

solitary island. See foreign concessions;Island Shanghai thesis

Song Meiling, 135, 136Song Qingling, 107Song Ziwen (T. V. Soong), 133, 133n86Songjiang, 182Soong, T. V. (Song Ziwen), 133, 133n86Sorrow for the Fall of the Ming, 299n103South Anhui Incident, 98, 98n14South Asia, 35South City. See NanshiSoutheast Asia: British colonialism in,

252; distribution of medical manual in,80n33; market for Chinese goods, 35,54; market for New AsiaPharmaceutical Company, 68; NewAsia sales agencies in, 70, 78; and therubber industry, 29; source of rice,125, 126, 126n49

South Manchurian Railway Company(Mantetsu), 159, 160

Soviet Commercial Publishing House (Sushang chubanshe), 93n7

Special Action Army (Biedong jun), 137Special Service Department (Tokumubu,

Japanese army), 159, 160, 182Spring and Autumn Monthly (Chunqiu

yuekan), 332Squibb, 76n20

385






Index

star system, 338n22Steering Committee of Social Movement

(Shehui yundong zhidao weiyuanhui),123, 220, 221, 224

stock market, 125storytelling: radio broadcasts of, 279–80,

285, 299; tanci, 288–89, 288n37,288n38

streetcar workers. See CFTEstrikes: BAT strike of 1927–28, 220;

backed by Japanese, 123, 221, 236; atChina Printing and Finishing Companyin 1939, 236–37; over cost ofnecessities, 8; in French companies,263; in the foreign concessions, 221;general, 226–27; Jessfield Park,222–25; of March 1927, 226–27; of1939–42 compared with earlier strikes,226–28; of 1939–41, 212, 212n10,213–14; by post office employees in1928, 219; transportation, 123, 209,222–23; by West Shanghai GeneralLabor Union, 221; of the Workers’League of the Chinese Republic, 216;wildcat, in 1941, 222; workdays lostto, 212n10, 213, 216

Su Jixiao, 162. See also Su XiwenSu Junying, 162. See also Su XiwenSu Qing: Drifting Brocade by, 338, 339;

and Eileen Chang, 340–41, 342–43;and the feminization of print culture,12; media coverage of, 337, 340,342n30; Ten Years of Married Life by,314, 314–15n35, 338, 339; wrote forhome journals, 335

Su Songzhi, 162. See also Su XiwenSu Xiwen: announced founding of Great

Way Government, 163, 163;background of, 161–62; connectionsof, 162–63; after demise of Great WayGovernment, 184; and dissolution ofpeace maintenance committees,171–72; effort to controlself-government committees, 174;efforts to raise revenue, 180, 181; andGreat Way ideology, 165, 167–68, 169;headed municipal bureau of finances

for Great Way Government, 179n50;name of, 161, 161n10; photographedwith Nishimura Tenzo, 168; target forassassination, 179

Su Youxiang, 161. See also Su XiwenSubei. See Jiangbeisugar, 129suicide, 349, 350, 354, 358summer, start time of, 38n99Sun Liren, 135Sun Mingqi, 220, 221, 222Sun Yat-sen, 106–7, 188suppression campaigns, 141Supreme Defense Council (Guofang

zuigao weiyuanhui), 193Suzhou, 122, 176

Taicang county, 141Taixian (Jiangsu), 124Takeda Chemical Industries, 72Tamura Toshiko, 334n15Tan Weihan, 330tanci (storytelling genre), 288–89,

288n37, 288n38Tang Enbo, 134, 134n91Tang Xiaodan, 346Tang Yunjing, 337n21Tangqiao (Pudong), 174, 174n31,

176–77, 182Tao Xisheng, 195–96, 218taxation: of fish, 175; of goods from the

interior, 27; by Great WayGovernment, 180–81; by Japanesearmy, 27n36; by Japanese or puppetgovernment of goods brought intoShanghai, 30; of rice, 27n36; byself-government committees, 181–82;Shanghai Municipal Council and, 233

taxi dancers, 312, 319, 319n51Tax Police (Shuijing) (Nationalist), 133,

133n86, 135, 137tea, 129telecommunications, 137telephone, 118Ten Thousand Years Bi-weekly (Wansui

banyuekan), 332terrorism, 4, 52, 98, 144n139, 234

386






Index

textile industry: ban of exports, 36;economic recovery in, 30; enterprisesof New Asia, 68; factories in operationin 1943 and 1944, 39; lack ofelectricity for, 123; markets of, 30n56;raw materials for, 130; textile mills,49–54; war damage to, 21–24. See alsocotton mills; Shenxin textile mills

textile workers, in film Liren xing, 347,348–49, 350

Thailand, 120theater, 346; production of Liren xing,

347Thompson, Edward P., 226Three Elders of Shanghai, 71Three People’s Principles Youth Corps

