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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-43056-2 — The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political ThoughtEdited by Gareth Stedman Jones , Gregory Claeys IndexMore Information

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Index

Note: Page numbers in bold refer to Biographies

Abd al-Aziz, Shah 853

Abdul Wahhab 842

Abdullah, Munshi 844

abolitionism 391–3

American anti-slavery movement 218, 860

American women and 336, 340, 393, 394

repeal of Missouri Compromise 395

and rights 847

see also slaveryabsolute idealism 115, 137, 620

absolute monarchy 17, 18, 128, 130, 350

in Russia 812

Absolute, the, relation of individual to 609, 610,611, 622

absolutism, German Romantic view of 52

accident, role of (in aesthetics) 500

Ackermann, Louise 193

Acton, John, Lord 167, 635, 640, 934

on culture and politics 84

on state powers 910

and value pluralism 727

actuality and existence, Hegel’s distinction143

Adams, Henry 382, 408n34, 934

on Jefferson 382, 384, 386, 387

Adams, W. E., Tyrannicide: Is It Justifiable? 239

Addington, Henry (Viscount Sidmouth) 267

adhikar, as ‘rights’ 846

Adler, Georg 796

Adorno, Theodor 518

aesthetic education 520

Schiller and 490–1, 492–3

aesthetic revolution 487, 490

Wagner’s defence 510

aesthetics 479–520

and concept of society 914

and decadence 514–15

defined 479

denial of autonomy 508–12

foundations of 484–6

and intuition 931

modernity and autonomy (Hegel) 502–8

new synthesis 518–20

and revolution 486–9

spontaneity and autonomy 489–95

spontaneity and romanticism 495–502

see also art; beauty; literatureal-Afghani, Jamal al-din 850

Africa 858–62

Christianity in 858, 862

cultural heritage 861

French colonies 220

pan-Africanism 837, 858, 861

‘Partition’ of 891

see also Egypt; South African War; Yorubapeople

agrarian populism, America 405, 406

agrarian republicanism 204, 384

agricultural depression (1870s) 697

Ajnapatra text 853

Akhlaq-i-Nasiri 853

Aksakov, Ivan 826

Aksakov, Konstantin 815

Alexander I, King of Serbia 247

Alexander I, Tsar 17, 811–14

mystical conversion 813

Alexander II, Tsar 818

assassination 240, 251, 827

Alexander III, Tsar 830

Algeria, France and 873, 877–9

alienationFeuerbach 567, 571

and industrialisation 522

and Marx’s estrangement of man 572, 573n16

Aligarh, Anglo-Oriental College 853

Allsop, Thomas 239

Altamirano, Ignacio 844

Altenstein, Baron von 118, 140, 144

altruism, Comte’s concept of 188

American Anti-slavery Society 391

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Index

American Civil War 104, 376, 400–1, 712, 896

aftermath 402

Emerson and 396

American Economic Association 762–4, 765,768

‘Committee on Colonies’ 770

and race 772

American Economic Review 770

American Revolution 708

compared with French 10, 28

Amin, Qasim 850

Amos, Sheldon 918

Anabaptists 434

anarchism 433–76

Christian (Tolstoy) 824

collectivist (Bakunin) 441, 460–9

communist 467

and danger of states 475

and economic change 441

individualistic 447–51, 452–3

intellectual traditions 435

and l’ere des attentats (1892–94) 440

moral and rational foundations 433–7

mutualist (Proudhon) 454–60

and political economy 448, 449, 452

and propaganda by deed 440–1

rationalist (Godwin) 442–7

and religion 439

and revolution 440

Russia 823–4

and socialism 521

strategies 439–42

anarchist-syndicalism 437, 467, 928

anarchistsmoral egoism 252

and rejection of violence 248

view of Paris Commune 215

anarchyanarchists’ dislike of 435

Maistre’s horror of 19

Andrews, Stephen Pearl, anarchist 441, 452, 934

The Science of Society 452

Annales . . . pour server de suite aux Annales M.Linguet (Mallet) 13

The Annals of Aetheism, proposed journal 564

Anthony, Susan B. 393, 394, 935

Anthropological Institute of Great Britain andIreland 675

anthropology 904

Africa 841

and ethnography 104

of family 342

racial 672–4

social 931

Anti-Corn Law League (Britain) 453, 741

anti-imperial movements 218–23, 892

Latin America 218–20

use of violence 246–7

anti-Semitism 673

and nationalism 102, 714

and radical nationalism 105

see also Jewsanti-slavery movement see abolitionismAppleby, Joyce 387

Arabia, Wahhabism 842

ArgentinaBakuninist anarchism in 468

Federacion Obrera de Argentina 468

Argyll, Duke of, Primeval Man 658

aristocracyin Chateaubriand 71

French 350, 364, 366

German 409

landed 131

redundancy of 74

responsibilities of 47, 49, 68

Aristotle 137

Hegel and 137

influence in non-European political theory838

and Islam 842

and natural law tradition 138

and slavery 847

Arndt, Ernst Moritz 81

Arnold, Matthew 83, 189, 513–14, 661, 935

cultural conservatism 706–8

Culture and Anarchy 706

Arnold, Thomas 634, 935

artand artist as genius 509

end of (Hegel) 504–5

and ethics 512

and experience 512

historical development 496–7

and philosophy 495, 507

reference to existing standards 480–1

art for art’s sake 513

Arthasastra text 853

Arya Samaj association 856

Ashley, W. J. 760, 765n19

Asquith, Herbert, on freedom 729

assassinationpolitical 236, 247–8

scope of 249

assimilationto create liberal democracy 84

decline of 89

as ideal 103

of indigenous peoples 878

of Jews 95

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Index

associationto counter individualism 369

Fourier’s theories of 532

German laws on 341

Proudhon on 436, 457, 458, 458n22

structures of 603

voluntary, to replace state 434

see also corporatismAssociation of All Classes of All Nations, Owen

530

associationalism 733

Astell, Mary 920n15

Aurobindo Ghose 857

Austen, Jane 778

Austin, John 147, 163–4, 167, 935

‘Lectures on Jurisprudence’ 163

AustraliaAboriginal revolts 221

republicanism 209

settlements 884

socialism 552–3

women’s suffrage 850

authoritarianismCarlyle 69, 704

Comte’s 194

in Hegel 121, 133

Herder’s view of 501

authoritycrisis of (Saint-Simon) 537

and socialism 554

and sovereignty 31

autocracy, Speranskii’s interpretation 812

autonomyof art 482, 513

of church 623, 927

denial of 508–12

and modernity 502–8

Schiller and 490

of self 605

and spontaneity 486, 489–95, 506

Aveling, Edward 683n41

Aveling, Edward, and Eleanor Marx, ‘TheWoman Question’ 343

Avineri, Shlomo 117

Avrich, Paul 474

Baader, Franz 813

Baar, Monika 93, 94

Babeuf, Francois-Noel (‘Gracchus’) 543

Conspiracy of the Equals (1796) 225–6, 522

Bacon, Francis, Bentham and 261, 267, 282

Baden (Germany), liberal government 421, 431

Bagehot, Walter 94n24, 686, 733, 737–8, 935

on economics 749

The English Constitution 737

and James Wilson 764

Physics and Politics 686, 737, 771, 778

on self-interest 777

Bahr, Hermann 796

Bailyn, Bernard 840

Bain, Alexander 189, 936

on Bentham 269, 270

on James Mill 274

on J. S. Mill 277, 281, 292

Bakh, Abram 240

Bakunin, Mikail 142, 231–2, 461n29, 823–4

anti-statism 436, 463–4

biography 460–1, 462, 936

collectivist anarchism 441, 460–9, 554

on communal instinct 464

‘Die Reaktion in Deutschland’ 462

exile 230

and Hegel 460

idealism 461–2

influence in Italy 465–7

The Knouto-Germanic Empire and the SocialRevolution 823

and Kropotkin 474

and Marx 462, 464, 548

and Nechaev 462, 465

Principles of Revolution 231

and Proudhon 462

and secret associations 465

as socialist 526

Statism and Anarchy 464, 548, 823

on terrorism 241, 462–3


and Wagner 510

balance 49

German Burkeans and 27

Mill’s interest in 298

Balfour, Arthur 916

Balkan nationalism 99n35, 825, 827

Ball, Sidney 547

Ballanche, Pierre-Simon 936

counter-revolutionary 35–8

Du Sentiment 35

Epopee Lyonnaise 35

Essai sur les Institutions Sociales . . . 37

and popular consent 37

and sincerity 36

Baltic peoples, Russification 826

Balzac, Honore de, story of Formicalia 759–60

Bancroft, George 161

‘Bank of the People’, Proudhon’s 459

Bank of the United States 386

banking systems, Saint-Simonian remodelling541

Barante, Prosper de, Des Communes et del’Aristocratie 366

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Index

Barbes, Armand 227

Barbeyrac, Jean 150, 164

Baring, Evelyn, Earl of Cromer 884

Barker, Ernest 167, 936

Barres, Mauriceconservative irrationalism 716

Le Culte du Moi 716

Les Deracines 716

Barrot, Odilon, De la Centralisation et de ses Effets372

Barruel, Abbe 11

Question Nationale sur l’autorite et sur les Droitsdu Peuple 31

Barry, James 520

Barth, Theodor 430

Bastiat, Frederic 179n4

and free trade 756

Harmonies Economiques 453

market reform 453

Sophismes Economiques 453

Bates, Henry Walter 684

Bateson, William 665

Baudelaire, Charles 512

Bauer, Bruno 142, 145, 507–8, 637, 780, 937

‘On the Jewish Problem’ 569

and religion 568

and Young Hegelians 564, 566–7

Bauer, Otto 102n37

Baumgardt, D.Baumgarten, Alexander 484

Bautain, Louis 630

Bax, Ernest Belfort 332, 546, 548

Bayard, James A. 382

Bazard, (Saint-)Armand 225, 541

‘beautiful soul’, Schleiermacher’s concept of 498,507

beauty 485, 520

Burckhardt on 514

harmony of 503

in nature 661

Bebel, (Ferdinand) August 341–2, 937

and abolition of state 793, 805

compared with Liebknecht 789–90

and Engels 791, 792

and Fourier 780

and Lange 782

and parliamentary participation 797

and passive concept of revolution 800

and republicanism 805

and Volksstaat 790

Woman and Socialism 341, 792, 793, 794, 806

and women’s issues 793–4

Beesley, E. S. 189, 191, 937

Belgiumand Congo 236

constitutional liberalism 413

monarchy 202

socialism 548

Belinskii, Vissarion 230, 816, 937

Bell, Alexander, ‘Madras System’ of education47

Bell, Thomas, Linnean Society 684n42

Bellamy, Edward 938

Equality 554

Looking Backward 550, 553

Belley, Jean Baptiste 859

Benbow, William 234

benevolence (Godwin) 443

Bengal 853, 856

terrorism in 246, 857

Benson, Margaret, popular science books 775

Bentham, George 269

and Bentham’s work 270–1

J. S. Mill and 271–2

Outline of a New System of Logic 271

Bentham, Jeremy 147, 754, 755, 938

‘All Nations professing Liberal Opinions’(address) 163

and Bacon 261, 267, 282

The Book of Fallacies 270

Chrestomathia 269, 270

Church-of-Englandism 270

classification of offences 262

codification of laws 163, 266–9

conception of law 162–3

Constitutional Code 283, 285

continuing influence of 894

and Dumont’s Traites 260, 261, 266

Emancipate your Colonies! 770, 881

on empire 871, 881–2

on evidence 263–6

at Ford Abbey 269–76

A Fragment on Government 259, 285

Introduction to the Principles of Morals andLegislation 262

and James Mill 273–6

Mill’s comparison with Coleridge 286–94

moral philosophy 284, 285

Panopticon project 259

philosophical ambitions 258, 268, 270, 273

Plan of Parliamentary Reform 257, 259

principle of utility 261, 262

radicalism 206, 257

Rationale of Judicial Evidence 264

sensation v. observation 261

A Table of the Springs of Action 269

utility 306

A View of the Hard-Labour Bill 266

work on logic 269, 271, 273

Bentham, Samuel 259, 260, 273

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Index

Benzenberg, Johann Friedrich 938

Uber Verfassung 412

Berenson, Edward 38

Bergasse, Nicolas 153

Bergson, Henri 241

Berkman, Alexander, justification of violence 247

Berlin, Isaiah 11, 117, 435

on Maistre 19

negative and positive liberty 723–4

Berlin, University of 158

Berliner Kritische Association 140

Berlinische Monatsschrift 27

Bernard, Martin 227

Bernardi, Joseph 154

Bernstein, Eduard 238, 806–10, 868n5, 938

commitment to democracy 808

critique of Marxism 807

and empire 868

and Fabians 807

Besant, Annie 223, 528n2, 551

Bezobrazov, Nikolai 819

Bibleand age of earth 654, 659

fixity of species 652, 653

Bibliotheque Britannique (Genevan journal) 260

Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier 174, 652, 938

biologyand race 103, 105

and social theory 174

see also evolutionary theoryBismarck, Otto von 421–6

anti-Socialist legislation 424, 797–8

and German unification 423–4

as head of Prussian government 421–3

and Liberals 422, 424–5

social insurance programme 795

and socialism 547

Black Jacobins, West Indies 847, 859

Black Repartition, Russia 830

Blackstone, Sir William 162

Blackwood’s Magazine 346

Blake, William 481

Blanc, Louis 38, 213, 214, 457, 939

Organisation du Travail 544

Blanqui, Auguste 213, 544, 939

and Blanquism 227

and dictatorship of the proletariat 227

Blanqui, Jerome-Adolphe 454

Blatchford, Robert 203, 523, 527n2, 939

Clarion movement 546, 552

Merrie England 552

Blatchly, Cornelius 553

Bluntschli, Jacob 895

Blyden, Edward 861, 939

Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race 861

Board of Trade, labour statistics 744

Bodin, Jean, on law 164

body, and self (Nietzsche) 516

Boehme, Jacob, mystic 812

Boffa, Massimo 10

Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen von 588, 766

Bolıvar, Simon 219

Bolsheviks 242

Bonald, Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise, Vicomte de16–21, 23–6, 352, 940

