60882199 cruise controller and collision avoidance (1)

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Cruise controller and collision avoidanceFor electric cars

Introduction.

Electric car .

An electric car is an automobile which ispropelled byelectric motor(s),using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. Electric carswere popular in the late-19th century and early 20th century, until advances ininternalcombustion engine technology and mass production of cheaper gasoline vehicles led to adecline in the use ofelectric drive vehicle. The energy crises of the 1970s and 80sbrought a short lived interest in electric cars, but in the mid-2000s took place a renewedinterest in the production of electric cars due mainly to concerns about rapidly increasingoil pricesand the need to curbgreenhouse gas emissions

Electric cars have several potential benefits as compared to conventional internalcombustion automobiles that include a significant reduction ofurban air pollution as theydo not emit harmful tailpipe pollutants from the onboard source of power at the point of

operation (zero tail pipe emissions); reducedgreenhouse gasemissions from the onboardsource of power depending on the fuel and technology used forelectricity generation tocharge the batteries and less dependence on foreign oil, which for theUnited States, otherdevelopedand emerging countries is cause of concerns about their vulnerability to priceshocks and supplydisruption. Also for many developing countries, and particularly forthe poorest in Africa, high oil prices have an adverse impact on theirbalance ofpayments, hindering their economic growth.

Despite their potential benefits, widespread adoption of electric cars faces several hurdlesand limitations. As of 2011 electric cars are significantly more expensive thanconventional internal combustion engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehiclesdue to theadditional cost of theirlithium-ion battery pack. Although battery prices are comingdown with mass production and expected to drop further. Other factors discouraging theadoption of electric cars are the lack of public and privaterecharging infrastructure andthe driver's fear of the batteries running out of energy before reaching their destination(range anxiety) due to the limited range of existing electric cars. Several governmentshave established policies and economic incentives to overcome existing barriers, topromote the sales of electric cars, and to fund further development of electric vehicles,more cost-effective battery technology and their components. The U.S. has pledged
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US$2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries. China has announced itwill provide US$15 billion to initiate an electric car industry within its borders. Severalnational and local governments have established tax credits, subsidies, and otherincentives to reduce the net purchase price of electric cars and otherplug-ins.

Electric Cars What Is an Electric Car?

An electric car is powered by an electric motor instead of a gasoline engine. The electricmotor gets energy from a controller, which regulates the amount of powerbased on thedrivers use of an accelerator pedal. The electric car uses energy stored in its rechargeablebatteries, which are recharged by common household electricity

.

Unlike a hybrid carwhich is fueled by gasoline and uses abattery and motor to improve efficiencyan electric car ispowered exclusively by electricity.Historically, EVs have not beenwidely adopted because of limited driving range before needing to berecharged, long recharging times, and a lack of commitment byautomakers to produce and market electric cars that have all thecreature comforts of gas-powered cars. Thats changing. As battery
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technology improvessimultaneously increasing energy storage andreducing costmajor automakers are expected to begin introducing anew generation of electric cars.

Electric cars produce no tailpipe emissions, reduce our dependency on

oil, and are cheaper to operate. Of course, the process of producingthe electricity moves the emissions further upstream to the utilitycompanys smokestackbut even dirty electricity used in electric carsusually reduces our collective carbon footprint.

Another factor is convenience: In one trip to the gas station, you can pump 330 kilowatt-hours of energy into a 10-gallon tank. It would take about 9 days to get the same amountof energy from household electric current. Fortunately, it takes hours and not days torecharge an electric car, because it's much more efficient. Speaking of convenience, let'snot forget two important points: charging up at home means never going to a gas stationand electric cars require almost none of the maintenance, like oil changes and

emissions checks, that internal combustion cars require.

Electric motors develop their highest torque from zero rpmsmeaning fast (and silent)zero-to-60 acceleration times.

AUTO-CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS

INTRODUCTION TO AUTO-CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS

The auto-cruise control system allows driving without stepping on the accelerator pedalby setting a random speed between 40 km/h (25 mph) and 200 km/h (124 mph).