(Sanminzhuyi qingniantuan), 191, 207Tian Han: May Fourth politics of, 355,

356–57; political sympathies of, 347;portrayal of men in Liren xing, 351,353, 354–55, 356–57; inpostrevolutionary society, 360,360n14; screenplay for San ge modengnuxing, 348; target of CulturalRevolution, 347, 350, 361; treatmentof occupied Shanghai, 350; wrote playand screenplay for Liren xing, 347

Tian Ye, 347Tiandi chubanshe (Heaven and Earth

Publisher), 338Tiandi yuekan (Heaven and earth

monthly), 338Tianjin: British concession, 229, 236,

251; French concession, 264;mentioned, 234; offices of New AsiaPharmaceutical Company, 70

Tiantang chun meng (Heavenly springdream; Tang Xiaodan), 346

Tianyuan Industrial Company, 58–59Tibet, 78timber, 129Tinkler, Richard Maurice, 216tires, 140tobacco industry, 22, 23, 37tobacco workers, 210, 220, 220n26,

220n27Tobacco Workers Union, 210

Tokumubu (Special Service Department,Japanese army), 159, 160, 182

Tong Luqing, 60, 63–64Tong Xingbai, 180, 189Tongji Company, 203–5, 203n55, 208torture, 102, 353town offices, 175, 175n35Toyoda Textile Company, 50, 51, 62trade, between free and occupied China,

47, 85, 121, 129, 201–2training camps, 206traitors (hanjian), 71, 116, 118n7,

221tramways union. See CFTEtransportation: air, 137; under Dai Li,

133, 133n87, 137; and economicdecline, 27, 36; goods, 132; permits forfreight shipments, 118; betweenShanghai and New Fourth Army base,90–91, 101–2; of weapons, 137–38.See also CFTE

Transport Control Bureau (Yunshutongzhi ju), 133, 134

travel restrictions, 119treaty port system: abolition of, 251, 253,

258; dismantling of, 229; draft treaty,240; and Shanghailander identity,230

Tsuda, Admiral, 34n79tungsten, 129

underground. See also ChineseCommunist Party; Guomindangunderground

unemployment, 58, 123unions. See labor; Shanghai General

Labor Union; West Shanghai GeneralLabor Union

United Front, 95, 98n14, 212United States: bombing of Japan, 118n7;

froze commercial relations with Japan,36, 42; imperialism of, 359; Japanesefear of confronting, 235; landings of,188, 205, 206; military strategy of, andChongqing, 207; and repatriation ofFrench in Shanghai, 275

Urban Work Bureau (CCP), 92

387






Index

U.S. Consulate business barometer, 26“using war to nourish war” (yi zhan yang

zhan), 116n2

Valentin, 266vehicles, 22, 121Vichy government: challenge to, by

provisional government of the FrenchRepublic, 273; control of FrenchConcession, 198; and Japanese accessto the French Concession, 2–3;Japanese pressure on, 263; negotiationof return of Shanghai, 257–58;objectives of, 262, 264–65, 268;relations with Chongqing, 262, 267;relations with Wang Jingwei regime,262–63, 267

Vietnam, 126Vietnamese: community in the French

Concession, 265; employees of Frenchpolice, 259, 265

Violet monthly (Ziluolan), 332, 332n13Vocational Circles National Salvation

Association (Zhiye jiu jiuguo hui), 108Vocational Women’s Club (Zhiye funu

julebu), 99, 100

wages, and inflation, 122–23Wakeman, Frederic, 41, 85, 288, 289Wales, Nym, 321Wan Molin, 193Wang Benpu, 336n19Wang Bo (Shen Ji), 336n19Wang Cuixing, 224n35Wang Fuzhou, 133n87Wang Jingwei: convened “Sixth National

Congress of the Guomindang,” 189;and crime in the InternationalSettlement, 117; draft treaty with theJapanese, 195–96; and labor, 211,219–20, 222, 224, 227, 228; peacemovement of, 188, 206; protests byShanghai industrialists to, 40n110;secret police of, 219n25, 223; specialservice organization of, 195