on Adam Smith 748

conservatism 691, 692

Du Divorce 24, 26

on general will 34

idea for civic religion 18

on individuals 33

and law 147

Legislation Primitive 25

on monarchy 20

on popular sovereignty 32

reformism of 16

on role of women 23, 25–6

Theorie du Pouvoir Politique 16, 18, 24, 26

theory of unity 25

view of Protestantism 20

Bonaparte, Louis 214

Bonaparte, Napoleon 249

and Adam Smith 753

committee of redaction (1800–1804) 151

Concordat with Pope Pius VII 35

Constant and 354, 359

coup d’etat 352

European responses to 80

invasion of Egypt 876, 877

and Napoleonic Code 153

and Russia 812

Bonapartism, Marx’s notion of 583

Bonnet, Charles, concept of palingenesis 37

Bonnot de Mably, Gabriel 522

Booth, Charles 743

Booth, John Wilkes 249

Borisov, Andrej and Petr 814

Born, Stephan 781

Borne, Ludwig 505

Bosanquet, Bernard 730, 735, 745, 940

Bosanquet, Helen 745

Bossange, Martin 260

Bossuet, Jacques Benigne 11, 350

Boston Transcendentalist movement 338

Boucher des Perthes, Jacques 656

bourgeoisiein Hegel’s Estates Assembly 131

Marx’s prediction of revolution 580, 582n31,583

see also middle classes

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Index

Boutwood, Arthur 735

Bowler, Peter 650

Bowring, John 271, 755

Brading, David 840

The First America 836

Bradlaugh, Charles 209, 317, 546, 940

Bradley, F. H. 918, 926

Bradley, Owen 10

Brandeis, Louis 407

Brandes, Ernest 28, 29, 940

Braun, Lily 344

Bray, John Francis, Labour’s Wrongs and Labour’sRemedy 531

Brazil 219, 220, 844

Brentano, Lujo 430, 743

Brethren of the Free Spirit 434

Bridges, J. H. 189

Bright, John 206, 546, 941

Brisbane, Albert 941

Social Destiny of Man 536

British Empireanti-colonial rebellions 221–3

‘common citizenship’ 921

confidence in 866

ideas of glory and civilisation 879–86

and introduction of franchise 849

Brooke, John Hedley 662

Brougham, Henry 207

Brousse, Paul 245, 548, 941

and Jura Federation 436

and Kropotkin 471

and science 438

Brown, John, abolitionist 393, 395, 396

Brunswick 1830 uprising 167

Bryan, William Jennings 769

Bryce, James 1st Viscount 742, 941

Buchanan, George, De Jure Regni apud Scotos 236

Buchez, Pierre 457

Buchner, Georg 505

Buchner, Ludwig 781

Buckland, William 655

Buckle, Henry Thomas 667, 801

History of Civilisation in England 668

Buddhism 843

Buffon, Georges, Comte de 652

Bulgaria, assassination of PM 247

Buller, Charles 277

Bulow, Prince Bernard von 428

Bulwer, Edward Lytton 278, 280

England and the English 282

Bunsen, Christian, on church and state 636–7

Buonarroti, Philippe-Michel 942

History of Babeuf’s Conspiracy 225

Burckhardt, Jacob 514

Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy 904

bureaucracy 925

China 842

dangers of corruption 131

executive power of (Hegel) 130

Prussian 410, 414

and rational laws 122

Buret, E. 181

Burke, Edmund 10

conservatism 692–4

counter-revolutionary thought 11–12

on empire 870

German followers of 27–30, 54

on legal history 162

on novelty 10

Reflections 11, 27, 113, 692

Burke, Thomas 244

Burr, Aaron 382

Burrow, John 746

Butashevich-Petrashevskii, Mikhail 816

Butler, Josephine 320

Byllesby, Langton 553

Byron, George Gordon, Lord 942

Marino Faliero Doge of Venice 60

radical romanticism 60–1

Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges 185, 515, 942

Rapports du Physique et du Moral de l’Homme174

Cabet, Etienne 229, 525, 942

Voyage en Icarie 543

Cafiero, Carlo 245, 466, 467, 943

Caird, Edward 918

Calcaca, Dr 246

Calcutta Hindu College 854

Calhoun, Senator John C. 396–7, 400, 711–12,943

Discourse on the Constitution . . . 397, 711

Disquisition on Government 711

South Carolina Exposition and Protest 711

Calonne, Charles Alexandre de 11

on individual rights 33

on state of nature 33

Calvinisminfluence on American political thought 376

Sandemanian 442

Cambaceres, Jena-Jacques-Regis, Comte de 150,169, 943

‘Discourse on Social Science’ 150

Canada, rebellions 221

Canovas, Antonio, Spanish prime minister 247

Cape of Good Hope 858

capitalin Fourier’s scheme 534

and labour 398

capital punishment, move to reject 38

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Index

capitalismas alienating 125

American 375, 389

corporate 407

and empire 889, 890

Engels and 591

German Romantic criticism of 59

Marx’s prediction of end of 588–9, 599

resilience of 807

in Russia 831, 833

and socialism 521

tendency to overproduction 576, 578

Caprivi, Count 429

‘Captain Swing’ riots 234

Carbonari organisation (Italy) 227

in Germany 229

Carey, Henry C. 769

Carlile, Richard, editor of Republican 207

Carlos I, King of Portugal 247

Carlyle, Thomas 65–9, 519, 943

conservative anti-liberalism 703–4

on empire 874

Latter Day Pamphlets 68, 704

Mill and 297

on nationality 78

Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question 675,675n30

Past and Present 542

and Saint-Simonian ideal 542

Sartor Resartus 65, 542

and socialism 526

Carnegie, Andrew 851

Carnot, Sadi, French president 247

Caro, Elme 180n5

Carpenter, Edward 523, 551, 555

Carpenter, Mary 775

Catholic ChurchChateaubriand and 70, 613

and conservatism 703, 901

conservatism of papal orthodoxy 713–14

and crisis of faith 193

in France 38, 180–3, 454–5

infallible authority of 624

Maistre and 615–16

and response to Darwin 659–61

schism with Russia 815

and science 660

see also papacy; Pius IXCatholic Emancipation (1828) 210

Catholic liberalism, France 360

Catholic social reformism, France 180–3

Cato Street Conspiracy 234

Caudillism, in Latin America 219

Cavaignac, Godefroy 213

Cavaignac, Louis Eugene 214

Cavendish, Lord Frederick 244

Cavour, Count Camillo di 87

Cecil, Lord Robert 740

Celtic regions (Britain and France), provincialelites 83

Central Committee of European Democracy 228

centralisation of governmentFrance 366, 371

and socialism 521, 528, 554

Chaadaev, Petr Iakovlevich 817, 943

Apology of a Madman 815

Philosophical Letter 814

Chamberlain, Joseph 731, 745

on empire 871, 875

Chambers, Robert 944

Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation 654

charactereffect of doles on 745

and liberalism 722, 724, 730, 734

as value (Mill) 308

Charbonnerie (Carbonarism) 225

Charcot, Jean-Martin 652

charityand provision of welfare 745

public 181

Charity Organisation Society (COS) 734, 745,912

Charles X, King of France 362, 365, 561

Charlton, D. C. 171n1

Chartism 82, 205, 206

decline of 580

plans for insurrection 234


and socialism 528

Chateaubriand, Francois Rene de 944

and Christianity 517, 612

on church and state 605, 612n5, 611–14

on commerce 751

conservatism 694

De Bonaparte et des Bourbons 71

Essai sur les Revolutions 488

Genie du Christianisme (Genius of Christianity)35, 488, 611

on modernity 64

on the people 31

and representative monarchy 71–2

and Roman Catholicism 70, 613

use of ‘conservative’ 691

on women 25

Cherbuliez, A.-E. 182

Chernyshevskii, Nikolai Gavrilovich 230, 819,820–1, 944

Anthropological Principle in Philosophy 820

Criticism of Philosophical Prejudices against thePeasant Commune 821

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Index

Letters without Addressees 820

on Russian villages 594, 595

What is to be Done? 341n12, 821

Chevalier, Michel 770

Chicherin, Boris Nikolaevich 818, 829–30, 944

A Course of Political Science 829

Philosophy of Law 829

Property and State 829

Russia on the Eve of the XIXth Century 830

Chile 219

ChinaBoxer Rebellion (1900) 223

concept of civilisation 869

and corruption 841–2

influence of Spencer in 851

Marxism in 852

political economy 848

Christian Platonism 43, 47, 50

Christian socialism 545–7

Christianityand abolitionism 860

and aesthetics 488

African 858, 862

deaths in name of 238

Evangelical revival 561

and evolutionary science 651

Feuerbach’s view 567–8

as foundation of political freedom 35, 560

in French Romanticism 70

Hegel’s view 559–61

and humanity 563–4

and individualism (Hegel) 559

Lamartine’s conception of 70

and liberalism 71

‘muscular’ 658

New 540, 562–3

and non-Marxist socialism 541, 545

predicted rejuvenation 18

and socialism 38, 545

churchautonomy 623, 927

and control of social morality 629

decline of religious hierarchies 3

established (Chateaubriand) 71

independence from political authority 625

as mediator 609, 610

movements for inner spiritual reform 629–30

national (Coleridge) 50n6, 50–1, 618–19

populist universal 630

requirement for (Schleiermacher) 609

see also Catholic Church; Christianity; Churchof England; church–state relations;Judaism; Protestantism; religion

Church of EnglandMill and 317

and ‘muscular Christianity’ 658

as national church (Coleridge) 50

response to Darwin 655

Wordsworth’s defence of 44

church–state relations 603–48

centrality of 603–4

Chateaubriand and 611–14

church and state as institutions 618

and historicism (Ranke) 639–48

intellectual movements 628–39

Oxford Movement 632n11, 631–3

romantic expressive polarities 605–16

Schleiermacher and 608–11

state interference in religious matters 72, 609

systematisation 616–28

Cieszkowski, August 563, 945

Cintra, Convention of (1808), Wordsworth’scriticism of 44–6

circulation, Marx’s analysis of 594

citizenship 899

‘episodic’ 396

and immigration 107

rights 365

civic republicanism 840, 840n2

analogues 841, 843

humanist (America) 376, 381

influence of 835

civil disobedience, concept of (Thoreau) 394

civil society 149, 899, 913

emancipation of individual in 603

Hegel’s analysis of 124–7, 559

liberal views of 738

moral values of 125

property and 570

and Protestantism 560

for Russia 811

civilisationin imperial ideology 867–70, 876–86

Mill’s concept of 308–10

nationality as 83

notion of 3, 866

place of women in (Fourier) 328

plurality of 826, 905

progress towards 778, 779, 883

race as 104

and status of liminal societies 870

threats to non-European 850

Clan-na-Gael, USA 243

Clarke, George 221

classin political thought 907n6, 907–8

and race 103

and religion 91

and ‘woman question’ 325, 342, 343, 344

see also middle classes; working class

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Index

class struggle (Marx) 523, 576

classical republicanism 61, 64, 900

classicism 487

Apollonian and Dionysian 487, 517

continuing influence of 903–4

revival 512–14, 900

clerisyColeridge’s concept of 50, 618

to mediate Ideas 638

Saint-Simon’s 628

Clerkenwell, Fenian explosion 238

Cleyre, Voltairine de 468

Cobbe, Frances Power 345

Cobbett, William 205, 757, 945

Cobden, Richard 206, 453, 546, 755, 945

and empire 870

and free trade 756

Coke, Sir Edward 165

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 39, 42–3, 487, 945

Carlyle and 65

on church and state 605, 616

conservative romanticism 47–51

On the Constitution of the Church and State . . .48, 617–20

The Friend 43, 48

‘Lay Sermon’ (first) 43

‘Lay Sermon’ (second) 49

Mill’s comparison with Bentham 286–94

national church 50n6, 50–1, 618–19

and Oxford Movement 631

Table Talk 291

Colins, Jean de 527

collective consciousness, monarchy as focus of 55

collective wisdom 693

collectivism 522, 527n2

and socialism 549

Collett, Barbara 775

Collini, Stefan 167

coloniesMill’s view of 884–6

political economy of 770

‘responsible government’ of 872, 874–5

role of state in 887

scramble for 4

settler 869n6, 871–3, 874, 890

see also imperialismComaroff, John and Jean 862

comedy, and modernitycommerce 903

Coleridge’s view of 49

Fourier’s criticism of 532

injustice of 586, 599

moral danger of 840, 843

and peaceful government 353, 355

see also trade

commodities, exchange value 586

common goodand freedom 729, 730, 731

Hegel and 126

common law, English 162, 163, 165, 904

Commonweal, Socialist League newspaper 469

commonwealth, Byron’s 61

communal living, for women 327, 328

commune (Gemeinwesen), German socialist use of791, 792

communismdefinitions 524–5, 566n8

Marx’s theory of advent of 575–9

theory of 556

Tkachev’s primitive 822

Communist League 544

Germany 229, 237

communitarianismdecline of 549

Hegel’s 118, 133

India 857

and land ownership 731

and liberalism 720

and right of subjectivity 120

Russian Orthodox Church 815

in socialism 536, 549

communityanarchists’ view of 437

and conservatism 693

Fourier’s Phalanx 533, 534, 536

as ‘free sociality’ (Schleiermacher) 55

and individuals 123

liberal recognition of 733

and national culture 641

Owen’s proposals 529

primitive (Marx) 577, 593, 597–8

religious 609, 622

Romantic notion of 39, 58, 75

and society 914

spiritual dimension of human life in 67

state as 53

and subjective self 606

see also Owenite communitiescompetition

and co-operation 333, 472, 528

Owen’s criticism of 531

Comte, Charles 179n4

Comte, (Isidore) Auguste Marie Francois Xavier167, 214, 946

on church and state 639

Cours de Philosophie Positive 185, 187

and French Revolution 194

influence in England 188–92, 208

influence in France 192–8

influence in non-European countries 851, 895

1100


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Index

positivism 185–6, 187–8

and Saint-Simon 537

and socialism 526

and society 915

Systeme de Politique Positive 187, 540

view of transitional regime for France 195

concurrent majority, theory of 397

Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat,Marquis de 322, 946

conception of social science 172

on indefinite perfectibility 18

Confederation Generale du Travail 215

Confucius 841, 843

Analects of 836

Congo 236

Congreve, Richard 189, 946

Connolly, James 242, 245

Conradi, Kasimir 142

conscienceliberty of 48, 119, 121, 122

and reason 119

religion and 74

consensus theory, and American political thought378, 407n32

consentby individual to laws 120, 122

popular 37

rational assent 122

conservatism 691–719

in America 404, 708–12, 718

as anti-revolutionary 693, 694

and Catholicism 703, 901

cultural 706–8

France 692, 698

Germany 419, 431, 691, 692, 697, 698

intellectual tradition 692–4

and irrational ideologies 700, 716–18, 930

and middle classes 696, 697

and nationalism 100, 698, 714–15

new forms 4

origin and use of term 691

and papal orthodoxy 713–14

as reactive 695, 695n6, 699–708

and social stability 693, 708

suspicion of theories 694

trend towards popular support 696–7

see also conservative romanticism;counter-revolutionary thought

Conservative Party (Britain) 691, 698

conservative romanticism 40, 41–59

Coleridge 47–51, 287

Germany 52–9, 287

radical reaction to 60–4

Slavophile Russia 815, 816

Southey 46–7

Wordsworth 44–6

Considerant, Victor 329, 946

and Fourier 536

Constant, Benjamin 79, 354–60, 947


Commentaire sur l’Ouvrage de Filangieri 359

De la Liberte des Anciens . . . 355

Des Effets de la Terreur 354

and empire 866, 876

Principes de Politiques Applicables a tous lesGouvernements 354

constitutional monarchyConstant’s 357–9

Hegel’s 127–8, 129

constitution(s)Coleridge’s view of 48

Hegel’s mixed 113, 128

liberal debate on 736–8

Maistre and Bonald on 20

consumption, economic theory of 766

contract theory 528

see also social contractco-operation, and competition 333, 472, 528

Corn Laws, repeal (1846) 206, 737

corporation(s)Durkheim’s proposals 926

Hegel’s theory of 127, 132, 133

corporatism 926–7

corruption, as threat to good government 840

Corwin, E. S. 404

cosmology, Engels and 591

Costa, Andrea 466, 467

counter-revolutionary thought 9–38

attack on popular sovereignty 30–2

Ballanche 35–8

German Burkeans 27–30

intellectual precursors of 11

Mallet du Pan 12–16

origins 9–12

rejection of social contract 32–3

Theocrats 455

view of divorce 24

see also Bonald; conservatism; MaistreCousin, Victor 179, 360

‘creole patriotism’ 840

Crimean War 818, 825

criminology 674–5

The Crisis, Robert Owen’s newspaper 334

‘Criticism’, Marx and 565, 568

Croatians, use of language 89

Croly, Herbert 406

Crowe, Jane 775

Crummell, Alexander 848, 860

Cuba 219

cultural conservatism 706–8

1101


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Index

cultural protectionism 846, 847–50

cultureGerman high 83, 87

hierarchy of 88

and identity 79, 81, 606, 608n2, 641

Italian high 83, 87

and perfection 514

customary law 148, 154

Czartoryski, Prince Adam 813

Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph 413, 947

Dalberg, Carl von 495, 495n18

Danielson, Nikolai, Outline of Our SocialEconomy . . . 832

Danilevski, Nikolai Iakovlevich 947

Russia and Europe 826

D’Argenson, Marquis, Considerations sur leGouvernement de France 13

Darwin, Charles 947

The Descent of Man 649, 669, 801

fluidity of thought 680–3, 690

and implications of evolution 649, 653, 656,671–2

Journal of the Voyage of the Beagle 685

Kautsky and 801–2

On the Origin of Species 105, 105n44, 649,925

and polygeny argument 675

problem with religion 656–7, 681–3, 683n40

‘The Transmutation of Species’ 681

and war 669

Darwin, Erasmus 663

Darwinism 198n17, 438, 650

and imperialism 666

and influence on psychology 688

interpretations of 678–9

and Marxism 679

and socialism 680

and study of history 168

Daub, Karl 142

Daukantas, Simonas, Lithuanian historian93

Davidson, J. Morrison 551

Davidson, Thomas, ‘Fellowship of the New Life’551

Davis, Paulina Wright 340

Davis, Thomas 211, 242

Davitt, Michael 209, 251

Land League 211

Dayananda Saraswati, Swami 856

decadence 514–15, 916

Nietzsche on 516, 517

Decembrist movement, Russia 230, 522, 813

de-Christianisation, French Revolution and 9,15, 35

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 917

criticisms of 12, 28

and slavery 847, 859

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen (deGouges)

DeGerando, J. M. 181

deism, Saint-Simon 538

deists 449, 451

Delesalle, Paul, anarchist-syndicalist 437

democracy 4

Bernstein’s commitment to 808

Britain as 741–3

direct 928

and nationality 84

‘of the rabble’ (Mallet) 14

Owen and 531

as popular government 741

and revolution 201

socialism and 524, 808

as ‘tyranny of the majority’ 694

in Volksstaat 789, 804

and welfare 894

see also representationDemocratic Friends of All Nations 235

Democratic Review (USA) 389

dependency, Godwin’s view of 444–5

Der Sozialdemokrat newspaper 806

Der Staatssozialist newspaper 795

Der Volksstaat newspaper 789

Deroin, Jeanne 329

Derozio, Henry 855

Desjobert, Amedee 874

Despard Conspiracy 233

despotismcompared with usurpation 355

definitions 249, 250n8

democratic 370, 373

Destutt de Tracy, Antoine-Louis-Claude, Comtede 352, 515, 948

Comte and 185

Elemens d’Ideologie 174, 175

political economy 176–7

‘rational’ ideologie 174–7

Deutsch-Franzosische JahrbucherHess’ and Engels’ essays 572

Marx’s essays 568, 576

Dharma Sabha (Society for Righteous Religion)855

d’Hauterive, Alexandre 179n4, 752

d’Hondt, Jacques 117

The Dial, journal 338

dialectics, Engels and 591

diaspora nationalisms 96n29

Dicey, Albert Venn 527, 722, 726, 948

dictatorship, temporary elective 249

1102


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Index

Diderot, Denis 11, 487

Die Neue Zeit, Marxist journal 800, 805,807

Diggins, John 378

Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth 209, 874, 948

Dinshiway incident (1864) 247

diremptionculture of 492n16, 498, 508

in modernity 482–4

Disraeli, Benjamin (Lord Beaconsfield) 209, 704,739, 948

dissent, right of 119, 122

diversityand harmony (Schiller) 490

in Mill 302, 306

divine law 34

divine right (of kings), Hegel’s doctrine130

division of labourEngels’ 343

Hegel on 125

and mechanism 501

Schiller and 492

sexual 326, 337

Smith and 576

divorceFrench laws on 24, 26

women’s movement and 340

Dobroliubov, Nikolai 819

Doctrinaire liberalism, France 179–80

Doctrinaires 360–5

and 1814 constitutional charter 361, 365

Doheny, Michael 242

Dohrn, Anton 664n19

Dolgorukov, Prince Petr, O Peremene BrazaPravleniia v Rossii 819

Dominica, assassination of PM 247

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 817

The Brothers Karamazov 715, 827

Crime and Punishment 241

The Diary of a Writer 827

Douglas, Stephen 399

Douglass, Frederick 949

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass 392

and women’s suffrage 393

Dreyfus case 918, 919

Drummond, Henry, The Ascent of Man 658

Du Maurier, George, Trilby 688

DuBois, W. E. B. 772, 949

The Souls of Black Folk 408

Dufau, P. A., ‘Memoire sur la Conciliation del’Economie Politique . . . ’ 181

Duffy, Charles GavanDuhring, Eugen 590, 591, 792, 949

Dumont, Etienne 259, 264, 949

Bentham’s proposed preface to Traites 261,262

Tactique des Assemblees Legislatives . . . 270

Theorie des Peines et des Recompenses 266

Traites de Legislation Civile et Penale (recensionof Bentham) 258, 259, 260–3, 266

Dumoulin, Charles 155

Duncker, Franz 784

Dunoyer, Charles 179n4

Dupanloup, Abbe Felix 630

Duport, Adrien 162

Durkheim, Emile 180n6, 924

and anomie 925

dutyand altruism 188

moral 190, 314, 315–16

precedence over rights (Godwin) 445

in religion and socialism 545

and social obligation 182

dynamic forces, Carlyle’s concept of 67

‘The Earliest System Programme of GermanIdealism’ (anon.) 494

East India Company 222, 770, 848, 854, 874,880

renewal of charter (1833) 880

Eckhardt, Ludwig 781

eclairiste (feminist), French use of term 330

Eclecticism 180n6

Doctrinaire liberalism and 180

moral theory 180, 180n5, 192

economic change, anarchism and 441

economicsand financial crises 768–9

liberal 730

marginal revolution (1870–80s) 749, 751, 767,773

science of 169, 178, 184

and Social Darwinism 678

writings on 749, 755

see also political economyeconomie sociale 181, 181n7

The Economist magazine 749, 764, 776

economyconcentration of power in (USA) 389

German Romantic values for 58–9

great depression (1890s) 4, 697

and Hegel’s civil society 124

new policies 923–4

state regulation of 126, 554, 555, 912, 923–4

use of taxation 923

see also commerce; free trade; protectionism;welfare

Edgeworth, Francis Y., Mathematical Psychics 766

The Edinburgh Review, J. S. Mill and 297, 299

1103


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Index

educationaesthetic (Schiller) 490–1, 492–3

anarchism and 439, 472

apprenticeships (Proudhon) 458

Bell’s ‘Madras system’ 47

as ethical guide 703

French secular 195, 197

and national history 107

public (Comte) 191

role of clerisy 51

state provision 734

of women 319, 338, 742, 921

Education Act (1902) 734

EgyptAfrican influence in 861

Napoleon in 876, 877

political violence in 247

and women’s franchise 850

Eichhorn, Karl Friedrich 158, 161

elections, indirect 74

Eliot, George (Mary Ann Evans) 83, 189,189n13, 190n14, 950

elite nationalism, linked with popular resistance80

elitesand nationality 83

responsibilities of 68

and role of tutelage 845

Saint-Simon’s assumption of rule by 540

Elizabeth of Austria, Empress 247

Ely, Richard 528n2, 762

emancipationof individual 603

Marx’s concept of 568

of serfs (Russia) 101, 230, 819

of slaves 391, 395, 859

see also franchise; freedom; women’s suffrageEmancipation of Labour Group (Russian) 830,

833

Emerson, Ralph Waldo 394, 395–6, 950

emigres, anti-revolutionary 10, 11

Emmett, Robert 233

empiredefinitions 864

Marx’s view of 593

see also British Empire; Habsburg Empire;imperialism; Ottoman Empire

empiricismethical 114

Mill and 295

Employers’ Liability Act (1881) 720, 721

employmentMill on 298, 301

for women 335, 340, 343, 794

see also unemployment

energy, and development (Mill) 308, 309–10

Enfantin, (Barthelemy-)Prosper 329, 541, 542

Engels, Friedrich 142, 216, 557, 590–2, 950

Anti-Duhring 588n39, 590, 591, 792

and Capital 588n39

The Condition of the Working Class in England557, 574, 761

essay in Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher 572

and Gotha programme 790

Herr Eugen Duhring’s Revolution in Science 792

Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischendeutschen Philosophie 143

and Marxism 590

and nationalism 85

Origin of the Family 342–3

and political reform in England 574n17, 591

republicanism 804

on Schiller 489

and Social Democrats 796

and terrorism 238

Englandchurch reform movements 631–5


constitution (unwritten) 165, 166

French interest in 350, 353, 361, 363

Glorious Revolution (1688), French referencesto 354, 364

Guizot on representative government 363

history and law in 162–6

influence of Comtism 188–92, 198

as nation 78

nature of state (Marx) 579, 580

pauperism in 182

political economy insocial reformers 183

see also Great BritainEnlightenment, the

counter-revolutionaries and 11

French Romantic view of 69

German Romantic view of 52

Godwin and 443

intellectual legacy 479

and national idea 78

and neo-classicism 487

romantic view of 41, 42

see also reasonEpicureanism 287

‘episodic citizenship’ (Kateb) 396

equalityin America 367, 399, 401

before the law 27

communistic egalitarianism 522

Fourier’s view of 534

in German liberalism 411, 424

of opportunity 119, 125

1104


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Index

revolution and 201

of sensibility 175

for women 332, 920

Errori Populari Intorno al’Economia Nazionale(Venice 1771) 760

Erzberger, Matthias 431

Espinas, Alfred 180n6

Essays on Reform (1867) 726

Essays and Reviews, Church of England responseto Darwin 655

‘estates’in German Romanticism 57–8

Muller’s view of 58

role of (Schlegel) 58

Estates Assembly, Hegel’s model 131

estrangementMarx’s concept of 572–4

see also alienationEtatist School, Russia 818

‘ethical life’ (Sittlichkeit) (Hegel) 120, 121, 131,559, 621

and limited franchise 132

ethnicity, nation as 88–97

Etzler, John-Adolphus, The Paradise Within theReach of All Men 544

eugenics 664–7

and socialism 527

Europeand biological race in 105

and civilisation 866

conservative irrationalism 712, 718

expansion from 2, 864

and French Revolution 15

influence of non-European ideas in 838, 916

moral superiority 866, 871

national movements in 714

proposed confederation (Saint-Simon) 537,917

republicanism 202–3

see also Revolutions of 1848–49

European Central Democratic Committee 214

Evangelical Christianity 561

evangelism, USA, and women 336

Evans, Thomas 234

evidence, law of (Bentham) 263–6

evil, Maistre’s preoccupation with 18

evolutionary theoryand anarchism 438

controversy over Darwin’s Origin 649–52

and criminology 674–5

Darwin’s 654

and eugenics 664–7

influence of 903

militant advocates of 650

and progress 658–9, 771

and racial anthropology 672–4

and state intervention 735, 925

as utilitarian 662

see also Darwinism; natural selection; nature;Social Darwinism

Examiner (newspaper) 277, 278, 279

executivein Hegel’s constitution 128, 130–1

ministerial responsibility, in Chateaubriand 72

existence and actuality, Hegel’s distinction 143

expanded reproduction, Marx’s notion of 595

expressivism 485, 501–2

subjectivity and 503

externality, and interiority (aesthetic) 498–9

Eyre, Edward, Governor of Jamaica 220, 317, 672

Fabian Essays in Socialism 551

Fabianism 551–2

Bernstein and 807

and imperialism 885


Faduma, Orishatukeh (W. J. Davies) 861, 950

Falconer, Hugh 656

familyanthropology of 342–3

Bonald’s view of 25

effect of French Revolution on 22

patriarchal 53, 56

Fanon, Franz 252

Farmers’ Alliance (USA) 405

fascism, origins of 718, 930

Favre, Jules, Paris Commune 214

Fawcett, Millicent 775, 895

federalism, Proudhon’s 457

Federalist Papers (Madison and Hamilton) 381

Federalists, in America 382, 384, 387

feeling, romantic concern with 39, 41

feminism 899, 904, 919–21

and anti-feminism 321

and class 907

German bourgeois 793

Mill and 316–17, 318

origins and use of term 320n1, 320–1, 348

and personality 347

view of state 910

and ‘woman question’ debates 345

see also women; women’s suffrageFenelon, Francois de, ideal king 37

Feng 848

Fenianism 242–5

‘Assassination Committee’ 244

Ferguson, Adam 124, 203, 871

Ferri, Enrico 679

Ferry, Jules Francois Camille 194, 197, 877, 950

feudalism, German Romantic view of 59

1105


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Index

Feuerbach, Ludwig 142, 216, 637, 816, 951

aesthetics and ethics 505

and Bauer 566

The Essence of Christianity (Das Wesen desChristenthums) 145, 567–8, 652

human attributes 575

influence on Marx 780

Philosophy of the Future 510

as radical Democrat 419

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 497, 951

‘Addresses to the German Nation’ 81

collectivism 522

Reden an die Deutsche Nation 78

subjective idealism 115

Wissenschaftslehre 482, 490, 499

fictions, Bentham’s theory of 270, 273

Figgis, J. N. 927

Filmer, Sir Robert 397

financial crises, economics and 768–9

financial reform, republicanism and 204

First International Working Men’s Association(First International (1864–76)) 191, 208,214, 331, 789

Bakunin at 462, 464, 466

Congresses (1866–68) 548

Italian radicals and 466

Marx and 462, 464, 466, 548, 584

First World War 929

German political parties 431

Fitzgerald, Lord Edward 210, 233

Fitzhugh, George 397, 710–11, 951

Cannibals All! 710

Sociology for the South 710

Fleming, Marie 438n4

Flores Magon, Enrique 469

Flores Magon, Ricardo 469, 951

folk culture, and nationality 81

Fonblanque, Albany William 278, 952

England Under Seven Administrations 278

Ford Abbey, Bentham at 269–76

foreign policyand nationalism 106

see also imperialismformal-final cause, Hegel 137, 138, 138n36, 139

Forster, Friedrich 142

Fortescue, John 165

fossils, and biblical tradition 652, 655–6

Foucault, Michel 605

Fourier, Charles 437, 457, 506, 532–6, 816, 952

cures for human vices 536

La Fausse Industrie 532

Marx and 598

Le Nouveau Monde Industriel et Societaire 532

Nouvelle Monde Amoureuse 329, 536

and passionate attraction 328, 532, 533, 535n3

Phalanx (communitarian ideal) 533, 534

religion 533

socialism 38

Theory of the Four Movements 26, 328, 532

Traite de l’Association Domestique-Agricole (LaTheorie de l’Unite Universelle) 532

on women 320n1, 328–9

Fourierism, and anarchism 549

Fox, Charles James 204n3

France1791 constitution 351

1793 constitution 351

1795 constitution 352

and 1848 Revolution 696

abstract thought 29

academic political thought 918

and Algeria 873, 877–9

anarcho-syndicalism 928

aristocracy 83, 350, 364, 366

Catholic Church in 454–5, 630

Catholic social reformism 180–3

centralisation of government 366, 371

Christian Socialism 546

church and state in 639

Comtism in 192–8

conservative tradition 692, 698

customary law 148, 154

Directory 352

Doctrinaire liberalism 179–80

Dreyfus case 918, 919

and empire 866, 876–9

and former possessions 220

idea of civilisation 877

individualistic anarchism 452–3

interest in English constitution 350

July Monarchy (1830–48) 360

July Revolution (1830) 38, 73, 156, 167, 213,561

Lamarckian science 652

liberal traditions 349–73, 746

Marx’s prediction of revolution 580

modernist romantics 69–75

Napoleonic empire 71, 236, 876

national law code (National Assembly 1791)150

nationalism 106

and nationality 78, 80

neo-Catholicism 38

new constitutional history 155–7

pauperism 181–2

political debates 921

political economy 169, 176–7, 184, 198

pre-revolutionary 349

radicalism 211

republicanism 195, 196, 212–14

1106


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Index

Restoration period (1815) 17, 35, 37, 71, 213

Second Empire 192, 194, 197n16, 214

Second Republic (1848) 74, 213, 370, 459

secret revolutionary societies 224–7

social science 172–4, 181, 184, 199

socialism 22, 38, 547

Socialist Revolutionary Party 548

temporary abolition of slavery 847

use of term feminism 320

view of British empire 873

woman question in 327–32

women’s clubs 322

see also French Revolution; Napoleonic Code;Paris Commune; Third Republic

franchiseand abuse of majority power 397

in American Constitution 380, 390

application in non-European countries849–50

Chartism 206

debates on 726

and freedom 725

Guizot’s view of 363

Hegel’s limited 132

Lassalle’s commitment to 785

liberal debate on 736

Marx’s view of universal suffrage 582

Mill’s doubts about expansion of 701

for North German Confederation Reichstag796

open voting and the ballot 739

radicalism and 203, 205

republicanism and 202, 204

and state intervention 721, 734

for women 316–17, 318

Franck, Adolphe, Eclectic 180n5

Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) 4, 423

Frankfurt1833 uprising 167

1848 parliament 216, 217, 418

Imperial constitution 419

Frankfurter Zeitung newspaper 782

Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Archduke 247

Franz Josef, Emperor 107

Fraternal Democrats 235

Frederick William (Friedrich Wilhelm) III, Kingof Prussia 140, 144, 414, 417

Frederick William (Friedrich Wilhelm) IV, Kingof Prussia 141, 144, 561, 564, 566n7, 640

free labour, American concept 397, 398

Free Religion Association (USA) 683n41

Free Russian Press 818

Free Soil party (USA) 393

freethought 666

free trade 4, 697

as economic doctrine 756

German liberalism and 414, 425

and liberalism 730

non-European rejection of 848


freedomas Christian notion 35, 560

expression of 501–2

forms of 728

Hegel’s notion of 111, 123, 129, 139

and idealism 728–9

as indeterminate 500

as liberal value 721

Schiller’s concepts 493

and tyranny of the majority 368

see also liberty; spontaneityFreedom’s Journal 860

Freemasonry 901

and secret revolutionary societies 225, 228,229

Fregier, H.-A. 181

Freiheit, anarchist journal 245

French Revolution 200

anti-revolutionary stance 10

and calls for counter revolution 9–12

compared with 1688 Revolution 354, 364

conspiracy theories 224

and debates on constitution 349

degeneration into dictatorship 521

and Enlightenment view of reform 97n31

French romantic view of 71

German view of 29, 489, 557–8

Hegel’s view of 112–13, 489, 557–9

impact on nationality 80–2

influence 4, 898

influence on anarchists 434, 442, 445–6

influence on legal theory 149, 152

Lamartine’s view of 73

Marx’s analysis of 581–2, 583

and poverty 521

as punishment for impiety 36

republicanism in 212–13

and rhetoric of rights 173

romantic view of 40

Saint-Simon’s view 538

suppression of diversity 491

Terror 22, 27, 213, 235, 352

as unbalancing 27

and war in Europe 15

and women 322–3

French, Santiago Salvador, anarchist 440

Freud, Sigmund 499n24, 533, 687

friendly societies 745

Friends of Truth (France) 225

Fries, Jakob Friedrich 117, 952

1107


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Index

Froude, J. A. 874

Froude, Richard Hurrell 632

Fry, Roger 922

Fuller, Margaret 320, 338–9, 952

Woman in the Nineteenth Century 338

Futurist Manifesto (1909) 922

futurology 922, 928

Gaelic League 244

Galicia (Poland), uprising (1846) 86, 101

Gallatin, Albert 394

Gallicanism 17, 72

Galton, Francis 664, 664n18, 667, 953

Gambetta, Leon 194, 214, 953

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand 248, 838, 850,857

Hind Swaraj 838

Gans, Eduard 562, 953

Garfield, James, US President 250

Garibaldi, Giuseppe 82, 228, 917, 953

Garrison, William Lloyd 954

The Liberator 391

and women’s suffrage 393

Garve, Christian, ethical empiricism 114

Gazette Francaise de Constantinople 844

Geertz, Clifford 378

Gellner, Ernest 89

general willNapoleonic Code 151, 153

and revolutionary elite 201

social science and 172

genetics 665

Genevagovernment of 12–13

revolt of natifs (1782) 14

genocide, in imperial expansion 218, 250

Genovese, Eugene 712

Gentz, Friedrich von 10, 27–8, 954

ethical empiricism 114

on French Revolution 10, 27

hostility to popular sovereignty 30

on Smith 752

translation of Burke 114

geologyand Christian belief 651, 654

see also fossilsGeorge, Henry 211, 732n3, 954

land taxation 731, 743

Our Land and Land Policy/Progress and Poverty553

German Burkeans 27–30

German Civil Code 160

German Confederation 97

German Historical School of Law 28, 29,157–62

German idealism 481

‘The Earliest System Programme of GermanIdealism’ (anon.) 494

influence on Bakunin 460, 461

German liberalism 409–32

and 1848 revolutions 418–20

in Baden 421, 431

Bismarck and 422, 424–5

compared with British 409, 413

Constitutional Associations 419

constitutional government model 412

decline of 426–8

and free trade 414

Heidelberg Programme 427

Heppenheim Programme 417–18

intellectuals in 409, 411

in local government 412, 420, 427

main tenets 411–12, 416

as modernising force 431

and national idea 414, 415, 418

National Liberal Party 423, 424, 427, 431

split (1879) 425–6

Nationalverein (1859) 781, 782

Offenburg Programme 416

origins 413–14

as political movement 415

radical wing 415–17, 418

revival (1860s) 421

in Saxony 430

and social reform 417, 430

support for 411, 425

tensions between moderates and radicals 418,419, 425–6

German romantics 40, 158

and call for unification 505

and economy 58–9

and new religionSchlegel 53–4

German socialism 420, 425

and anti-socialist laws 797–8

Demokratische Volkspartei 782

Der Sozialdemokrat newspaper 806, 808

Deutsche Volkspartei 782

Eisenachers 783

Erfurt Programme (1891) 588n39, 794, 803,804

Ferdinand Lassalle 783–8

and Freistaat 790

General Association of German Workingmen782

Gotha programme 790, 804

influences on 780

and liberalism 781

moderates and radicals 797, 802

origins of 780–3

1108


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Index

and parliamentary participation 796–8, 803–4,808

principles of future society 804–6

Social Democracy 793

Social Democratic Labour Party (Eisenachers)783, 789, 794, 797–8

and social reforms 796, 806

Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD)341, 420, 425, 427, 430, 431, 547,588n39, 590

state socialism 794–6

Union of German Workers’ and EducationalSocieties 782

view of Marxist revolution 798–9

view of state 787, 790

and the Volksstaat 788–94, 804

Workers’ Brotherhood 781

Workers’ Educational Societies 781, 782

German Wars of Liberation 158, 159

Germany 893, 918

1848 elections to German National Assembly97, 418

association laws 341

Catholic Centre Party 427

Christian Socialism 546, 795

conservatism 691, 692, 697, 698

conservative associations 419

conservative romanticism 52–9, 287

constitutional government 410, 412

corporatist policies 926

Democratic Associations 419, 420

Freisinnige Partei (left-wing liberals) 425, 429

Freisinnige Vereinigung (left-wing liberals) 425,429

high culture 83, 87

immigration 105

industrialisation 124

Interfraktionelle Außchuß 432

justifications of terrorism 237–8

Katheder Sozialisten 547

liberal bureaucracy 410

Marx’s prediction of revolution 580

national idea 414, 421

national institutions 424

nationalism 29, 714

nationality 81, 106–7, 108n52

Nationalverein (1859) 781, 782

nature philosophy 653

and North German Federation 422, 423–4

political debates 918, 921

political economy in 761–2, 776

post-Kantian thought in 489

Progressive Party 422, 424, 429, 431

radicalism 216–17

republicanism 217

secret revolutionary organisations 229

Social Darwinism 678n34

‘social question’ 794

social-cultural milieus 426

types of law 148, 161

unification 88, 100, 106–7, 423–4, 505

law and history and 158, 166

view of French Revolution 29, 489, 557–8

view of monarchs 57

Vormarz period 216, 557

Weltpolitik and overseas expansion 428,429–30, 873

women and feminism 331, 337, 340–2, 344–5

see also German idealism; German liberalism;German romantics; German socialism;Prussia