Wang Jingwei regime: assumedadministrative control over

International Settlement, 263; changein Japanese policy toward, 221n28;contested by Shanghai UnitedCommittee, 207; economic policies of,6, 11, 37, 40, 40n110; establishmentof, 218; grain control organs, 116n2;introduction of new currency by,35n82, 36n87; Japanese efforts tostrengthen, 60; and labor, 9, 220–21;order to restore prewar guilds and tradeassociations, 72n11; and palatability ofcollaboration, 10; after Pearl Harbor,117; police of, 198; and policing of theextrasettlement roads, 198;proclamation on return of Chineseproperty, 61; recognized by Japan, 197;relations with Vichy regime, 262–63;and the return of confiscated factories,32; and Sino-French relations, 262–63;sought defection of Yu Xiaqing, 196;threat to Guomindang, 188

Wang Jiyu, 305Wang Kemin, 72Wang Liling, 332, 342n30Wang Manyun, 189, 190, 199, 204, 220Wang Ming (Shen Shaoyu), 212Wang Shaozhai, 193Wang Tianmu, 211Wang Tongzhao, 330Wang Wei, 138Wang Xiaolai, 193Wang Xinheng, 195Wang Yaokui, 204Wang Yaoshan, 212Wang Yuqing, 52, 56Wang Zhenjiang, 175n37Wang Zhenya, 175n37Wang Zhongyuan (collaborator in Liren

xing), 349, 353, 354, 355–56Wannan Incident, 98, 98n14Wansui banyuekan (Ten thousand years

bi-weekly), 332Wanxian, 131Wanxiang yuekan (Phenomena monthly),

330–31, 332war damages, 20–25, 20n7warlordism, 165

388






Index

Wartime Goods Transport ManagementBureau (Zhanshi huoyun guanli ju),133–34

wartime Shanghai, depicted in film,346–47

Water and Land Communications UnifiedInspectorate (Shuilu jiaotong tongyijiancha chu), 137

Wavell, A. P., 252weaving industry, 27, 28, 29n51Weixin zhengfu. See Reformed

GovernmentWen Lanting, 60, 71, 77n25, 204Wen Yin, 337n21Wen Yutang, 108Wenzhou, 132, 148n158Western District (Huxi): bombing in, 50;

crime in, 238; factories moved to,32–34; grain sales in, 121n24; GreatWay Government jurisdiction over,170; Great Way police bureau in,177–78; pacification team in, 160,160n2, 160n4; peace maintenancecommittee in, 172; personnel lists forGreat Way Government in, 185n66;self-government committee in, 175,185n66; Society for the EconomicReconstruction of the Western Districtof Shanghai, 33. See alsoextrasettlement road area

West Shanghai General Labor Union,218, 220, 221; and the Jessfield Parkstrike, 225, 226, 227; and the LaborMovement Steering Committee, 224

wheat, 59, 126White Russians, 233, 249women: in the communist underground,

349; educated, 312–13, 349, 352–53;life during wartime portrayed in Lirenxing, 348–59; moral responsibility of,321; new-style, 352; proletarian, 348;role of, in state and society, 308n14;sustaining ordinary lives duringJapanese occupation, 302, 322–23; andwartime print culture, 12, 326–27, 328,344; writers, 337–38, 340–42, 343–44.See also domesticity

Women’s Circle to Resist Japan and Savethe Nation, 305n4

women’s collective, 358, 360women’s magazines. See home journals;

periodicals, women’s; Shanghai funuwomen’s movement, 357Women’s Voices Monthly (Nusheng

yuekan), 334–35, 334n15Wong, Siu-lun, 48wood industry, 22, 39wool, 28, 121workers: cost of living of, 40, 211–12; in

industrial firms in 1943 and 1944, 39;from Jiangbei, 217, 223, 224, 225; lackof support for collaboration, 8; protestsof 1940–1941, 8; and Shanghaipolitics, 227. See also labor

Workers’ League of the Chinese Republic(Zhonghua minguo gongrentongmenghui), 216

Workers Loyal and Patriotic NationalSalvation Army Training Squad,206

working class, making of, 226workplace ties, 108n35workshops, 42writers: Shanghai school, 329; women,

337–38, 340–42, 343–44. See alsoliterature

Wu Chengzhi, 340n27Wu Haohao, 337n21Wu Jiangfeng, 340n27Wu Jingguan, 197Wu Kaixian: arrest of, 198–201; disciple

of Du Yuesheng, 193; effort to get YuXiaqing to leave Shanghai, 196;intelligence work in Shanghai, 73; andlabor control, 210; meetings with ZhouFohai, 200; and the reconstruction ofthe Guomindang underground inShanghai, 190–91; restored radiocommunications with Chongqing, 193;and the Shanghai United Committee,191, 192, 194–95, 208; and TongXingbai, 189

Wu Kunsheng, 56Wu Liguo, 76

389






Index

Wu Mingyi, 101Wu Qiding, 107Wu Shaoshu, 73, 195n25, 201Wu Tiecheng, 196, 219Wu Yiqing, 144Wu Yunqing, 144Wuhan, 51, 69Wujin (Jiangsu), 124Wusong: businessmen in, 46; and Great

Way Government jurisdiction, 170;refugees from, 52; self-governmentcommittee of, 180

Wusong River, 180Wuxi, 49, 102, 141, 347

Xian, 70Xiandai (Les contemporains), 329Xiaoshuo yuebao (Fiction monthly),

332Xiaowan, 180Xie Baosheng, 190Xin jiating (New home), 334Xin nuxing (New women), 348Xin Zhongguo baoshe, 340n27Xingfu (Domestic bliss), 336Xinhua, 175Xinjiang, 78Xinqun (underground activist in Liren

xing), 349, 353, 356, 358, 360Xinwen bao, 194Xinya da jiudian, 124Xinya jianye gongsi (New Asia

Reconstruction Company), 74Xinyaoye zhiyaoye lianhehui (Alliance of

the New Medicine Trade and thePharmaceutical Industry), 72n11

Xinya qiye jituan (New Asia EnterpriseGroup), 68

Xinya zhiyao chang. See New AsiaPharmaceutical Company

Xinyi chuxinhui, 225n41Xu Amei: association with Communist

Party, 219n25; collaboration withZhang Kechang, 219, 219n25; andfederation of communication andutility company employees, 219; leaderof CFTE union, 222–23; mentioned,

223n34, 225, 225n39, 225n41; murderof, 223; wrote chapter on CFTEstrikes, 215n14

Xu Baiyi, 334, 334n14, 334n15,335

Xu Caicheng, 193, 196, 199; andcross-zone trade, 202; and the TongjiCompany, 203–4, 205

Xu Guangcheng, 77Xu Guangping, 305, 305n4Xu Guanqun: campaign for healthy home,

81–83; as citizen of People’s Republicof China, 68n4; commercial empire of,78; connections with Nationalists, 73;established branch in Chongqing, 70;financial institutions of, 74; financialtransactions of 74–75; flight to HongKong, 71, 84–85; marketing networkof, 69; memoir of, 68, 68n4; movedequipment inland while maintainingShanghai business, 69–70; openedGuangcheng pharmacy school, 77–78;political alliances of, 71–73; andpopularization of science, 82; positionsin International Settlement, 71;relations with Japanese-sponsoredChinese officials, 72; relationshipswith Communists, 73; return toShanghai, 85; as self-identified fixer, 9,66, 68, 85, 86–87; sold medicalproducts to the Japanese, 72. See alsoNew Asia Pharmaceutical Company

Xu Jinxian, 287n34Xu Sheng, 215n13Xu Shiying, 193Xu Zhuodai, 83n42Xu Ziwei, 205Xuan Tiewu, 136

Yan Duhe, 285Yan Xueting, 279, 287–88Yang Hu, 193Yang, Mayfair, 108n35Yang Wei, 193Yang Xiuzhen, 332Yang Naiwu (storytelling script),

280n2

390






Index

Yangshupu: cotton industry in, 22n20,51; factories in, 21; Japanese closureof, 234; labor in, 210, 215; unions in,218, 220; war in, 20, 21

Yangzi River, 34n78, 46, 92Yangzi steam cabin boys’ union,

210Yan ju jiu dui (Ninth Brigade Theater

Troupe), 347Yao, Chief Deputy Commissioner of

Police, 250Yao Huiquan, 194Yaoyuan de ai (Faraway love; Chen

Liting), 346Yen bloc, 30Yexie Town, 182Yichang, 131Yi jiang chun shui xiang dong liu (A

spring river flows east; Cai Chusheng;Zheng Junli), 346, 348

Yinhang xuehui (Banking StudySociety), 40n111

Yiqianjie (The World of Banking), 24yisen yosen (using war to nourish war),

116n2Yiyoushe (Helpful Friend Society), 91,

91n4, 93, 103yi zhan yang zhan (using war to nourish

war), 116n2Yongda Transport Company, 91, 93Yorke, Reginald, 244Youhang jiancha chu (Postal and Aviation

Inspection Office), 137youji dui (roving strike forces), 138n110Yousheng (factory worker in Liren xing),

351, 352, 355Youth Corps, 178Yu Fengjian, 197Yu Guixiang, 223n34Yu He, 76Yu Hongjun, 191n12Yu Qie, 330Yu Shaoming, 332Yu Xiaqing, 126n49, 196Yu Yaoqiu, 220, 222Yuan Lideng, 204Yuan Ludeng, 71, 77n25