Germany, Nazi, eugenics 665

Ghose, Bhola Nath Chunder 855

Gierke, Otto von 150, 954

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins 346

Girondins 213

Gladstone, William Ewarton franchise 726, 740

second government 720

The State in its Relations with the Church 633–4

Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, Comte de 102n38,695, 954

Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 102,673, 715

Godechot, Jacques 10, 14, 352

Godin, Jean, Familistere community 536

Godwin, Parke 553

Godwin, William 324, 325, 446n13, 955

benevolence 443

on conversation 436, 446

on dependency 444–5

and economic reform 446

(Enquiry Concerning) Political Justice 62, 442,444, 446

and French Revolution 445–6

and liberty 445, 447

on property 446

rationalist anarchism 442–7

and Wordsworth 488

Goerres, Joseph, editor of Rheinischer Merkur 411

Goethe, J. W. 481, 489

and change in nature 653

Faust 481, 482

The Metamorphosis of Plants 653

Werther 481

Goldman, Emma 347, 441, 469

Goldman, Eric 404

Goldstein, Marc 34

‘good life’, anarchist belief in 435

Gordon, General Charles 221

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Index

Gothic revival 89n18

Gottingen School of History 158, 166

Gottschalk, Andreas, radical Democrat 419

Gouges, Olympe de 320, 322–3, 955

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen320

Graham, George John 280

Granovskii, Timofei 816

Grave, Jean, anarchist 434, 437, 475, 955

and education 439

and evolutionary theory 438

on violence 441

Gray, John 532

A Lecture on Human Happiness 531

The Social System 531

Grazhdanin (Citizen) journal 827

Great Britainacademic political theory 918

Bakuninist anarchism 469

and concept of ‘state’ 909, 909n8

conservative populism 697

conservative tradition 692–4, 717

as democracy 741–3

dominance 865

Fenian attacks in 244

and Fenianism 242–5

nationality as civilisation 82–3

provincial elites 83

radicalism 204–7

republicanism 204–5, 207–10

secret revolutionary organisations 232–5

secularism 901

Treason and Sedition Acts (1795) 445

use of ‘conservative’ 691

view of 19th-century political ethos 893

and welfare reform 912

‘woman question’ 324, 332–4

see also British Empire; Church of England;England

Greece 33, 247

nationalism 92

Greece, classical 236, 516, 558–9

and Christianity 513

colonies 874

drama model 510

Greek Orthodox Church, and Ottoman Empire92

Green, Thomas Hill 721, 735, 918, 955

and Hobhouse 730

idealist view of freedom 728–9

Greene, William B. 460, 956

Greenstone, J. David 378

Greg, W. R., ‘Why are women redundant?’ 340

Grey, Earl 737

Griffin, Ben 321

Griffith, Arthur 244

Grimke, Sarah, Letters on the Equality of theSexes . . . 336

Grimm, Jakob 158, 160, 161

Gronlund, Laurence, The Co-operativeCommonwealth 553

Grote, George 277

Grote, Harriet 277, 281

Grotius, Hugo 150

Ground Game Act (1881, Britain) 720, 721,731–2

group hysteria 687, 717, 925

group psychology 717, 718

Grun, Karl 544, 780

Guesde, Jules 548

Guild of St George (1870s) 543

Guild of St Matthew 546

Guild Socialism 551

guilds 927

medieval 59, 127

Guizot, Francois 154, 165, 362–5, 956

De la Democratie en France 370

as Doctrinaire liberal 360

Histoire de la Civilisation en Europe 363

on nationality 79

and ‘new history’ 155, 180

Philosophie Politique: de la Souverainete 362

Thierry and 156

and Tocqueville 370

Habsburg Empire 98n32, 107

and Hungary 87

and nationalities 86, 101, 102n37

and subordinate nationalisms 98, 99

subordinate religions 91

Hadley, Arthur 768

Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich 661n13, 801, 956

Darwinist 651

Die Naturliche Schopfungsgeschichte 801

Haiti 220, 859

Halevy, Elie 276

Hallam, Henry 956

Constitutional History of England 165

Haller, Karl Ludwig von 25, 957

on divine will 34

Hegel and 118

rejection of social contract theory 33

Restauration der Staatswissenschaft . . . 33, 128

Hallische Jahrbucher (journal) 145

Hamburger, Joseph 276

Hamilton, Alexander 406, 760

and Jefferson 381, 382, 384, 386

Hammersmith Socialist Society 550

Hampshire, Harmony (Queenwood) community530

1110


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Index

Hansemann, David 414, 957

Hanson, Russell 377

happinessBentham’s laws and 266

pursuit of 566

utilitarian notion 66, 257

Harcourt, Sir William 527

Hardenberg, Friedrich von see NovalisHardenburg, Karl von 118

Hardie, James Keir 546, 552, 807

Hare, J. C. 634

Hare, Thomas 701

harm principle (Mill) 302, 310–12

and promotion of good 315

and state action 731

harmonyin aesthetics 482–3

Byron’s search for 60

and diremption 483

and diversity 490, 491

freedom as 493

natural order 449

Harney, George Julian 207, 234

Harrington, James, republican 47, 204

Harrison, Frederic 185n10, 189, 191, 208, 957

on Paris Commune 209

Hartley, David 163, 288, 295

Hartz, Louis 390, 406, 708

The Liberal Tradition in America 376

Hastings, Warren 871

Hawaii 873

Haym, Rudolf, Hegel und seine Zeit117

Hays, Mary 324

Haywood, ‘Big Bill’ 469

Hazlitt, William, radical romantic 61–2, 957

on Bentham 163

Headlam, Steward 546

Hebart, Johann Friedrich 774

Hecker, Friedrich 217, 416, 419, 958

Hegel, G. W. F. 110–46, 158, 556–61

absolute idealism 115, 137

biography 140, 958

on Christianity 559–61

on church and state 605, 616, 620–3

civil society 124–7, 559

concept of Wirklichkeit 503

constitutional monarchy 127–8

critique of liberalism 118–24

and culture of diremption 498

on difference 621

on division of labour 125

and end of art 504–5

on Enlightenment 479

Enzyklopadie 135, 507

Geist des Christentums 115

Geistesphilosophie 125

influence of French Revolution on 112–13,489, 557–9

on Kant 502

on law 133–40

Lectures on Aesthetics 502, 504

and modernity 482–4, 502–8

Naturrecht essay 122, 123

Phanomenologie 123, 498, 572, 576

and Philosophical School of Law 151

Philosophie des Rechts 110, 116, 117, 118, 120,122, 123, 125, 498

and modern state 127, 559, 561, 621

on poverty 562

preface 140

subtitle 138

problems of interpretation 110–12, 133

and rational Idea 502–4

and rational state 483

and reality 559n1

Realphilosophie 125

reason in history 85, 112–18, 135n35,145

reformism 116, 117

religious communities 622

reputation as reactionary 117

right of subjectivity 119

and secularisation 560, 562, 563, 569

and state regulation of economy 125–7

structure and powers of state 127–33, 561

Tubingen Essay 135n35

Verfassungsschrift (essay on constitution) 114,115, 116, 122

view of classical republic 558–9

on war 677

William Morris and 519

Hegelianism, rise and fall of 140–6, 561–4

on church and state 637–8

defeat of 144–6

divisions between followers 141–2, 143–4,563, 637

early followers 141

and metaphysics 143

and New Christianity 562–3

see also Young HegeliansHeine, Heinrich 505, 563, 958

Romantische Schule 600

Heinzen, Karl 958

Der Mord (Murder), doctrine of terrorism237–8

Held, Professor 547

Henning, Leopold von 142

Henrion de Pansey, P. P. N. 154, 155, 959

Henry, Emile, anarchist 247, 440

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Index

Herder, Johann Gottfried 78, 484

expressivism 501–2

global influence 845

uniqueness of nations 81

Volksgeist 29, 158

heroic leaders, Carlyle’s 68, 82

Herwegh, Georg 505

Herzen, Alexander, anarchist 230, 817–18, 959

From the Other Shore 817

and Poland 825


Voices from Russia 818

Herzl, Theodor 908, 959

The Jewish State 96

Hess, Moses, radical democrat 95n27, 419, 544,563, 780, 959

on England 574n17

essay in Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher 572

and Judaism 569

Rome and Jerusalem 95, 96

The European Triarchy 544

hierarchyCarlyle’s conception of 67

in civil virtue 845

cultural 88

religious 3

Hildebrand, Bruno 761, 763

Hill, Florence 775

Hinduism 854–5, 856

Hirsch, Dr Max 782

historiansnational 93

political activity 167

Historical School, of legal theory 150–2, 155,159, 577, 784

historicism 139

and church–state relations 639–48

and counter-revolution in political economy760–4, 773

Hegel and 133, 135–6

post-romantic 647

historiographyof British liberalism 721

Russian Etatist School 818

historycentrality in 19th-century thought 167,

903

and continuity 149

counter-revolutionary misreading of 35

democratic direction of 37

as developmental 186, 500

in England 162–6

fatalism and liberty (Michelet) 157

‘four-stage theory’ of 167

freedom as goal of (Hegel) 139

French revolutionary disregard for 14

German school 157–62

gradualism 156

ideals of Revolution as legacy of Middle Ages114, 116

materialist conception of (Marx) 575

and nationality 85, 93–4

new French 155–7

Ranke’s 644, 645

reason in (Hegel) 112–18, 135n35, 145

romantic reverence for 165, 608

Saint-Simon’s stages of 537, 538, 541, 562

and science 168, 667–8

see also Middle AgesHobbes, Thomas

and American conservatism 404

and concept of state 910

Hobhouse, Leonard Trelawny 680, 735, 924, 959

on freedom 729–30

Liberalism 721

on property 732

Hobson, John Atkinson 931, 960

on charity 745


Imperialism: A Study 888, 889

and liberalism 729

The Psychology of Jingoism 889, 890

and socialism 527

The War in South Africa 889

Hodgskin, Thomas, anarchist 441, 960

deism 449, 451

economic doctrine 448, 451–2

individualistic anarchism 447–51

Labour Defended Against the Claims of Capital448

on law 449, 450

The Natural and Artificial Right of PropertyContrasted 448

and natural law 449–50

Popular Political Economy 448, 449

property (natural and artificial) 449

Travels in the North of Germany 450

Hoffmann, E. T. A. 500

Hofstadter, Richard 381, 389

The American Political Tradition 375

on Social Darwinism 678, 678n33

Holderlin, Friedrich 500


and Hegel 112

intellectual intuition 494–5

Holmes, Stephen 30, 356

Holt, General Joseph 211

Holy Roman Empire 864

Holyoake, George Jacob 239, 250n8, 251, 546,726

1112


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Index

Hook, Sidney 117

Hooker, Joseph, and Darwin 653, 683

Hooker, Richard, Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie138

Horvath, Mihaly, Hungarian historian 93

Hotho, Henrich Gustav 142, 502, 505

Hourani, Albert, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age836

House of Lords, reform 742

Hroch, Miroslav 89

Hu Hanmin 852

Huang Tsung-hsi, ‘A Plan for the Prince’842

Hughes, H. Stuart 713, 933

Hughes, Thomas 546

Hugo, Gustav von 158, 784, 960

and positive law 163, 164

Hugo, Victor 38, 249

Hulliung, Mark 378

human development and diversity (Mill) 302

human mind, science of 295

human natureAmerican constitution and 709

Balzac’s story of ants 759–60

conservative view of 702

economists’ interest in 749, 758–60,776–7

Feuerbach and 575

French revolutionary disregard for 14

limits of reason in 693, 931

Proudhon’s view of 457

and self-interest 777–8

universals in 175

see also individual; self; self-consciousness;self-interest

human rightsin Africa 858

Hegel and 113

humanityand Christianity 563–4

essential 637, 638

religion of (Comte) 189

Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm, Baron von 303, 960

Ideen zu einem Versuch . . . 412

Hume, Allan Octavian 222, 849

Hume, David 81, 286, 485

‘Of the Original Contract’ 32

Hume, Joseph 275, 295

Hungaryelite Magyar culture 87

national movement 99

nationalist uprising (1848) 696

Hunt, Henry 205

Hunt, James 675

Huxley, T. H. 650, 660

on slavery 676

and Wilberforce 660, 660n13

use of science 667

Huysman, J. K., Against Nature 677

Hyndman, Henry M. 469, 961

Social Democratic Federation 523, 550

Ibn Khaldun, Arabic theorist 836

Ibsen, Henrik 347

Ideaand concept 617

Hegel’s rational 502–4

national 78

Coleridge 619

German 414, 415, 418

Ranke’s theory of 641, 643, 645

see also ideas; transcendent, theidealism

absolute (objective) 115, 137, 620

Bakunin 461–2

and freedom 728–9

German 481, 494

and liberalism 722

new forms 487, 894

and role of state 735, 910

and women’s movement 346

idealsas driving forces in history (Hegel) 114, 116

of revolution 114, 116, 200–2

ideasassociation of (Tracy) 176

‘intermediate’ diffusion of 774, 775, 776

permanent (Schopenhauer) 509

identitycollective cultural 79, 81, 606, 608n2, 641

individual 515

see also national identityIdeologues 179, 352

and social science 173–4

use of analyse 174

ideologyof imperialism 866, 867–75

of race 103n39

of violence 929

‘Illuminati’ conspirators (France) 224

imaginationin Hazlitt 61

in Shelley 63

women’s capacity for 323

immanent justice, Proudhon’s 435, 456

immanent, the see transcendentImmanuel, William 546

immigrationand citizenship 107

and nationality 105

1113


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Index

imperial expansion 4, 218, 864

and conquest 876, 886

and genocide 218, 250

and race as civilisation 104

and territorial sovereignty 909

and ‘turn to empire’ 870–1, 889

imperial regimesand anti-imperial movements 218–23, 246–7,

892

comparisons between 873–5

competition between 875

and inter-imperial federations (Hobson) 891

state terrorism 236

survival and fall of 107

imperialism 203, 864–92, 921

ambivalence and critique 891

American 107, 866, 873, 889

benefits of empire 870–1, 875

critics of 874

and Darwinism 666

distinction between colonies and dependencies871–3

economic criticism of 889–90

effect on metropole 870, 887

and eugenics 666

expense of 874, 887

glory and civilisation 876–86

ideology 866, 867–75

and influence of British political ideas 835

and nationalism 100, 203

and obligation to territories 871

political economy and 770

and racism 715

social psychology of 890

and spread of European ideas 837, 891

and subject peoples 866, 870, 888

see also British Empire; colonies; India;non-European countries

Inchbald, Elizabeth 324

indefinite perfectibility 18, 27

independence, concept of 443

Independent Labour Party 552, 706, 807

Indiaassassinations 246

British administration of 874, 880, 883

communitarianism 857

education 880n14

English constitutional model 854

Hindu revivalism 856

influence of Comte in 851

liberalism 844, 846, 855

Marx’s view of 868

political economy in 763, 777, 848

and race 771

rights and caste system 846, 857

traditions of good government 853

see also Bengal; GandhiIndian Congress Movement 222

Indian Mutiny (1857–8) 222, 673, 853, 881

Indian National Congress 849, 855

The Indian War of Independence (1908) 246

individualand Absolute 609, 610, 611, 622

Bonald’s role for 18

and community 123

and exercise of private judgment 442

and harm principle 310–12

Hazlitt’s view of 61

liberal rights of (Hegel) 120

and natural rights 33, 123

romantic notion of 39

and society 915

individual will 139

Ballanche and 37

and sovereignty 362

individualismand Christianity 559

and church–state relations 604

and Darwinism 680

economic 75

Emerson’s 395

and feminism 347

in Fourier 533

French radical use of 184n9

and liberalism 720, 724, 733

in Mill 303, 309–10, 724

and poverty 183

and private property 732

and Protestantism 567


Tocqueville’s view of 369, 700

see also rights; subjectivityindividualistic anarchism 447–51, 452–3

Individualists 453

industrial elite, responsibilities of 68

industrial relationsliberalism and 744

see also trade unionsindustrialisation 4, 46, 903

and abundance 574

America 386

Germany 427

and poverty 181, 599

and rise of socialism 521, 525

industrialism, Saint-Simon 538, 539

industrystate regulation of 541, 544

and trade 575n18

infallibilityCatholic Church 624, 714

1114


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Index

Maistre’s attachment to 17

information see knowledgeIngram, John Kells 773

injusticeof commerce 586, 599

and power 511

Institut National, French 173, 174

institutionsCarlyle’s role for 69

conservative faith in 694

Constant’s 356

English political 41, 695

German national 424

historical origins/continuity 94

Maistre’s role for 16

reformatory 924

representative 113

revitalisation 41

supranational 750, 909

traditional 44, 45, 47, 48

see also ‘estates’; political institutionsinsurrection

internationalisation of 251

‘propaganda by the deed’ 440

and terrorism 251

see also revolutioninsurrectionary violence 223

intelligentsia, and languages 89

interiority, and externality (aesthetic) 498–9

International Anarchist Congress (1881) 247

International Council of Women 1899 Londoncongress 920

International Library of Science and Freethought683n41

International Sanitary Convention (1898) 750

International Working Men’s Association see FirstInternational; Second International

internationalism 917

socialism and 523

supranational institutions 750, 909

and territorial sovereignty 908–9

and terrorism 251

intuition 931

intuitive intellect 495

Kant’s 494

inventio 480–1

‘Invincibles’ secret society 244

Ireland 101, 904

1798 uprising 211

Easter Uprising (1916) 245

Fenianism 242–5

land reform 101

radicalism 210

reform movement 206

religion and nationalism 91


Irish Home Rule movement 243

Irish Land Act 720

Irish National League 243

Irish Republican Army 245

Irish Republican Brotherhood 211, 242, 245

Irish Socialist Republican Party 245

irony 485, 498–9

‘irrationalism’ 700, 716–18, 930

and violence 932

Isabella II, Queen of Spain 467

Isandlwana, battle of 221

Islamand concept of civilisation 869

concepts of good government 842–3

and liberty 844

and representative government 849

as suited to African conditions 861

Wahhabism 842

and women’s franchise 850

ItalyBakuninist anarchism 465–7

Benevento uprising (1877) 440, 467

Christian Socialism 547

Darwinism 678

and First International 466

high culture 83, 87

nationalist uprising (1848) 696

rebellions 245, 466

Renaissance 904

revolutions 228

secret revolutionary organisations 227–9, 466

socialism 548

unification 88, 100, 421

IWA see First International

Jackson, Andrew 389–90, 400, 961

‘Political Testament’ 389

Jacobinism 212, 213

avidity for creating laws 21

Black (Haiti) 847, 859


and dictatorship 226, 227

and legal reform 162, 213

and nationality 79

in Russia 814, 822

and terrorism 236

Jacoby, Johann 413, 782, 961

Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig 81

Jahrbucher fur Wissenschaftliche Kritik 140

Jamaica, rebellions 220, 859, 884

James, Henry, Turn of the Screw 687

James, William, The Varieties of ReligiousExperience 687

Janet, Paul 180n5

1115


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Index

Janet, Pierre 180n6

Jansenism 17

Japan 107, 905

assassination of Prime Minister 247

concept of civilisation 869

and concept of rights 841, 846


and Korea 220

Meiji government 749, 844, 846

political economy in 749, 763, 849

political norms 841

Jaume, Lucien, L’Individu Efface . . . 360

Jaures, Jean 437, 548

Java 220

Jefferson, Thomas 217, 859, 961

and decentralisation 385n18

Declaration of Independence (1775) 379

liberalism 407

Notes on the State of Virginia 382, 384, 387, 710

as president 382

and rebellion 384n17


and slavery 383n15, 387–9

and women’s rights 394

Jevons, William Stanley 272, 751, 767, 773, 962

The Theory of Political Economy 765, 766

Jewish nationalism 95–6

Zionism 96, 96n29

Jews 908

pogroms in Russia 105

see also anti-Semitism; JudaismJohnson, Joseph 324

Jones, Ernest 207

Journal politique national 12

Judaism 95n28

Marx and 569

see also anti-Semitism; Jewsjudiciary 148

American model 368

independence (Constant) 358

liberal views of 737

Jura Federation 436

Kropotkin and 470, 471

‘just war’, concept of 249

justiceimmanent (Proudhon) 435, 456

and liberalism 731

social 899

Justinian, Corpus Juris Justiniani (ad 529–33) 147

Kammick, Isaac 378

Kanai Noburu 763

Kane, P. V., History of Dharmasastra 836

Kang Youwei 848, 850, 851

Kant, Immanuel 160, 487, 557

aesthetic theory 485–6

and constitutional reforms 410

Critique of Judgement 486, 502

Critique of Pure Reason 502

determinability 492

freedom of will 486

Hegel on 502

intuitive intellect 494

laws of reason 134

Metaphysics of Morals 494

subjective idealism 115

‘Theory-Practice’ essay 113

‘Kantian paradox’ 482

Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich 962

Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia 812

Karlsbad Decrees (1819) 117

Kateb, George 396

Katkov, Mikhail 825

Kautsky, Karl 679, 962

and Darwin 801–2

interpretation of Marxism 800–2, 805

and parliamentary participation 803–4

and social democracy 792

Kavelin, Konstantin 818

Dvoriastvo i Osvobozhdenie Krestian 819

Survey of Juridical Relations in Ancient Russia816

Keble, John 632, 962

Kedourie, Elie 109

Kelly, George 179

Kelsen, Hans 928, 928n16

Ketteler, Baron von 546

Key, Ellen 348

Keynes, John Maynard 924

Khan, Sir Sayyid Ahmad 853

Khomiakov, Aleksei Stephanovich 815, 962

Kidd, Benjamin, Social Evolution 680

Killing No Murder 237

kingship see monarchyKingsley, Charles 546, 658

Kinnear, John Boyd 726

Kireevskii, Ivan 815

knowledgeaccumulation of 903, 904–5

Bentham’s work on 269

communal 614

historical 644, 904–5

of non-European civilisations 905

‘scientific’ (Hegel) 622

as utilitarian good 311, 313, 315

Knox, Robert, The Races of Men 673

Kogalniceanu, Mihail, Romanian historian 93

Kollontai, Alexandra 341, 341n12

Kolokol (The Bell), journal 230, 818, 825

Korea 220

1116


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Index

Koshelev, Alexander 819

Kossuth, Louis (Lajos) 82, 89, 99, 224, 963

Kotzebue, August von 237

Krieger, Leonard, The German Idea of Freedom409

Kropotkin, Peter (Petr Alekseevich) 245, 248,433

biography 470–2, 963

communist anarchism 437, 441, 469–75, 824

The Conquest of Bread 473

Fields, Factories and Workshops 473

Mutual Aid 472, 824

on revolution and use of violence 440, 470n36,474–5

science 470

view of state 473–4

Krudener, Baroness von 813

Kugelmann, Dr 584

Kuhlmann, Georg 544

Kulturkampf 411

Laboulaye, Edouard 373

labourartistic 519

and capital 398

concept of free 397, 398

and creation of value 448, 743

and Fourier’s passionate attraction 534

liberal debates on 743–6

Marx’s view of 505, 573, 574, 586, 743

and property 449, 457–8, 473

Saint-Simonian forms of 541

see also division of labourlabour movements

England 190–1, 706

France 193

Lassalle and 785

mass 574

Labour Party, British 706

Lacordaire, Henri 630

Lafitte, Pierre 195n15

laicisation (secularisation), in France 197

laisser-faire 179n4, 207, 773

conservative rejection of 704, 709

and evolutionary theory 659, 661, 678

and liberalism 730, 733–4

Lalor, Fintan 242

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet652, 963

Philosophie Zoologique 652

Lamartine, Alphonse-Marie-Louis de Prat de 38,213, 963

Christianity and liberty 70

popular sovereignty 73–5

Sur la Politique Rationnelle 74

Lamennais, Felicite de, Abbe 38, 213, 360, 547,964

Book of the People 627

on church and state 617, 624–8

concept of new society 72–3

Essay on Indifference in Religious Matters 624–8

followers of (Mennaissians) 626, 628, 631

L’Avenir 73, 626

on materialism 757

On Religion Considered . . . 625

Paroles d’un Croyant (Words of a Believer) 73, 627

popular liberty 73

rejection of Enlightenment 70

landBritish liberal debates on 731–2

Spencean reform movements 234

taxation 731

urban 732

Land and Labour League 209

Land League, Ireland 243

Land and Liberty organisation, Russia 821

land nationalisation 732

and socialism 527

Lane, William 552

Lang, John Dunmore 209

Lange, Friedrich 689, 782

and Darwin 668–9, 680

Langley, J. Ayo, Ideologies of Liberation in BlackAfrica 837

languageBentham’s technical and logical 268

bilingualism 83n11, 90

and community 606

German 81, 87

and nationality 87, 89–91, 93

and translation of European concepts 837, 846

written vernaculars 90

language reform movements 94

Lankester, Sir Edwin, Degeneration: A Chapter inDarwinism 676

Lansdowne, William Petty 1st Marquess of 260

Laski, Harold, on Maistre 10

Lassalle, Ferdinand 331, 783–8, 964

commitment to democracy 785–7

and historical school 784

and labour movement 785

and Marxists 787

and Mill 783

On Constitutions 784

Public Letter to the Central Committee 785, 788

and Rodbertus 795

The System of Acquired Rights 784

view of state 787

on wage system 787

What Now (speech) 785

1117


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Index

Lassalle, Ferdinand (cont.)Workers’ Educational Societies 782

The Workers’ Program 785, 786

Latin America1848 revolutions and 223

anti-colonial movements 840

independent states 219


influence of Mill in 844

republicanism 900

Latin Monetary Union (1865) 750

L’Avant Garde newspaper 471

L’Avenir (journal) 630

Lamennais and 73, 626

Lavrov, Petr Lavrovich 964

Historical Letters 821

lawBentham’s codification 162–3, 262, 266–9

Bentham’s work on evidence 263–6

and continuity 149, 154

divine (God-given) 34, 70

effect of historical change 168

Emerson’s view of 395

equality before 27

foundation of (Hegel) 133–40

German historical understanding of 55

Haller’s view of 33

‘idea of’ (Muller) 54

individual consent to 120, 122

interpretation of 153, 157

judicial model 147

legislative model 147

and limits on liberty (Mill) 304

and moral obligation 314

and political economy 169

and political thought 150, 902

as popular will (social model) 148

positive 13, 163, 164

rational 122

rational and natural law distinction (Schlegel)53

and rights 33

sovereign will as 147, 153, 164

and tyranny of the majority 368

see also common law; Napoleonic Code;natural law; Roman law

lawsexcessive legislation 21

moral 439, 450

Say on 451n17

as violation of natural harmony 449

lawyersimportance of 166–7

and radical action 167

Le Bon, Gustave 716–17

and Christian Socialism 545

The Crowd 717

Le Conservateur journal 691

Le Producteur Saint-Simonian journal 184n9

Le Representant du Peuple newspaper 459

Le Revolte anarchist paper 471

leadersCarlyle’s heroic 68, 82

Max Weber on 931

Wells’ Samurai 551

League of the Just (Germany) 229, 237, 543

Leautheir, Leon-Jules 246

Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste 213, 214, 964

Legge, Revd James 836

Leggett, William 389

legislature, in Hegel’s constitution 128, 131–2

legitimism 74

critiques of 75

Hazlitt’s criticism of 62

Leibniz, G. W. 484, 497

Monadology 516

Lelewel, Joachim, Polish historian 93

Lenin, V. I. (Vladimir Ulianov)The Economic Content of Populism . . . 833

Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism 888

What is to be Done? 932

Leo XIII, Pope, Rerum Novarum encyclical(1891) 926

Leon, Pauline 322

Leontiev, Konstantin Nikolaevich 965

Byzantinism and Slavdom 826–7

Leopardi, Giacomo 755

Lepsius, M. Rainer 426

Leroux, Pierre 541

Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul, De la Colonisation chez lesPeuples Modernes 875n10

Leslie, Thomas Cliffe 761, 770, 777

Lessing, G. E. 494

Lewes, George Henry 189, 189n13, 190, 965

Lewis, Sarah 337

Woman’s Mission 336

Lezardiere, Marie-Charlotte-Pauline Robert de,Theorie des Lois Politiques de la MonarchieFrancaise 155

Li Hongzhang, governor of Canton 846, 848

liberal constitutionalism 413, 736–8

as norm 929, 930

Liberal Party (Britain), radicalism and 206

Liberal Protestant Theology 861

liberalismin American political thought 375–6, 378n6,

377–9, 402, 407–8

changes in British 207, 720–3, 746

and character 722, 724, 730, 734

and Christianity 71

1118


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Index

and conception of freedom and right 123

Doctrinaire 179–80

and empire 865

German 409–32

global influence 836, 843–7

Hegel’s critique of 118–24, 133

in India 844, 846, 855

and individualism 720, 724, 733

and laisser-faire 730, 733–4

mid-Victorian 296

moral language of 722

and morality 734

and nationalism 698

papacy and 627, 713–14

relationship to socialism 527, 809–10

and revolution 201

in Russia 828–30, 844

state-based reformist 407, 603

use of term 30, 900


see also German liberalismliberalism of the subject, France 360

The Liberator, anti-slavery newspaper 391

Liberia 218, 860

libertyancient and modern (Constant) 355–6,

373

and Christianity 70

of conscience 48, 119, 121, 122

Gandhi and 838

in German liberalism 411


idealist accounts of 728–9

and individuality 302

and instability 693

intellectual (Godwin) 447

and Islam 844

Lamartine’s view of 70

Lamennais’ view of 73


limits on 303, 304–5

Linguet’s view of 13

meanings of 899

negative and positive 435, 723–4, 727, 899

popular 73

and revolution 201

Shelley on 62

socialism and 549

and state economic regulation 126

Tocqueville on 371–2

and utility 303, 307, 313

and wealth 405

see also freedom; Mill, J. S., On LibertyLiberty Party (USA) 393

Liebknecht, Wilhelm 783, 965

compared with Bebel 789–90

and parliamentary participation 797, 802

and revolution 799

Lincoln, Abraham 249, 402, 965

‘House Divided’ speech 398

and relations of state and nation 400

and slavery 380, 391, 393, 398–402

Lindemann, Albert 438n4

Linguet, Simon-Nicolas-Henri 13

Linnaeus, Carl 653

Linton, William James 205

The English Republic 208

List, Friedrich 750, 753, 756, 763, 769

and non-European economic protectionism848

literatureand concept of society 914

Hazlitt’s concern with 61

for moral purposes (in England) 190

and national tradition 89n18

as surrogate for religion 68

women and 320, 324

Littre, (Maximilien Paul) Emile 195n15, 965

and Comtism 194, 195, 196–7

Lloyd, Henry Demarest 218, 405–6, 966

Wealth Against Commonwealth 405

local governmentfor France 366

Germany 410, 412, 420, 427

independence of, Constant 358

and liberalism 733

in Morris 550

in socialism 524

localismand conservatism 693

and stateless society 475

Locke, John 295

influence on American political thought 376,383, 396, 401

J. S. Mill and 288

theory of property 398, 401, 732

logic, Bentham’s work on 269

‘logic of the will’ (Tracy) 175, 177

Lombardy-Venetia 101

Lombroso, Cesare 674, 966

London Corresponding Society 232, 234, 445

London Debating Society 289, 290

London and Westminster Review 276, 277, 279,286, 288

Lonnrot, Elias, Kalevala 502

Louis Napoleon 80, 460

1851 coup 239, 371

Comte’s support for 194, 196

conservatism of 698

dictatorship 249

1119


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Index

Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans 213, 365, 561

assassination attempt 237

L’Ouverture, Toussaint 220, 859

love, in social relationships 63

Lovett, William 525

Lowe, Robert 191, 726

Lubbock, John, Prehistoric Times 658

Lubliski, Julian 814

Lucas, Colin 10

Luddites 234

Lukacs, John 518

Lum, Dyer D. 469

L’Univers Religieux newspaper 716

Luther, Martin 642

Lyell, Sir Charles 649, 966

Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man 656,656n3

Principles of Geology 654

Macaulay, Thomas Babington 966

criticism of James Mill 299, 300

criticism of utilitarianism 164

on empire 880

History of England 165

superiority of British institutions 695

Machiavelli, Niccolo 560

MacIver, R. M. 918n14

Mackenzie, William Lyon 221

Madison, James, US President 266, 381, 384

Virginia Resolutions 385

Magyars 83, 89

Mahan, Alfred Thayer, The Influence of Sea Powerupon History 873

Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner 167, 593n49,598, 777, 967