Yuetangji, 94Yuho Textile Company, 51, 61Yuhuatai (Jade Flower Terrace) execution

ground, 146Yuliang (husband in Liren xing), 352–55,

356Yunshu tongzhi ju (Transport Control

Bureau), 133, 134Yuyao, 140Yuyuan Road Conference (1939), 218

Zaojin, 175Zazhi yuekan. See Miscellany MonthlyZeng Guangfang, 76, 82Zeng Guofan, 141Zeng Wenqiang, 332Zeng Xigui, 133n86Zhabei: businessmen in, 46; Great Way

Government jurisdiction over, 170;industry in, 21, 23; refugees from, 52;war in, 20, 21

Zhang Ailing. See Chang, EileenZhang Aliu, 109Zhang Desheng, 217Zhang Fubao, 223n34, 225Zhang Genfu, 93–94Zhang Henshui, 83n42Zhang Jia’ao, 74Zhang Jin’gen, 102Zhang Jixian, 193Zhang Junliang, 139–40, 140n117Zhang Kechang, 189, 190, 219, 220, 221Zhang Qi, 215n13, 215n14, 219n25Zhang Qun, 191Zhang Xiaolin, 197Zhang Yingzeng, 189Zhang Yongkang, 225n42Zhang Yongzong, 215n13Zhangjiabang, 182Zhanshi huoyun guanli ju (Wartime

Goods Transport ManagementBureau), 133, 134

Zhanshi lianhe xunkan (Wartime unitedtriweekly), 309n16

Zhao Dan, 347, 352Zhao Rudiao, 71, 76, 77Zhao Yuan, 347

391






Index

Zhaofeng gongyuan da bagong (JessfieldPark Strike), 222–25

Zhejiang: blockade of, 35; food suppliesin, 147; refugees from, 29

Zhen Junli, 346Zheng Dingwen, 330Zheng Jiemin, 205Zheng Yitong, 189Zheng Yuzhi, 106Zhengxue xi (Political Study Clique),

73–75Zhenjiang (Jiangsu): flour mills in, 124;

smuggling of goods to Communistbases through, 92, 93, 94

Zhenli (Truth), 215Zhenru, 159n2, 170Zhiye funu julebu (Vocational Women’s

Club), 99, 100Zhiye jiu jiuguo hui (Vocational Circles

National Salvation Association),108

Zhong Biao, 124Zhongguo gongren yundong xiehui

(Association for the Chinese LaborMovement), 219

Zhongguo gongye yinhang (ChinaIndustrial Bank), 74

Zhongguo gongye yuebao,34n80

Zhongguo gongye yuekan, 38Zhongguo Guomindang zhongyang

weiyuanhui diaocha ju (Zhongtong),100, 194

Zhongguo nubao (Chinese women’snewspaper), 333

Zhongguo wuxiandian, 286n30Zhongguo xin nujie zazhi (Journal of a

new Chinese women’s world), 333Zhonghua minguo gongren tongmenghui

(Workers’ League of the ChineseRepublic), 216

Zhonghua shiye xintuo gongsi (ChinaIndustry and Commerce TrustCompany), 202–3

Zhonghua zhiye jiaoyu she (ChinaVocational Education Society), 194

Zhongtong, 100, 194Zhongyang yanjiu yuan (Academia

Sinica), 76–77Zhou Bangjun, 284, 294Zhou Fohai: established Committee for

Popular Movements, 221–22; meetingwith Wu Kaixian after his arrest, 199;mentioned, 194; and the MinhuaCompany, 204; and puppet currency,124; pursued contacts between WangJingwei and Chongqing regimes, 200;and Wang Jingwei, 188

Zhou Guoqiang, 225, 225n41, 226Zhou Lianxia, 332Zhou Ling, 332Zhou Naiwen, 144Zhou Shoujuan, 83n42, 329, 332, 332n13Zhou Weilong, 193Zhou Xuexiang, 210Zhu Bangxing, 215n13Zhu Boquan, 74Zhu Huiqing, 203Zhu Lin, 347Zhu Shengyuan, 197Zhu Wenju, 287n34Zhu Wenying, 305Zhu Xuefan: and Green Gang

organization in French concession,179; and the Post Office Employees’Union, 219; and the Shanghai GeneralLabor Union, 210, 220; and theShanghai United Committee, 193

Zhu Yuzhen: difficulty controllingself-government committees, 174;established workers’ league, 216; andGreat Way Government police force,161, 179; and taxation, 180

Zhujiajiao, 279Zilan huapian (Violet petals), 334Ziluolan (Violet monthly), 332Zou Taofen, 320n53Zuo Junzhi (Tamura Toshiko), 334n15

392






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