and empire 884

Popular Government 721

Maistre, Joseph de 9–10, 16–22, 352, 967

as ‘anti-liberal’ (anti-democratic) 30

Bienfaits de la Revolution Francaise 22

choice of monarchy 20


conservatism 692

Considerations sur la France 9, 16, 18, 692

Eclaircissement sur les Sacrifices 19

Etude sur la Souverainete 31

Examen de Rousseau 19

and law 147

‘Lettre sur le Christianisme’ 17, 18

and papacy 615–16

Du Pape 17, 24

on the people 31

religion 17, 18

on rights 34

on role of women 22–3, 24

on social contract 32

Soirees de Saint-Petersbourg 9, 19

view of French Revolution 10, 16

view of Protestantism 20

Maitland, F. W. 750, 927

Majumdar, B. B. 855

Malatesta, Errico 245, 466, 467, 468, 967

Malaya 844

Malebranche, Nicholas 500

Malinovskii, Vasilii, Reflections on Peace and War813

Mallet du Pan, Jacques 12, 22, 30, 967

Compte Rendu 12

Considerations sur la nature de la Revolution deFrance 15, 28

on individual rights 33

and intellectual roots of counter-revolution12–16

view of French Revolution 14

Malon, Benoıt 465

Malthus, Thomas 445

Essay on the Principle of Population 663, 685, 756

maninfinitude of 66

as naturally good 34

Manchester Free Trade School 546

Marat, Jean-Paul 213, 237

Marcet, Jane, Conversations series of books 755,774

Marheineke, Phillip 142

Mariana, De Rege et Regis Institutione 237

Mariano, Rafaele 547

Marinetti, F. T. 922

Futurist Manifesto 922

marketabolition of (Marx) 589

reform 453

state regulation 126

marriageBonald’s view of 24

Maistre’s view of 22

Mill’s view of 327n6, 334

‘moral’ 329

Owen’s view of 326

Victorian 325

Wollstonecraft on 324, 325

Marsden, Dora 347

Marshall, Alfred 178, 743, 749

on popular science 775

Principles of Economics 771–2

Martin, Louis Aime, De l’education des Meres deFamille . . . 336

Martineau, Harriet 189, 895

on Darwin 689

popular science books 775

1120


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Index

Martinists, Russia 811

Marx, Eleanor, and Edward AvelingGrundrisse 593

‘The Woman Question’ 343

Marx, Karl 142, 216, 556, 564–5, 968

and Bakunin 463–4

and Beesly 191

and Blanqui 227

Capital 578, 588–90, 594–7, 830, 869

The Civil War in France 582, 584

and class struggle 523, 576, 580

The Class Struggles in France 1848–1850 581

Critique of the Gotha Programme 578, 584

critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right 125, 568,570, 585

critique of political economy 571–2, 585–90

Critique of Political Economy 577

critique of the state 579–85

on Declaration of the Rights of Man 570

‘Draft Plan’ 579

early view of state 565, 570

Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844572

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 581,583

and empire 868–9

and evolutionary theory 659, 659n10

and First International 462, 464, 466, 548, 584

The German Ideology 576, 577, 579, 776

on historical method 761

and history 167, 168, 572

on India 868, 874

interest in pre-history 593, 597–8

and Jewish question 569

labour as aesthetic act 505

labour theory of value 743

later theory 592–8

move from republicanism to communism570–5

and nationalism 85

‘negative community’ 577

and permanent revolution 581

The Poverty of Philosophy 587

and private property 568, 570

and Roman law 904

and Russian village communes 594, 595–7

and social revolution 570, 578

and terrorism 238–9

theoretical problems 594–5

theory of advent of communism 575–9, 894

view of law 148, 168, 904

view of Paris Commune 215, 584

view of religion 568–9, 571n13

working-class rule 585

Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels 780

Die Deutsche Ideologie 145

and Fourierism 536

The Holy Family 341

Manifesto of the Communist Party 524, 556, 576,578, 894

and civilisation 868

and critique of state 579

economic prospects 778

and revolution 799

Paris Manuscripts 341

predictions of revolution 580, 591

on ‘True Socialists’ 544

Marxismanalysis of capitalism 800

and anarchism 437

appropriated by non-European countries 852

Bernstein’s critique 807

and Darwinism 679

degeneration of 550

Engels and 590

and Erfurt programme 805

Kautsky’s interpretation 800–2, 805


relations with socialism 522–3

and revolution 798–9

Russian legal 832, 833

and state 791, 792–3, 804, 810

value theory 552, 587, 587n37, 599, 743

and women 341–4

Marxist socialism 547

see also non-Marxist socialismmass movements

fear of 686–7, 718

labour 574

mass politics 741

and crowd hysteria 687, 717, 925

emergence of 691, 718

and moral health of electorate 742

Masterman, Charles 924

materialismColeridge’s view of 43

Darwin and 681, 684

effect on morality 43

Lange and 668–9, 689

philosophical 41, 43

Maurer, G. L. 595

Maurice, Frederick 546, 634, 659

Maurras, Charles 716, 922

May, Erskine 738

Mayer, Karl 781

Mayreder, Rosa 347

Mazzini, Giuseppe 78, 86, 86n16, 87, 466, 968

on Carlyle 82n9

influence of 208, 415, 845

as nationalist insurgent 228, 239

1121


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Index

McCloskey, Robert 404

McCulloch v Maryland (1819) (USA) 386

McDonald, Ramsay 807

McKinley, William, US President 247, 250

McLennan, J. F. 167

McWilliams, Wilson Carey 377

Mella, Ricardo 467, 968

mendominance of 342

and masculinity 321n3, 333

Mendel, Gregor 665

Mendelssohn, Moses 485, 501

and reflection 499

Menger, Carl, economist 751, 766, 773, 774

Grundsatze der Volkswirthschaftslehre 765,766

on self-interest 777

Le Mercure de France (journal) 12, 13, 14

Mericourt, Theroigne de 322

metaphysicsBonald’s criticism of 32

Comte’s rejection of 185, 194

in Hegel 111, 129, 140, 143

and Hegel’s theory of law 137

James Mill 286, 287

of pessimism (Schopenhauer) 508

speculative 42

Metternich, Prince Klemens von 27, 415

Mexico 219, 844

anarchism 468

natural rights theories 847

Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) 469

political violence 247

Rebellion (1911–15) 847

Meyer, Rudolf 795

Meyers, Marvin 390

Michelet, Jules 154, 454, 640, 969

on French nation 103, 699

on French Revolution 152

and history 155, 157

on nation 79

Michelet, Karl 142

Michels, Roberto 717

Middle Agesidealised 704

origin of ideals of Revolution 114

papacy in 17

peasant rebellions 522

romantic view of 41, 46, 57, 156, 607

middle classes 4

and conservatism 696, 697

in France 364

and German liberalism 409

as political public 740

see also bourgeoisie

Mikhailovskii, Nikolai Konstantinovich 596n53,822, 969

critique of capitalism 822

What is Progress? 821

Mill, James 277, 297, 880

Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind288

and Bentham’s work on evidence 264

A Fragment on Mackintosh 274, 296

Government 280, 283, 299, 300, 332

History of India 754, 777, 883

and philosophical radicalism 276

on women’s political rights 332, 334

work with Bentham 273–6, 754

work on logic based on Bentham 270

Mill, John Stuart 164, 295–6, 930

act and rule utilitarianism 312–14

and Adam Smith 759

and assimilation 84, 103

Autobiography 279, 282, 289, 297, 302, 662,721

and Benthamcomparison with Coleridge 286–94, 298

IPML 263

philosophy 270, 774

preference for James Mill over 280–7

rejection of Bentham’s political radicalism259, 279, 283–6

work on Bentham’s logic 270

work on law 282–3

biography 281, 299, 969

on civilisation 84–5, 308–10

‘Civilisation’ (essay) 308, 309

and classicism 903

and Coleridge 299

and Comte 185, 186, 189, 195

conservatism of 701–2

Considerations on Representative Government 296,307, 701, 725, 884, 885

Dissertations and Discussions 316

as editor of London and Westminster Review 276,277, 279, 286

education 296–8


employment 298, 301

Examination of William Hamilton’s Philosophy272, 296, 317

and feminism 316–17, 318, 337, 742

and George Bentham 271–2

global influence of 844, 846


and Harriet Taylor 301–2, 327n6

and human nature 758

intellectual context 296–9

Logic 295, 296, 300

1122


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Index

as logician 272

on Macaulay 300

on nationality 83, 699

On Liberty 292, 296, 298, 301, 302–7, 309,701, 702, 724, 882

and paternalism 315–16

philosophical radicalism 257, 259, 277, 281

on political economy 749

on political public 740

on political violence 249

Principles of Political Economy 296, 759

Rationale of Judicial Evidence 264–6, 271, 297

relations with father 280, 295

on settler colonies 884–6

and socialism 526

and society 914

‘Spirit of the Age’ 845

and state action 733, 910

Stephen’s criticisms of 702–3

The Subjection of Women 316, 334–6, 725,894

A System of Logic . . . 265, 272, 296, 882

Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform 701

and Traites (Bentham/Dumont) 259

and unpopular causes 317

Utilitarianism 257, 296, 297, 306, 307, 313

and utility 296, 306–7

value theory 305–6

and Victorian liberalism 721

view of liberty 192, 300, 307, 724–8

and Westminster Review 271

millenarianismand rebellions 220, 234

and Saint-Simonians 330


Milton, John 47

The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 237

minority opinion, Morris on 550

minority rightsin America 408

and pro-slavery argument 396, 711

Miquel, Johannes von 428, 969

Miranda, Francisco de 219

Mirbeau, Octave 436

Mises, Ludwig von 766

missionaries, and education in Africa 858

Mitchel, John 211, 242

Mittermaier, C. J. A. 161

Mivart, St George Jackson 659–61

The Genesis of Species 661

modernity 922

appeal of in colonies 838

and autonomy 502–8

as culture of oppositions 492, 502

disillusionment with 508, 931

and free and infinite personality 482

and futurology 922

harmony and diremption in 482–4

and ‘historic’ nationality 86

and historical knowledgeand mechanism 501

and revolution 200

and romanticism 64–76

Mohl, Robert von 161, 413, 970

Molesworth, Sir William 206, 277, 970

monarchactual powers of (Hegel) 130

as embodiment of sovereign public will349

Fenelon’s ideal king 37

as focus of collective consciousness 55

powers of in constitutional monarchy (Hegel)128, 129–30

symbolic role for 72, 130

monarchiens (French) 350, 354

monarchyabsolute 17, 18, 128, 130, 350, 812

constitutional (Hegel) 127–8

English model 20, 207

French 13, 71, 349

and general will 34

German view of 57

hereditary 130

for newly independent nations 88, 202,203

non-European ideologies 841, 843, 853

Novalis on 55

representative 71–2, 74

Schleiermacher on 55

see also monarchmoney, political economy and 769

Montalembert, Charles Rene Forbes, Comte de360, 630, 970

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de 11,30

on form of government 20, 128

and French constitution 352–4

on law and history 150, 166

L’Esprit des Lois 353

Monthly Repository (journal) 277

Monumenta Germaniae Historica 158

Moore, J. Barrington 712

moral laws 439, 450

moral obligationGeorge Eliot’s concept 190

and interference to promote good (Mill)315–16

and law 314

moral philosophy, Bentham 262, 284, 285

moral sciences 295

1123


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Index

moral theory, Eclectic 180, 180n5, 192

moralityin anarchist theory 435, 452, 472

Christian 730

in civil society 125

of laws (Hegel) 136

and liberalism 734

and politics 113

religion and 629, 694

role of state 43, 47, 53, 910

social (Proudhon) 456–7

in socialist theories 547

universal principles 136

see also ‘good life’More, Sir Thomas 522

Morel, Dr Benedict-Augustin 676

Morelly, Code de la Nature 522

Moreno, Gabriel, president of Ecuador 247

Morgan, Lewis HenryAncient Society 342

influence on Marx 597, 869

Morley, John 189, 702, 727

Morozov, Nikolai 241

Morris, William 469, 519, 520, 807, 970

News from Nowhere 519, 550

and socialism 526, 550–1

Moser, Justus 24, 27, 119


Patriotic Fantasies 29

Moses, Claire 330

Moskovskie Vedomosti journal 825

Most, Johann 970

Freiheit 245

motivation, Bentham on 270, 284

Mott, Lucretia 327, 336

Moufang, Christoph 546

Mounier, Jean-Joseph 14, 350

Mudie, George 532

Muhlenbruch, C. F., Doctrina Pandectarum 147

Muller, Adam Heinrich 30, 752, 971

critique of capitalism 58

Elemente der Staatskunst 124

‘idea of law’ 54

on rationalism 52

role of estates 58

on the state 54–5

on the state of nature 33

Mullick, Rasik Krishna 855

Muraviev, Nikita 814

music 508, 510

mutual aid, Kropotkin and 472

mysticism, in Russia 811, 813

Nabuco, Joaquin 844

Nakae Chomin 850

Naoroji, Dadabhai 856

Napoleon III, Orsini’s assassination attempt 239,249

Napoleonic Code 147, 151, 152–5, 157

Bentham and 267

as expression of sovereign will 153

and general will 151, 166

interpretation forbidden 153

lack of women’s rights 327, 330

and legal continuities 154

Savigny’s criticism of 151, 159

Narodnaya Volya, Russian terrorist group 240,250

Nashoba, Tennessee 327

Nasr-ed-Din, Shah of Persia 247

national character 686

and non-European countries 850–2

national historiesconstruction of 93–4

sources for 89n18, 94

national identityAmerican 381

emotional affect 108

French 193

and religious universality (Ranke) 642, 644,647

national movements 97n30, 917

as anti-colonial 252

and self-determination 109

stages of 97

subordinate 99

underground 224

for unification 100

see also anti-imperial movements; nationalismNational Republican League 209

National Review (journal) 340

nationalismand anti-Semitism 102, 714

Balkan 99n35, 825, 827

civic and ethnic 95

as conservative force 698, 714–15

diaspora 96n29

elite 80

French 78, 80, 106

German tradition 29, 714

and imperialism 100, 203

Jewish 95–6, 96n29

Polish 98

and race 102–6

and revolution 200

Russian 826

Slav 78, 86, 98n34, 714, 814

and state control 699

and tradition 100–2

see also national movements

1124


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Index

Nationalism movement 554

nationality 77–8, 100

and cross-border immigration 105

discourse of ‘historic’ 86–8

as dominant norm 106–8

as fact and value 77, 108

idea before 1800 78–9

impact of French Revolution on 80–2

and language 89–91

political discourse 108

and political privilege 92

as political programme 97–100

principles (defined) 77, 79

and religion 91–2

and statehood 99

nations and nation statesas civilised 79–80

and ethnicity 88–97, 103

in Europe 106, 363

as historic 83–6, 92

new 909

‘non-historic’ 85, 88

and non-national organisation 107

and political economy 750–1

as territorial monarchies 78

and territory 109

natural law 1

Aristotle 138

Hegel and 133, 135

Hodgskin and 449–50

and individual rights 34

just regulation in 67

and Philosophical School 150

and rational law (Schlegel) 53

natural order 480

harmony in 449, 481

socialists’ belief in 524

natural right(s) 33, 52

American republic 378

and anti-slavery movement 394

and German liberalism 413

Jefferson and 387

social science and 172, 173

natural selectiontheory of 657

Wallace and 685

see also Darwinism; evolutionary theory; SocialDarwinism

‘natural society’ 522

naturechange in 653

debates on 661–4

historical development of 652

religious view of 650

Schlegel and 497

and subjectivity 487

waste in 668

Wordsworth and 487–8

see also evolutionary theoryNaumann, Friedrich 429, 430

Nechayev, Sergey, nihilist 232, 241

and Bakunin 462, 465

Nekrasov, Nikolai, Sovremennik 819

neo-classicism 480, 481n1, 486

and Enlightenment 487

neo-Darwinism 105n44

Netherlands 220, 549

Nettlau, Max 468

Neue Rheinische Zeitung, newspaper, Marx aseditor 580

Neville (Nevile), Henry 47

New Christianity 540, 562–3

New Liberalism (Britain) 207

and socialism 527

New Zealandfranchise 849

Maori resistance 221

socialism 552–3

Newman, John Henry, Cardinal 632, 635, 703,971

Apologia Pro Vita Sua 703

Newport Uprising (1839) 234

Nicholas I, Tsar 814–18, 825

Niebuhr, Barthold Georg 158, 577, 775, 971

Niebuhr, Reinhold 377

Nietzsche, Friedrich 216, 347, 515–18, 774, 971

The Birth of Tragedy 517, 671

and Christianity 516, 517

classicism 517

and Darwinism 669–72

doctrine of eternal recurrence 515

The Gay Science 670

The Genealogy of Morals 670

Human, All too Human 671

influence of 518

Late Notebooks 671

and Plato 516, 517

rejection of rationalism 930

and science 668

and Spinoza 515

Thus Spake Zarathustra 347

and Wagner 512

will to power 670, 671

Nieuwenhuis, Domela 549

Nightingale, Florence 775

nihilism 231

Nietzche and 516

Russia 820

see also Nechayev, SergeyNinrichs, Hermann 142

1125


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Index

Nisbet, Robert 25, 34

Nitti, Francesco 547

non-European countriesadaptation of political ideas in 905–6,

916

cultural protectionism 846, 847–50

European political thought in 835–9


and national character 850–2

righteous republics 840–3

see also Africa; China; India; Japan; LatinAmerica; United States of America

non-Marxist socialismcommunitarian 536

later 549–52

and nation state 542

political and ‘anti-political’ 521–4, 554–5

and religion 545–7

see also Christian Socialism; Fourier; Owen;Saint-Simon

normsHegel’s sources of normativity 137, 139

objective status of 137

Norse sagas 904

North German Confederation 796

Norton, Caroline 337

Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg) 506, 972

on accident 500


on Enlightenment 52

on monarchy 55

and pietism 499

on state 53

noveltyand defence of history 29

of French Revolution 10, 28, 354

Noyes, John Humphrey, Oneida community(USA) 553

Oakeshott, Michael 695

objectivity 480

and being 499

O’Brien, James Bronterre 207, 250, 525

biography 972

O’Brien, William Smith 242

occasionalismNietzsche 515

subjective 499–500

O’Connell, Daniel 210, 691, 972

Repeal Association 242

O’Connor, Arthur 233

O’Connor, Feargus 207

‘Land Plan’ 206

Offen, Karen 322, 337

Ogarev, Nikolai 818

Ogden, C. K., Bentham’s Theory of Fictions 271,273

O’Higgins, Bernardo 219

Old Regime (ancien regime), continuities with149, 154

Olivier, Sydney 551

O’Mahony, John 242

Orsini, Felice, assassin 239, 249, 251

Orthodox Church 828

communitarianism 815

Orwell, George (Eric Blair) 552

Otto-Peters, Louise 345, 793

Ottoman Empire 107

and Aristotle 842

liberalism 844

and national movements 99

parliaments 850


overpopulationanxieties about 3

see also Malthus, ThomasOwen, Richard 661n13

Owen, Robert 325–7, 329, 529–31, 972

A New View of Society 325, 529

The Book of the New Moral World 530

economic ideas 525

Owenismsecularism of 547

and trade unionism 549

Owenite communities 531–2

New Harmony 327, 530

women in 326

Oxford Movement 632n11, 631–3, 703

Ozanam, Frederic 630

Paepe, Cesar de 437

Paine, Thomas 160

Rights of Man 204, 207, 210, 232

view of republicanism 204n3, 212–14

Palacky, Frantisek 98n32, 972

Czech historian 90, 93

Paley, Revd William 902n4, 973

Natural Theology . . . 662, 663

Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy 902

Palgrave, Francis 165

Palgrave, R. H. I., Dictionary of Political Economy750, 764

Palm d’Aelders, Etta 322

Palmerston, Viscount, Marx on 583

pan-Africanism 858, 861

and European liberal ideologies 837

pan-Slavism, Russia 814, 825–6

papacydoctrine of immaculate conception (1854) 714

doctrine of papal infallibility (1871) 714

1126


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Index


Maistre’s defence of 17, 615–16

and nationalisms 92

Rerum Novarum encyclical (1891) 926

territorial power of 908

Vatican Council (1870) 616

see also Catholic Church; Leo XIII; Pius IXPapineau, Louis 221

Paris Commune (1792) 212

Paris Commune (1871) 214–15

English reaction to 209

German socialists and 791

Marx and 215, 584

and mass disorder 686, 687

and socialists 548

Parkes, Bessie 775

Parliamentrole of 48

Saint-Simon’s 537, 539

Parnell, Charles Stewart 210, 243

National Land League 243

particularity (Hegel) 482, 483, 559

passionate attraction, Fourier’s ‘laws’ of 328, 532,533, 535n3

passions, of Romantic subject 611

Pater, Walter 512

paternalismauthoritarian socialism 521, 530

Mill’s view 315–16

of slave-owners 709, 710

of state 46

patriarchal theory 53, 56

role of monarch 56

‘patrimonial state’ (Haller) 33

patriotismnational appeals to 78

republicanism 203

pauperismas social threat 181–2

see also povertyPearse, Patrick 211

Pearson, KarlThe Ethics of Freethought 666

The Grammar of Science 666

The New Werther 666

peasants, unrepresented in Hegel’s EstatesAssembly 133

Peel, J. D. Y. 862

Peel, Sir Robert 68, 703, 705

Pengelly, William 656

Penitentiary Act (1779) 266

Pennell, Elisabeth Robins 920n15

pensions, retirement 745

people, theviewed as rabble 31

see also mass politicsPeople’s Party (USA), Omaha Platform 405

People’s Will Party, Russia 823, 827, 831

permanence and progression (Coleridge) 48

personalityand feminism 347

Hegel’s definition 503

Peru, natural rights theories 847

pessimism, fin-de-siecle trend 922

Pestel, Colonel Pavel 230

Russian Justice 814

Peter the Great, of Russia 816

Pfeiffer, Emily 345

Philippines 873, 889

philistinism 707

Phillips, Wendell 394

philosophes (and philosophism) 11, 13, 18

intolerance of 70

philosophic radicalism 276–81

use of term 276

philosophic radicalsas group 276–7

Mill and 278–9, 299

Philosophical School, of legal theory 150–2, 159

Phoenix Park murders (1882) 244

Phule, Jyoti Rao 846

Physiocrats 176

physiology, human 174

and individual identity 515

pietism 499, 507

Pisacane, Carlo 466

Pisarev, Dmitrii 231

Russkoe Slovo 820

Pius VII, Pope, Concordat with Napoleon 35

Pius IX, Popedenunciation of liberalism 713

Munich Brief (1863) 660

Syllabus of Errors (1864) 635, 660, 714

Platocontinuing influence of 904

J. S. Mill and 297

The Laws 900

Republic 522, 900

Symposium 485, 503

Playfair, William 752

Plehve, Count V. 249

Plekhanov, Georgii Valentinovich 241, 830–1,832, 973

and Darwinism 679

One the Question . . . of the Monist View ofHistory 831

Our Differences 831

and Russian Marxism 593

Socialism and Political Struggle 831

pluralism 899, 908

1127


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Index

plutocracy, in America 403

Pnin, Ivan, An Essay on Enlightenment ConcerningRussia 811

Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 827

Pocock, J. G. A. 835, 836, 840

Podmore, Frank 551

Poe, Edgar Allan 500

poetry, role of 52, 63, 70

Pogodin, Mikhail 825

Poincare, Henri 767

Poland1830–31 rising 101

1863 rising 99, 101, 825

Kingdom of 812

Templars group 224

police powers, limits on 72

Polish nationalism 98

Polish nobility 83, 86

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 85

political economy 2, 174–8, 748–79

adoption in non-European countries 749, 763,777, 848–9

anarchists’ 448, 449, 452

definitions 748–9

Doctrinaire liberalism 179–80

dominance of 767–72, 778–9

and economic science 751, 753–60, 766–7

in Englandin France 169, 176–7, 184, 198

in Germany 761–2

and Hegel’s civil society 124

historicist counter-revolution 751, 760–4

marginal revolution (1870–80s) 749, 751, 767,773

Marx’s critique of 571–2, 585–90

Marxism and 549

moral implications of 757–8

national states 750–1

and progress 778

psychological movement 749, 767

and race 770–2

and rationality 903

relationship to ‘high’ science 749, 774

relationship to politics 772–9

rise of 169

and role of state 733, 923–4

of socialism 528

and statistics 763–4, 775

political partiesAmerica 381, 407, 738

Germany 419, 420

liberal debate on 736, 738

political radicalism, J. S. Mill and 289, 290–1

political science 295, 899

political theorists

of nationalism 78

scholarly editions and interpretations 5

political theoryabstract 902

as academic discipline 918–19

contradictions within 900–2, 911, 928

and ‘-isms’ 775–6

methodological debate 902

and new questions 897–8, 899, 906–9

revival of 722

political thoughtadaptations in non-European countries 905–6

boundaries of 1

diversity of ideas 897

global influence of European 835–9

‘hermeneutic turn’ 836–7, 863

hybridisation 838, 862

influence of sociology on 924–6

lack of master narrative 895–6

localised themes 917

nationalistic turn 917–19

perspective from 1900 893–8

popular interest in 898–9

scale 2

political violence 247–8, 249

politicsand abstract economics 756

anarchist view of 434

geographical expansion of interest in 2

juridical framework 1

nationalisation of 101–2

organicist approach 735–6, 903

positivist view of 196

‘science’ of 722

as science of production (Saint-Simon) 539

socialist view of 523

and society 22

and sociology 916

polygenesis 675

Popper, Karl 117

Popugaev, Vasilii, On the Firmness of Constitutionand Laws 811

popular consent (Ballanche) 37

popular politics, and conservative policies onnationalism 101

popular resistanceinfluence of European ideas on 835

and nationality 80

popular sovereignty 910

as chimerical 31

counter-revolutionary attack on 30–2

in former colonies 219

Lamartine’s 73–5

Littre’s view of 196

Mallet du Pan’s opposition to 13

1128


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Index

and revolution 200

see also general willpopulation

anxiety about 3

and economic growth 448

and natural selection 663n17, 663–4

women and 340

see also Malthus, Thomaspopulism

in America 404–6

Marx and 596

Populists, Russian 593

Portalis, Jean Etienne, Comte 151, 152, 154, 973

Portugal 33, 220, 266

Posen, Grand Duchy of 98

positive laws 13, 33, 163, 164

positivismevolutionary 895

and society 915

use of term 171n1

see also Bentham, Jeremypositivism, Comtean 185–6, 187–8, 538, 851

and British imperialism 886n19

in England 188–92, 894

‘order and progress’ 196

Pothier, R. J. 154

povertyas economic problem 745

in France 521, 562

and industrialisation 181, 599

and liberal theory 731

Owen’s view of 529

research into 743

sociology of 924

power(s)Bonald’s tripartite conception of 25

Constant’s concept of 357, 358

differentials of 837

divine origins (Maistre and Bonald) 20,21

division of, in Hegel’s constitution 129

and injustice 511

of monarch 128, 129–30

role of 784

source of 350, 351

see also separation of powerspractice

Mill’s interest in 298

and theory (Hegel) 113, 115, 145

pragmatism, in American theory 402

pressgrowth of 2

and public opinion 740

writing on economics 749, 755

press freedom, Chateaubriand 72

Prevost-Paradol, Anatole 360

La France Nouvelle 373

Price, Richard 324

Priestley, Joseph 443

Prim, Juan, assassination 247

primitive communities 522, 523

Marx and 577, 593, 597–8

Pringle-Pattison, A. S. 270

The Private and Public Life of Animals (children’sstories) 759

probability theory, in Condorcet 172

procedure, Constant’s concept of 358, 359

productionin capitalism 576, 578

Marx’s concept of 576

Tracy’s laws of 176, 177

productivity, and property 574

profit, Marx’s theory of 588, 593n47

progressanarchists’ belief in 438

and evolutionary theory 658–9, 771

idea of 2

and individualism 725

Jefferson’s view of 383


and Russian populism 821

and scientific methodology 537

social 37

towards civilisation 778, 779, 883

and tradition 693

Progressive movement, America 406, 407–8

Progressive Party, Prussia 422, 424

proletariatdictatorship of 803, 808

Marx’s view of 571, 574

‘propaganda by the deed’, theory of 245,440–1

propertyand commerce 599

definitions of 907

ecclesiastical 50

as franchise qualification 359

Hodgskin’s natural and artificial 449

and labour 449, 457–8, 473

landed 49

Locke’s theory 398, 401

Marx’s view 568, 570, 573, 807

origins of 577

presupposed in political economy 572

and productivity 574

as theft (Proudhon) 457

property rights 125

in colonies 872

Doctrinaire liberals and 179

individualised 79, 80

1129


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Index

protectionismcultural 846, 847–50

as economic doctrine 756

Protestantismand civil society 560

as developed form of Christianity 611

in Germany 563, 608

and individualism 567

Maistre’s and Bonald’s views of 20

political ideas within 901

and reform movements 631

and religious crisis 191, 193

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 154, 433

and 1848 Revolution 459–60

on association 436, 457, 458, 458n22

biography 454, 973

De la Creation de l’Ordre dans l’Humanite455

De la Justice 454

and education 439, 458

immanent justice 435, 456

influence on socialism 526, 527

labour and property 457–8

mutualism 441, 459

mutualist anarchism 454–60

and political economy 169, 761

Qu’est-ce que la Propriete? (What is Property?)331, 456, 457, 526, 568


and science 455

and science of politics 437

social morality 456–7

Solution to the Social Problem 459

Systeme des Contradictions Economiques 457n21

view of law 148, 154, 168

on violent revolution 252

welfare reform 912


Proudhonists, and First International 548

providenceBallanche on 37

Maistre and Bonald’s view of 18

Prussia 57, 414, 421

and 1830 Revolution in France 562

1848 constitution 418, 420

‘Christian-German’ reform party 640

Conservatives 428

demand for assembly 413, 415

Evangelican State Church reform635–8

and German unification 414, 421

Hegel’s connections in 118

and liberal reforms 421–3, 912

modernisation of bureaucracy 410, 414

movement for Catholic renewal 631

National Liberals 428

and North German Federation 422

and Polish nationalism 98

Progressive Party 422, 424

Reform Movement 118, 128, 140, 144, 560,561n3

Reformed Protestant church 608

see also Bismarck, Otto von; GermanyPrussian Restoration, Hegel and 117

Pryme, George 748

psychic phenomena, interest in 687–8, 689

psychoanalysis 688

psychology 185

group 717, 718

social 717

and social science 172

public opinion 899

Germany 411, 412

in Hazlitt 61

and labour question 744


location of 740

power of (Mill) 304–5, 318

role of 358

Puchta, G. F. 161, 974

Puerto Rico 219

Pufendorf, Samuel von 150, 577

punishmentand moral obligation 314

state’s role in 303

Puritanism, influence on American politicalthought 376

Pusey, John 632

Putter, J. S. 158

Quarck, Max 796

Quarterly Review 62, 299

race18th-century view of 715

biological 103, 105

as civilisation 104

and class 103

and classification 105n47

and culture of ‘Negro’ race 860

distinctions 102

and nationalism 102–6

political economy and 770–2

in political thought 908

as type 102, 103n39

racial anthropology 672–4, 675–6

and conservatism 715–16

see also social Darwinismracism

in America 408

1130


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Index

and conservatism of American South 712

and slavery 402

radical democracy 14, 128

radical reformism, of romantics 40

radical republicanism 204


radicalism 203–4

and British constitution 736

and collectivism 528

France 211

Germany 216–17

Great Britain 204–7

and imperialism 879

Ireland 210

middle class 206

plebeian 205

and property 732

right-wing association 216, 252

and role of state 731

United States 217

see also philosophic radicalismradicals

of French left, and political economy184

Mill’s distinctionsand principle of nationality 79

Radishchev, Alexander, A Journey from StPetersburg to Moscow 229

Rahel, Varnhagen 753

Ramakrishna movement 856, 858

Ranade, Mahadev Govind 748, 763

Randolph, John, of Roanoke 710

Ranke, Leopold von 94n24, 168

on church and state 640–8

German History During the Age of theReformation 641, 642, 646

The History of the Popes 641, 642

rejection of Hegelianism 645

Ransom, John Crowe 718

Rathbone, Eleanor 342n13

rational assent 122

rational dissent 442

rational law 53

and bureaucracy 122

rationalism 52, 139

in Hegel 133, 134–5, 483, 502–4

reaction against 929–33

ultra-rationalist developments 930,932

see also irrationalism; reasonrationality

anarchists’s belief in 433–7, 442–7


of women 319, 324, 335

see also reason

Ravachol (Francois Claudius Koenigstein),anarchist 440

Razin, Stenka 241

reasonand Christianity 70

and commerce 598

and conscience 119

crisis of 3

embodiment of (Hegel) 137

and feeling 42

in history (Hegel) 112–18, 135n35, 145

incompatible with freedom 571

inherent in human cultures 625

Kant’s practical 509

and limitations of humankind 693, 931

political 159

role in politics 114

romanticism and 39

and science 437–9, 685–6

sufficient 508

in telos of nation 137

and ‘understanding’ (Coleridge) 43,47

and will 135

see also rationalism; rationalityReclus, Elisee, anarchism 248, 436, 974

and education 439

and Jura Federation 436

and Kropotkin 471, 474

and progress 439

and ‘propaganda by the deed’ 441

and science 438

Red Republican (journal) 207

referenda, proposed use, in Britain 742

reflection (reflexivity) 482, 483n4, 484, 485n8

concept of 484

Schlegel and 499

reformBentham’s proposals for legal 267

British debates on 730–1

French Catholic social 180–3

German social 430, 796, 806

gradual (Hegel) 113, 116

and revolution 201

social 529

see also radicalism; republicanismReform Act (1832) (Britain) 736

Reform Act (1867) (Britain) 584, 737

Reform Act (1884) (Britain) 209, 721, 741

Reformation, German 642–4

Rehberg, August-Guillaume 28, 31, 119, 160,974


on social contract 32

Reid, Thomas 288, 289

1131


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Index

Reihl, Wilhelm 102n36

religionin America 369

and anarchism 439

Chicago World Parliament of Religions (1893)857

and class 91

as communal bond 538, 540, 546

and crisis of faith 188, 192, 193

crisis in Victorian England 190

eastern influences 839

and education 734

Fourier’s 533

French romantics’ use of 71

and Hegel’s philosophy 141

importance in counter-revolutionary thought16, 17–19

to impose moral restraint 629, 694

and liberation movements 841

Maistre’s 17, 18

Marx’s view of 568–9, 571n13

and nationality 91–2

and natural theology 662

and non-Marxist socialism 545–7

and political thought 902

Proudhon and 454–5


Russian mysticism 811

Saint-Simon’s 538, 540, 624

Saint-Simonian 541, 628

and science 649–90

and self-consciousness 507

of subordinate groups 90, 91

and supra-national church elites 92

see also Catholic Church; church; Church ofEngland; Protestantism

religion of humanity (Comte) 189

religious experienceand Absolute (Hegel) 622

and ‘human essence’ 637

romantic ‘restoration’ of 607–8

religious faith, and spontaneity 498

religious libertyConstant and 358

matter of conscience 74

religious life, as community 609

religious obedience, Ranke’s concept of642

Remond, Sarah 775

Remusat, Charles Francois Marie, Comte de361, 366, 974

Renaissance 904

Renan, Ernest 193

representationGerman assemblies 410, 412

Hazlitt’s democratic 62

in Hegel’s constitutional monarchy 131

politics of (Constant) 359

right of individual to 120

representative governmentFrance 350

German view of 57

Guizot’s view of 363, 364–5

James Mill’s view 300

J. S. Mill and 307


Littre’s view 196

Royer-Collard’s view 362

Republican (journal) 207

republicanism 202–3, 252

17th-century English 208

American 203, 207, 217–18, 377

changes in meaning 900

civic humanist, in America 376, 381

Coleridge’s 48

definitions 204n3, 900

and English monarchy 209

European 202–3

of Fourier’s Phalanx 535

France 212–14

German radical liberals and 417, 418

German socialism 804

Germany 217

Godwin and 444

Great Britain 204–5, 207–10

Ireland 210–11

in Latin America 219

and monarchy 202, 203, 204

Proudhon 456

and Romanticism 497

Schiller’s 492–3

and socialism 208

typology 204–5

of Volksstaat 790, 804

and ‘woman question’ 323

Young Hegelian 565

see also civic republicanismla Republique, French ideal of 195, 196

revolutionand aesthetics 486–9

and anarchism 440

Bebel’s passive concept of 800

as continuing process 201

definitions 149, 200

German socialist view of Marxist 798–9

ideal of 200–2

Kropotkin’s view of 474–5

Marx’s ‘permanent’ 581

and rejection of legal history 168

social 570, 578

1132


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Index

and society 22

and use of violence 250

see also insurrection; terrorism‘Revolutionary Catechism’ group (Russia) 232

revolutionary conspiracies, and secret societies223–32

Revolutions of 1848–49 97, 208, 917

conservative reactions to 691, 695–9

and German socialism 781

and Germany 418–20

influence of 223

and Ireland 211

and Marx’s prediction of revolution 580

nature of 696

and non-Marxist socialism 544–5

Paris 459

and Russia 230

weakness of 696

Reynolds, Joshua 481, 513

Rheinische Zeitung, newspaper, Marx as editor564, 565, 568

Ribot, Theodule 180n6, 515

Ricardo, David 755, 768, 774, 912

and Adam Smith 751


Marx and 586

Principles of Political Economy and Taxation754–5

value theory 528

Rida, Rashid 850

right, Hegel’s theory of 123, 134

of objectivity 121

of subjectivity (Hegel) 119, 120

‘righteous city’, concept of 840

righteous republics, global concept of840–3

rightsin American Declaration and Constitution

379, 383, 384


of citizens 365

Constant on 356–7

differential 491

Durkheim’s view of 926

and duties (Godwin) 445

feminism and 920

human 113, 858

in Japan 841, 846

and law 33

legal, Lassalle and 784

and linguistic shifts 846

Maistre and 34

Mill’s concept of 314

of ‘non-civilised’ communities 867

and resistance movements 846

and slavery 847

Tracy’s view of 175

see also Declaration; minority rights; Paine,Thomas; property rights; women

Rights of All newspaper 860

Ritchie, David George 735, 918, 975

Darwinism and Politics 680

Ritter, Joachim 117

Rivarol, Antoine de 10, 12

Roane, Spencer, Judge 382

Robertson, William 839, 871

Robespierre, M. M. I. de 153, 213, 225

and 1793 constitution 351

and Reign of Terror 235

and religion 560

Robin, Charles 195n15

Robin Hood robber type 241

Robson, J. M. 259

Rockefeller, John D. 678

Rodbertus, Johann Karl 528, 795, 975

and social reforms 796

Rodgers, Daniel 407

Roebuck, John Arthur 277, 280, 281

Roesler, Hermann 762, 763, 773, 778

Rohrbach, Paul 429

Roman Empire 864, 874

Roman law 148, 903

German Historical School and 161

Twelve Tables (Salus populi suprema lex esto)148

Romania, churches and nationality 91

romanticism 39–41, 487

aesthetics and 495–502

and classicism 487

and expressive polarities of church and state605–16

Hegel’s rejection of 119

and Hegel’s thesis of end of art 504

and Middle Ages 41, 46, 57, 156, 607

and modernity 64–76

and national cultural identity 79, 606, 608n2


reverence for history 165, 608

Schlegel and 496

and vernacular languages 89

see also conservative romanticism; Germanromantics; radical romanticism

Rome, classical 236

model of republicanism 558–9, 900

Romilly, Sir Samuel 260, 264

Roosevelt, Franklin D. 403

Roosevelt, Theodore 406

Rosanvallon, Pierre 366

Roscher, Wilhelm 160, 760, 762, 770

Rosenkranz, Karl 142

1133


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Index

Rosenzweig, Franz, Hegel und der Staat 117

Rossa, O’Donovan 243

Rossi, Pellegrino 168, 169, 975

Rossmassler, Dr Emil 782

Rotteck, Karl von 413, 975

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 11, 487, 522

Emile 23, 324

general will 34, 148

Godwin and 443

Hegel on 134

on man 34

and religion 560

on women 324

Rowntree, Seebohm 743, 745

Roy, Raja Ram Mohun 848, 854, 860, 975

Royal Commission on the Poor Laws (1909)745

royalist counter-revolutionaries, Mallet’s view of15

Royer, Clemence-Auguste 678

Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul 361–2, 366, 976

Address of the 221 362

Ruge, Arnold 142, 145, 216, 976

aesthetics 506–7

and breakup of Hegelians 564

rule of law, in German liberalism 411, 418

rule utilitarianism 312–14

and law 314

rural populationsand conservatism 697

France 212

and national values 101

Ruskin, John 519

conservatism of 705–6

‘Of Queens’ Gardens’ 337, 341

and republicanism 208, 208n5

and socialism 526, 542–3

Unto This Last 542, 547, 705, 904

on women 319, 337

Russell, Bertrand 273, 900n3, 918

Russell, Lord John 900n3

Russia 811–34, 905

agrarian reform 830

Alexander I’s reformism 811–14

anarchism 823–4

Bolshevik Revolution 472

colonial rebellions 220

Constitutional Democratic Party 833, 834

Decembrist movement 230, 522, 813

democratic radicalism 819

emancipation of the serfs (1861) 101, 230,819

Illuminati 811

imperial messianism 827

influence of Fourier in 536, 816

isolation under Nicholas I 814–18

Land and Liberty organisation 821

Legal Marxists 832, 833

liberalism 828–30, 844

Martinists 811

Marxism 830–4

mysticism in 811, 813

pan-Slavism 825–6

peasant communes 594, 817, 821, 822

People’s Will party 823, 827, 831

pogroms against Jews 105

and Poland 825

Populism 596, 821–3, 830–4

radical Chaikovskii Circle 471

reactions to reform period 825–8

reform period 818–21

religious schism with Roman church 815

repression 236

revolutionary Marxism 833

Romanov Empire 107

Russianisation policies 107

secret revolutionary organisations 229–32

and Slav nationalism 86, 714, 814

Slavophiles 815, 817, 819

Social Darwinism 679

Social Democrats 832, 833, 834

socialism in 522

Socialist Revolutionaries 833


terrorism in 238, 239–42, 249

Westernisers 816–17

women in 341n12

Russian Enlighteners 819

Russkii Vestnik journal 825

Russkoe Slovo journal 820

Russo-Turkish war (1877) 597

Russworm, John Brown 860, 976

Ryleev, Konstantin 814

sacrifice, Maistre and Bonald’s view of 18

Sadik Rifat Pasha 844

St Beuve, Charles Augustin 192

Saint Domingue, rebellion 220, 859

St Louis conference (1904) 919

Saint-Etienne, Rabaut 351

Saint-Martin, mystic 812

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comtede 537–42, 976

Catechisme des Industriels 540, 761

centralisation of economy 540, 554

on church and state 617, 627–8, 639

Comte and 185, 187, 538, 540

Le Politique 539

Letters from an Inhabitant of Geneva 537

L’Industrie 538

1134


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Index

L’Organisateur 539

Nouveau Christianisme 540, 628

proposed parliaments 537, 539

and religion 538, 540, 624

Reorganisation of European Society 537

socialism 38, 541

Systeme Industriel 540

view of society 538, 915

and women’s emancipation 329

Saint-Simonians 541–2, 628

The Doctrine of Saint-Simon 541, 562, 562n4,568, 585

and New Christianity 540, 562n4, 562–3

and social democracy 549

and women 329–30, 337, 541

Samarin, Iurii 815, 819

Samuel, Herbert 884

Samurai, Wells’s voluntary leaders 551

San Martin, Jose de 219

Sand, George 895

Sand, Karl Ludwig 237

Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar 857

Savigny, Karl Friedrich von 158, 161, 577, 784,977

German legal history 159–60

Hegel and 118, 160

The Vocation of our Age for Legislation andJurisprudence 151

Say, Jean-Baptiste 23, 176, 977

Catechisme d’Economie Politique 755

Cours Complet d’Economie Politique Pratique755

and economic change 441, 452

and individualistic anarchism 452

on laws 451n17

Olbie 23

and Smith 751, 753

Traite d’Economie Politique 176n3, 452

Schaffle, Albert 527n2, 795

Schaller, JuliusSchapper, Karl 229, 544

Schattsschneider, E. E. 408n33

Schelling, F. W. J. 144, 495–6, 505

absolute idealism 620


and Hegel 112

System of Transcendental Idealism 495

Schiller, Friedrich 479, 489–93, 557, 977

aesthetic education 490–1, 492–3

Aesthetic Education of Man 490, 495

and autonomy 490

concepts of freedom 493

Die Rauber 491

Don Carlos 491

Wilhelm Tell 491

Schippel, Max 796

Schlegel, A. W. 488

Schlegel, Friedrich 119, 496–7, 977


feudalisation of monarchy 59

and reflection 499

role for church 57

role of estates 58

view of history 500

view of state 53–4

Schleiermacher, Friedrich 497, 498, 978


compared with Chateaubriand 612–14

model of monarchy 55

On Religion: Speeches to its Cultural Despisers608–11

and religious faith 498, 607

Schlesinger, Arthur, The Age of Jackson 389

Schleswig-Holstein 98

Schlozer, August Ludwig von 28, 54n7

Schmitt, Carl 17

Schmoller, Gustav 547, 767, 775

Schopenhauer, Arthur 508–10, 510n27, 978

artist as genius 509

Schleiermacher and 498

Schramm, Carl August 796

Schreiner, Olive 346

Schulze, Johannes 140

Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann 788, 978

Schumpeter, Joseph 890

Schurz, Carl 217

science 839

anarchists’ belief in 438n4, 437–9, 472,475

and empire 866

and history 168, 667–8

‘intermediate’ thought 774, 775, 776

Mill and 295

as morally neutral 664

political uses of 667–9

public interest in 749, 755, 774–5

and rationality 685–6

and reason 437–9


see also knowledge; reason‘scientific socialism’ 547

Scotland, uprising (1820) 234

Second, L. A. 195n15

Second Bank of the United States 389

Second Empire (France) 197n16, 214

positivism in 192, 194

Second International Working Men’s Association(1889–1914) 322, 331, 549, 588n39

‘second nature’, doctrine of 41, 45

Secord, James 655

1135


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Index

secret societies, and revolutionary conspiracies223–32

Babeuf’s model 226

France 224–7

Germany 229

Italy 227–9

organisation 226, 243

Russia 229–32

and Taiping movement 223

secularisationBritain 901

France 197

Hegelian 560, 562, 563, 569

secularist movement 546, 547

Seeley, J. R. (Sir John) 739, 874, 884, 978

The Expansion of England 872

Segur, Vicomte 26

selfcollective 606

and finite subjectivity 605

Nietzsche’s conception of 515, 516

property and 907

and radical autonomy 605

and social being 121, 123, 621

self-consciousnessaffirmative 482

Bauer’s 507, 566

of freedom 139

and mutual recognition 123

and religion 507

self-determination, national 883

self-development, for women 332, 347

self-interestDoctrinaire liberals and 180

economists’ view of 777–8

right to pursue (Hegel) 125, 126

see also human natureself-regarding actions (Mill) 724, 725

Senior, Nassau, An Outline of the Science of PoliticalEconomy 178

sensation, Bentham’s interest in 261

sensationalist theory of mind (Tracy) 175, 186

separation of powersin American Constitution 380

Germany 413

Guizot 365

in Hegel 129

Montesquieu 353

proposed by monarchiens 350

Serrano y Oteiza, Juan, La Revista Social 467

Servants of India Society 858

sexual freedomEngels’ view of 343

and sexual pleasure 333

for women 325, 327, 328

sexualityFourier’s theories of 536

radical romantics’ cult of 60

Seyssel, Claude de, Monarchy of France 155

Shaftesbury 2nd Earl of 485

Shaw, George Bernard 546, 551

on imperialism 885

Man and Superman 688

Shelley, Percy Bysshe 978

Defence of Poetry 63

Queen Mab 62


Shklar, Judith 374, 377, 383, 390

Sidgwick, Henry 178, 189, 741, 881, 918, 979

Sidney, Sir Philip 47

Siedentop, Larry 746

Sierra Leone 860

Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph Comte, Abbe 156, 212,352

and source of power 350, 351

Simmel, George 915

Simon, Jules, Eclectic 180n5

Simon, W. 172n1

Sinclair, May 346n14

Sinn Fein 244–5

Sismondi, J. C. L. S. de 181, 185, 904, 979

on urban proletariat 181

Skidmore, Thomas 553

Skinner, Quentin 724, 838

Slav nationalism 78, 86, 98n34, 714, 814

slaveryand American constitution 380

American pro-slavery argument 396–8,709–10

and anti-slavery movement 391–3

and emancipation 391, 859

Emancipation Proclamation (1862) (USA)401

Jefferson and 387–9

and liberalism in America 377

and race 104

and racism 402

and rights 847

triangular trade 858

see also abolitionismslaves, freed 218

Smiles, Samuel, Self-Help 846

Smith, Adam 44, 124, 126, 176

and commercial society 599

compared with Ricardo 754

division of labour 576

‘great society’ 913

identified with France 752

influence of 751, 752–3, 773

Saint-Simon and 539

1136


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Index

Smith, Rogers 374, 378

Smith-Rosenberg, CarollSmithianism (Smithianismus) 751, 762, 773, 776,

848


Snowden, Philip 547

‘social’Doctrinaire liberal view of 180

French Catholic social reformers’ view of180–3

scientific logic of 179–86

see also societysocial charity, Lamartine’s notion 75

social contractcounter-revolutionary rejection of 32–3

Hegel’s rejection of 134

Mill’s version 308

and state of nature 32, 33

Social Darwinism 217, 676–8, 715

in America 403–4, 677, 713

and degeneration 676

and imperial expansion 218

see also racial anthropologysocial democracy, Saint-Simonian origins

549

Social Democratic Federation (Britain) 469,550

social justice 899

‘social palingenesis’ (Ballanche) 37

social progress, Ballanche’s view of 37

social protection see welfaresocial psychology 717, 922

Social Revolutionary Party, Russia 240

social science 171–2, 198–9

and human physiology 174

as natural needs of society 172

in revolutionary France 172–4, 184, 199

and ‘woman question’ 332

see also political economy; positivism;sociology

socialismin America 377, 553–4

associative 457

Australasia 552–3

authoritarian 521, 530

in China 852

and Darwinism 680

definitions 524–5, 527–8

and democracy 524, 808

early schools 543–4

and economics 762, 773

Engels’ view of 592

French Co-operationists 548

historiographical controversies 526–7

identified with welfare 894

and imperialism 868


relations with Marxism 522–3

relationship to liberalism 809–10


revolutionary or evolutionary 201, 521

rise of 4, 521, 743

Russian (Herzen) 817

Saint-Simonian 541

scientific 547

spectrum of 522–3, 547–9, 901

and women’s rights 331, 341–2, 344

see also German socialism; non-Marxistsocialism

Socialist Labor Party (USA) 553

Socialist League (Britain) 469, 550

socialistsand anarchists 437

early French 22, 38


societyand community 914

concept of 903, 913

debate on role of 21, 913–16

effect of revolutions on 22

and exclusions 915

Saint-Simon’s categories 538

Weitling’s organisation of 543

wider conception of 913–14

see also civil societySociety of the Families (France) 225, 226

Society of the Friends of the People (France)225

Society for the New Reform of France 225

Society for Psychical Research 687

Society of St Vincent de Paul 912

Society of the Seasons (France) 226

Society of United Slavs (Slavonians) 230, 814

sociology 22, 915

influence on political thought 924–6

and politics 916

see also social scienceSocrates, J. S. Mill and 297

Soloviev, Vladimir Sergeevich 828–9, 979

A Justification of the Good 828

Law and Morality 828

The Nationalities’ Problem in Russia 828

Sombart, Werner 919

Sonnemann, Leopold 782

Sorai (Ogyu Nabematsu) 841, 979

Sorel, Georges 215, 251, 545, 932

Reflections on Violence 241, 928

South African War (Boer War) 886, 889, 918,919

South Asia see India

1137


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Index

Southey, Robert 41, 757, 980

Carlyle and 69


conservative romanticism of 46–7

Hazlitt’s view of 61

on morality 43

view of monarch 57

sovereign see monarchsovereign will, law as 147, 153, 164

sovereignty 899

and authority 31

and individual will 362

limits on 357

of the people see popular sovereigntyand state power 910

territorial 908–9

see also popular sovereigntySovremennik journal 816, 819, 821

Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) 341,420, 425, 427, 430, 431, 547, 590

1891 Erfurt Programme 588n39, 794

SpainBakuninist anarchism in 467–8

Darwinism 679

former colonies 219

political violence 247

republicanism 217

revolution 33, 467

socialism 548

workers’ unions 467, 468

Spanish Empire 874, 882

Sparta 522

speculative metaphysics 42

Spence, Thomas, republican 204

land reform movement 234

Spencer, Herbert 105n45, 453, 650, 658, 764, 980

and empire 866, 882, 886–8

influence in non-European countries 851, 895

and land 732

on liberalism 720

Man versus the State 453, 549, 851

The Proper Sphere of Government 886

Social Darwinism 403, 677, 713, 771

and society 914

Speranskii, Mikhail 811

Spinoza, Baruch 495, 497, 500

spirit, Hegel’s notion of 111

spiritualityof human experience 65

oriental 839

Spittler, L. T. 28

spontaneityin artistic creation 481

and autonomy 486, 489–95, 506

as freedom 495


subjective 480, 481–2, 486

see also freedom; SchellingSpooner, Lysander 248, 452

Stael, Madame Germaine de 360, 895

Considerations sur la Revolution Francaise 349

Stahl, Friedrich Julius 147, 784, 980


Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 340, 393, 895, 980

‘Declaration of Sentiments’ 393

stateabolition of (withering away) 791, 792–3, 804,

810

acquisition of new functions 928–9

based on law (Rechtsstaat) 161, 410

as coercive 434, 473, 925

and conformity to reason 363

debates on role of 433, 912

as distinct from nation 48, 400, 615

as embodiment of morality (Schlegel) 53

and feminism 910

in German liberalism 412

German romantic view of 52

German socialist view of 787, 790

and individual liberty (Mill) 303, 304, 305,309–10

Kropotkin and 473–4

and law 148

legal conceptions of 52

Marx’s critique of 565, 570, 579–85

as ‘mechanical’ 54, 54n7, 68

as moral agent (Coleridge) 43, 47

and organisation of industry (Blanc) 544

power of intervention (Bonald) 25–6

provision of services 911–12

reciprocity in (Southey) 46, 47

regulation of economy 126, 554, 555, 912,923–4

relationship to subjects 53, 54–5, 75, 123, 126,911n10

role in corporations 927

Saint-Simonian role of 541

Schlegel’s view 53–4

as site of ethical community 647, 910, 911n10

in socialism 521, 523, 524, 527

and society 915

structure and powers of (Hegel) 123, 127–33,561

use of punishment 303

see also anarchism; church–state relations; stateintervention; welfare

state control, democratic despotism of 370

state interventioneconomic 923–4

justification of 732, 924

1138


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Index

liberalism and 731, 732–3

moral arguments for 734

role of household suffrage 721

state of natureand concept of social contract 32, 33

Mill’s version 308

state terrorism 235

statistics 763–4, 775

Stein, Baron vom 118, 229, 410

Stein, Lorenz von 571, 912

and concept of society 914

Socialism and Communism in ContemporaryFrance 568

Stendhal (Marie Henri Beyle), on Maistre 9

Stephen, James Fitzjames 845, 881, 915, 915n13,981

Liberty, Equality and Fraternity 702–3, 727, 881

Stephen, Leslie 189, 270, 981

Stephens, James 242

Stepniak, Sergius, anarchist 240

Sterling, John 298

Stevenson, R. L. 688

Stilling, Jung 813

Stirner, Max (Johann Casper Schmidt) 142, 347,488, 780, 981

The Ego and His Own 216, 575

Stocker, Adolf 795

Stoker, Bram, Dracula 688

Stolypin, Petr 830

Storch, Heinrich 179n4

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Uncle Tom’s Cabin 392

Strachey, Ray 346

Strauss, David Friedrich 142, 637, 981

Das Leben Jesu (The Life of Jesus) 141, 563, 652

Stresemann, Gustav 430, 432

strikes1889 Dock Strike, Great Britain 469

1911–13, Britain 744

Struve, Gustav von 217, 981

Struve, Karl 416, 419

Struve, PetrCritical Notes on the Economic Development of

Russia 832

Die Marxische Theorie 832

Stuart, James 124

Suarez, Francisco de, De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore138

sub-conscious see unconscioussubjective creativity 497, 608

subjective utility 479–80

subjectivityaesthetic 480, 484

finite 611, 612

infinite 612, 614

modern 497, 931

moral (Hegel) 559

and nature 487

negation of (Schopenhauer) 508

and reflection 499

self and 605, 822

and spontaneity 480, 481–2

Sudan, siege of Khartoum 221

suffragism see franchise; women’s suffragesuicide bombing, justification 251

Sully Prudhomme, R. F. A. 193

Sumner, William Graham 374, 982

Social Darwinism 403–4, 678

Sun Yatsen 852

Superman, Nietzsche’s doctrine of 216

Surinam 220

Switzerland, Berne demonstration (1877) 440

syndicalism 528

anarchist, Spain 467

France 215

Taine, Hippolyte Adolf 193, 194, 515, 686, 716,775, 982

Taiping revolutionary movement 223

Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de, Prince 260

tariff protection 101, 107, 697

Tarrida del Marmol, Fernando 467

Tasmania 221

Tate, Allen 718

taxation, and economic policy 923

Taylor, Barbara 334

Taylor of Caroline, John 983

Inquiry into the Principles . . . of the United States710

Taylor, Harriet 895, 982

and J. S. Mill 301–2, 316, 334

Taylor, Helen 317, 334

temperance movements, USA, women and 340

Temple, Frederick, Archbishop of Canterbury655

Teresa de Mier, Fray Servando 841

terrorismBakunin and 462

continental 245–6

debates on 252

definitions 235–6

first doctrine of 237–8

and internationalism 251

justifications of 237–8

political context 250

and ‘propaganda by the deed’ 440–1

systematic 239–45

theories of 248–52

and wars of liberation 249

terrorist violence 223

l’ere des attentats (1892–94) 247, 440

1139


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Index

Theocrats 455

theory and practice (Hegel) 113, 115, 145

theosophy 839

Theremin, Charles, De la Condition des Femmesdans les Republiques 327

Thibaut, A. F. T. 160

Thierry, Augustin 154, 155, 156, 983

Third Republic (France) 214, 360, 373, 893

and Durkheim’s corporatism 926

nature of 197n16

political reforms 584

positivism in 192, 194, 197

Thirlwall, Connop 634

Thistlewood, Arthur 234

Thompson, G. Carslake, Public Opinion and LordBeaconsfield 739

Thompson, William 983

Appeal of One-Half of the Human Race . . .332–4

Inquiry Concerning the Distribution of Wealth531

Labor Rewarded 531

Thoreau, Henry David 394, 983

‘Civil Disobedience’ 394

thought, and being 496

Tieck, Ludwig 500

Tilak, Bal Gangadhar 246

Tkachev, Petr Nikitich 984

What is the Party of Progress? 822

Tocqueville, Alexis de 34, 360, 365–72

analysis of France 371

L’Ancien Regime et la Revolution 371

biography 370, 371, 984

conservatism of 700

De la Democratie en Amerique (Democracy inAmerica) 366, 700, 879

and Doctrinaires 361

and empire 866

‘Essay on Algeria’ 878

and French in Algeria 873, 877–9

and Gobineau 715

‘Letters on Algeria’ 878

on liberty 371–2

prescription of violence 878

Recollections 878

and society 914

Souvenirs 371

‘tyranny of the majority’ 203, 367, 700

Todt, Rudolf 795

Tolstoy, Leo 248

Christian anarchism 824

What I Believe 824

What Is To Be Done? 824

Tom, John Nichols 234

Tone, Wolfe 210, 233

Tonnies, Ferdinand 914, 919, 924

Tory Party see Conservative PartyTosh, John 321n3

Totenbund (Band of Death) 229

Toullier, Charles 154

tradeand industry 575n18

to be controlled by king (Schlegel) 59

see also commercetrade unionism 206

Comte and 191

and democracy 928

France 193

militant 234

see also syndicalismtrade unions

Germany 430

liberals and 743–4

Owen and 530

and socialism 528

women’s 331

traditionGerman respect for 29

and nationalism 100–2

and progress 693

Wordsworth’s use of 45

tragedy, as sublime 510

transcendent, the 638

balance with immanent 603, 614, 619–20, 623,632, 637, 640

German Reformation and 642–4

Lamennais 626

Ranke 644, 646

see also IdeaTreitschke, Heinrich von 415, 422, 714

Tristan, Flora 329, 330, 337, 984

l’Union Ouvriere 331

Trollope, Anthony 338

truthmoral 442

partial, Mill 298

utility of 257

Tucker, Benjamin R., US anarchist 248, 452, 984

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich, Fathers and Sons 820

tutelage, by virtuous elites 845, 849, 856

Twining, Louisa 775

Tynan, P. J. 244

tyrannicide 248, 250n8

justification of 236–7, 249

tyrannydefinitions of 249

as global concept 840

‘tyranny of the majority’ 203, 250, 694

in American democracy (Tocqueville) 367,700

1140


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Index

constitutional limitations on 368

as threat to freedom 700

Ulianov, Alexander 833

Ulianov, Vladimir see LeninUltramontanism 616

in Germany 631

Lamennais and 626

Umberto, King of Italy 247

unconscious, study of 688, 718, 931

understanding, and reason (Coleridge) 43, 47

unemploymentdangers of 125, 743

see also employmentUnion of the Rights of Man (France) 225

Union of Salvation (Russia) 229

Union of Virtue (Germany) 229

Union of Welfare (Russia) 229

United Britons 232

United Englishmen 232

United Irishmen 210, 211, 233

United Patriots (France) 225

United Scotsmen 233

United States of America 374–9, 906

academic political thought 918

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) 385

anarchism 451, 452

antebellum reforms 390–6

Articles of Association (1774) 400

Articles of Confederation (1778) 400

Bakuninist anarchism 469

Bill of Rights 380

capitalism 375, 389

Christian communalism 553

conservatism in 404, 708–12, 718

Declaration of Independence (1775) 379, 392,399, 400, 401, 917

equality in 367, 399, 401

eugenics in 665–6

exceptionalism 376, 376n4

Federal Constitution (1787) 709

Federalists 382, 384, 387

Fenianism in 242

Fourierist communities 536

Fugitive Slave Act (1850) 395

imperial policies 107, 866, 873, 889

indigenous peoples 220

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) 469

influence of German Historical School 161

Jacksonian democracy 389–90

Jeffersonian republicanism 379–89

Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854) 395, 399

Kentucky Resolutions 385, 400

liberalism 375–6, 378n6, 377–9, 402, 407–8

Louisiana Purchase 385, 387

national identity 381

‘official’ ideology of liberalism 377, 379,379n8

Owenite communities 326, 530

party politics in 381, 407, 738

populism 404–6

post-Civil War transformation 402–8

Progressive movement 406, 407–8

race in 408, 712, 772

radicalism 217

republican model 203, 900

republicanism 203, 207, 217–18

Social Darwinism in 403–4, 677, 713

socialism 377, 553–4

Southern conservatism 709

Tocqueville’s view of 366–70

Virginia Resolutions 385, 400

women in 339–40

women’s franchise in Wyoming 850

women’s suffrage movement 336, 339, 393–4

see also abolitionism; American Civil War;American Revolution; slavery; UnitedStates of America, Constitution (1787)

United States of America, Constitution (1787)379

Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments 402

Jefferson’s literal construction of 384–6

powers of Congress 385

powers of states 380, 385, 387, 400

relations of state and nation 400

rights in 379, 383, 384

and secession 400–1

and slavery 380, 391, 392, 395, 398

Thirteenth Amendment 394, 401

universalsHegel’s 136, 139, 143

in human nature 175

search for 902, 917

Unkovskii, Alexis 819

Urwick, E. J. 918n14

utilitarianism 894

as balancing philosophy 312

Constant’s rejection of 357

and evolutionary theory 662

J. S. Mill’s 296, 306–7

and liberalism 722, 731

and philosophic radicalism 276

rules 312–14

as value theory 306

and women’s rights 334

utilitarianscritics of 164

and empire 881, 882

and French left radicals 184

and legislative model of law 147

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utilitarians (cont.)and political economy 178

see also Austin, John; Bentham, Jeremy;Ideologues

utilityBentham’s 306

and liberty 303, 306–7, 313

utopian republicanism 204

utopian socialism, women and 325–34

utopian/scientific distinction 525

utopianismand socialism 522, 524


Uvarov, Sergei 814

Vacher de Lapouge, Georges, Social Selection 676

Vaillant, Auguste, anarchist 246, 440

Vaishnavism, Gujarat 856, 857

valuecharacter as (Mill) 308

Hegel’s theory of 139

and price 587, 587n37

subject as source of 479

value pluralism 727

value theoryMarxist 552, 587, 587n37, 599, 743

Mill’s 305–6

Ricardo’s 528

Veblen, Thorsten 903

Venezuela 219

Verein fur Sozialpolitik 762, 763

Veuillot, Louis 630, 716

Vicinus, Martha 321

Vico, Giovanni Battista, influence on Maistre 21

Victoria Magazine 338, 345

Victoria, Queen 209

plots against 244

Vienna, Congress of (1815) 750, 812, 876

Vietnam 220

Villeneuve-Bargement, J. P. A. 181

Villerme, Louis Rene 181

Villiers, Brougham 528n2

Vindiciae contra Tyrannos 236

violenceagainst mass targets 246–7

as creative (Bakunin) 241, 251, 462

exercise of 251

of French Revolution 10

glorification, for its own sake 251

ideology of 929

individual 235

insurrectionary 223

and irrationality 932

Maistre’s preoccupation with 19

methods of assassination 251

political 247–8

as progressive 246

and ‘propaganda by the deed’ (anarchism)440–1

revolutionary 231

terrorist 223

use by women suffragists 921

virtueBentham’s view 284

Godwin’s benevolence 443

as heroic public action 79

Proudhon and 456

Vivekananda, Swami 856, 861, 985

Vogt, Carl, Lectures on Man 660

Voilquin, Suzanne 329

Volksgeist 29

Volksstaat, concept of 788–94, 804

Voltaire 11, 13, 81

voluntarism 139

and anarchism 434

in Hegel 133, 134

and retirement pensions 745

Vorontsov, Vasilii, The Fate of Capitalism in Russia831

Wagener, Hermann 795

wageshigh wage theories 744

liberal debate on minimum 745

under capitalism 787

Wagner, Adolf 795

Wagner, Richard 487, 497, 510–12

The Art Work of the Future 510

early operas 510

Judaism in Music 673

and Nietzsche 512

Parsifal 511

Ring des Niebelungen 511

and Schopenhauer 511

Tristan und Isolde 511

Wahhabism 842

Wakefield, Edward Gibbon 882, 884

Wakely, Thomas 279

Wali-Allah, Shah 853

Walker, Daniel, An Appeal to the Colored Citizensof the World 860

Wallace, Alfred Russel 527, 985

and Darwin 684–5

Man’s Place in the Universe 688

Wallas, Graham 551, 924, 931

The Great Society 922

Human Nature in Politics 931

Walras, Leon, economist 751, 766, 767, 773

Elements d’Economie Politique Pure 765

Walzer, Michael 374

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Wang T’ao 842, 845, 848, 982

warfear of 922

fin de siecle 929

and imperialism 878, 886

as natural event 669

as necessary 666, 677

political economy and 769

Ward, Mary (Mrs Humphrey) 321

Warren, Josiah 248, 451, 985

Warren, Robert Penn 718

Washington, George 381

Watson, Spence 708n24

wealthcreation of 125

and liberty 405

social origin of (Comte) 191

Weaver, James B. 405

Webb, Beatrice 551, 746, 926

history of economics 753, 756, 764

Webb, Sidney 547, 551, 746, 807, 926

Weber, Max 83n11, 103, 108n52, 919, 924

Freiburg Inaugural Lecture (1895) 428, 768

and German liberalism 426, 427, 428, 429

and industrial workers 430

on leadership 931

and state 925

on violence 932

Weil, Eric 117

Weininger, Otto 339

Weishaupt, Adam 225

Weismann, August 665

Weitling, Wilhelm, German socialist 224, 229,237, 543–4, 985

Guarantees of Harmony and Freedom 543, 780

Mankind As It Is and As It Ought to Be 543

The Poor Sinner’s Gospel 544

Welcker, K. T. 161, 413, 986

Weld, Theodore Dwight, American Slavery As ItIs 392

welfare 894, 899

economic disputes over 756

liberal policies 745–6

public social services 894, 912

role of state 924

Wellington, Duke of 249

Wells, H. G. 922, 986

A Modern Utopia 551

New Worlds for Old 551

The Time Machine 677

Wells, Ida B. 320

West Indiesemancipation of slaves 395

rebellions 220

slave revolts 847

Westminster Review 343

J. S. Mill and 271, 299

Whately, Richard, Archbishop of Dublin 279,658

Elements of Logic 269, 271

Wheeler, Anna 329, 332, 334, 983

Whewell, William 295, 305

Whigsrepublicanism 204

view of constitution 736

Whitman, Walt 389

Wiggins, ‘Mistress’ 775

Wilberforce, Bishop Samuel, and Huxley 660,660n13

Wilberforce, William 847, 859

Wilde, Oscar 514

The Importance of Being Earnest 769

willfreedom as expression of 134

general 34, 148, 151

individual 37, 139, 362

as irrational power (Schopenhauer) 509

‘logic’ of (Tracy) 175

objective and subjective 135

and reason 135

of sovereign, law as 147

spontaneity of (Kant) 486

William II, Emperor of Germany 428

William, Prince-Regent of Prussia 421, 781

Williams, Helen Maria 23

Willich, Auguste 229, 544

Wilson, James, The Economist 749, 764

Wilson, Woodrow 407

Winckelmann, J. J. 484, 487, 516

Windhorst, Ludwig 431

Wirklichkeit, Hegel’s concept 503

Wirth, Moritz 796

Witte, Sergei 832

Wittgenstein, Count von 118

Wolin, Sheldon 378, 380

Wollstonecraft, Mary 324–5, 345, 346, 895, 986

Vindication of the Rights of Woman 324, 919

The Wrongs of Woman 324

‘woman question’ debates 319–25

and feminism 345

psychological dimension 348

women18th-century writings 322–5

as agents of change 328, 333, 337

Bebel’s thinking on 793–4

Bonald’s view of 25–6

character and individualism 345–8

co-operative workshops 927

creativity 339

domestic influence of 336, 337

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women (cont.)education 319, 338

employment for 335, 340, 343, 794

Engels’ vision for 592n43

equal rights for 331, 332, 341–2, 344, 346,920

French divorce laws 24

and la femme messie 330

Maistre’s view of 22–3

and Marxism 341–4

and maternity 329, 336, 337, 342

new identities 320

Owen’s view on 531

philanthropic role for 336

political involvement 921

political rights for 319, 332, 334, 335, 336

rationality of 319, 324, 335

responsibility for manners 23

role in international peace campaigns 920

roles for 21, 338

self-development 332, 345

‘separate spheres’ 321, 321n2, 337

single (‘surplus’) 319, 340–5

social constitution of character 324, 326, 335,338, 342, 345


spaces and cultures 320, 321

status of married 319, 327n6

transgressive 920

utopian socialism 325–34

Weitling’s provisions for 544

working class 319, 330, 335

writers 895

writers of popular science 774–5

see also feminism; marriage; women’s suffragewomen’s movement 319

see also feminismwomen’s suffrage 316–17, 318, 740, 901

activism after 1900 919

American movement 393–4

and feminist radicalism 321

liberal support for 742–3

in non-European countries 850

Suffragette movement 247

and use of violence 921

Wood, Gordon 389

Woolf, Virginia 342n13

Wordsworth, William 41, 42, 44, 986



The Convention of Cintra 44–6

Lyrical Ballads (preface) 42

and nature 487–8

The Prelude 42

view of traditional institutions 44, 45

working classand anarchism 467, 468

and corporatist policies 926–7

and emigration to colonies 885

Engels’ depiction 557

French 193

German liberals and 424, 430

Hegel and 127

impoverishment of 554, 599

and July Revolution in France 562

liberal welfare policies 745–6

Marx and 580

and political reform 584

and progress to democracy 786

Saint-Simon’s view of 540

and socialist movements 528

and ‘struggle for existence’ (Nietzsche) 670

women 319, 330

see also labour; labour movements; tradeunions

World Parliament of Religions, Chicago (1893)857, 861

Wright, Fanny 326, 337, 987

Wyllie, Sir W. Curzon 246

Yoruba people, West Africa 841, 861, 862

Young England movement 704

Young Europe movement 224

Young Germany group 224, 505, 510

Young Hegelians 216, 505–7, 563–6

breakup of 566–9

republicanism 565

see also Marx, KarlYoung Hungary group 224

Young Ireland 242

Young Italy group 228, 239

Young Poland group 224

Young Russia pamphlet 231

Zachariae, K. S. 161

Zasulich, Vera 238, 240, 594, 830

biography 987

Zeitschrift fur Geschichtliche Rechtswissenschaft(journal) 159

Zeno of Citium 434

Zetkin, Clara 344, 794, 987

Zionism 96, 96n29

Zuckert, Michael 378

Zulus 221

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