The concept ofthe feedbackloop to controlthe dynamicbehavior of the system: this is negative feedback, because the sensed value is subtractedfrom the desired value to create the error signal, which is amplified by the controller.

What is Cruise control?

. Cruise control is an automatic speed control mechanism. It relievesthe car driver of having to maintain speed manually by pushing theaccelerator pedal. Once the cruise control is activated, besidesmaneuvering duties, the driver need not worry about accelerationcontrol. This mechanism is very useful while driving on long routes andhigh ways that stretch for hundreds of miles. Besides the ease indriving, this mechanism increases fuel efficiency of the car. By setting


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the cruise control pace to lesser than the speed limit, you can ensurethat you do not land up with speeding tickets!The control over speed is achieved through control over throttle valveof the engine, which decides the volume of gasoline consumed at atime. The cruise control settings are within reach of the driver and

usually have 'on/off', 'resume', 'set', 'accelerate' and 'coast' buttons.Once the driver has manually accelerated the car above a certainminimum speed, the cruise control mechanism can be activated whenyou set a speed limit. This leaves the accelerator on autopilot and youneed not push down the accelerator any more. Even if you push on thepedal and accelerate above the set value, the speed will lower down tothe set value, once you release the accelerator pedal. The mechanismstops working in event of braking or tapping of the clutch. The controlover speed is achieved by pulling of the throttle cable by a vacuumoperated servomechanism. The cruise control module (CCM) monitorsthe overall functioning of the mechanism through a feedback and relay

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Common Cruise Control ProblemsCruise control mechanism, being a mechanical contraption, isvulnerable to certain problems due to failure of components or failureof coordination between them. Here are the most common cruisecontrol problems that you could face

Vehicle Speed Sensor FailureVehicle speed sensor (VSS) is the eye of the cruise control module,that monitors the speed of the vehicle by sending alternating currentsignals, whose frequency is directly proportional to speed. When thevehicle speed sensor fails, it can no longer receive signal informationabout vehicle speed, rendering it blind and useless. VSS failure is oneof the most common cruise control problems that you could face. Howcan you know that cruise control not working is a result of VSS failure?Look at the speedometer, as it is dependent on the VSS too. If thecruise control and speedometer stop working simultaneously, you arefacing VSS failure. In such a case, the only way out is to repair orreplace the VSS.

Cruise Control Module ProblemsThe cruise control module is the brain of the cruise control mechanism.It processes the signals it receives from the VSS, compares it with setspeed value and prods the actuator to accordingly control the throttlethrough vacuum mechanism. A blown fuse and broken wires can bethe bane of a CCM mechanism, leading to functional failure andconsequently complete speed control failure. In such a case, repairing

or replacing the CCM is the only way to restore back functionality.

Actuator Vacuum Diaphragm LeakThe actuator is the device that actually controls throttle through avacuum mechanism. If the vacuum diaphragm inside the actuatordevelops a leak, the cruise control mechanism will fail. This is also oneof the most common cruise control problems. The only way out isfixing the leakage, and restoring vacuum inside the actuator.

Throttle Linkage BreakdownThrottle linkage is the connector between the actuator and the throttle.These linkages are usually metal chains. If they fail or break down,cruise control will stop working. Replacing the linkage will solve theproblem


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Collision avoidance systemA collision avoidance system is a system ofsensors that is placed within a carto warn itsdriver of any dangers that may lie ahead on the road. Some of the dangers that thesesensors can pick up on include how close the car is to other cars surrounding it, howmuch its speed needs to be reduced while going around a curve, and how close the car isto going off the road. The system uses sensors that send and receive signals from thingslike other cars, obstacles in the road, traffic lights, and even a central database are placedwithin the car and tell it of any weather or traffic precautions. A situation that provides agood example of how the system works is when a driver is about to change lanes, andthere is a car in hisblind spot. The sensors will detect that car and inform the driverbefore he starts turning, preventing him from potentially getting into a serious accident

Significant

applications

Collision avoidance systems are especially useful in bad weather conditions. The sensorsin the car would be capable of detecting the poor conditions and would inform the driveron how to drive in them. For example, because fog affects visibility, the sensors wouldrecognize this and alert the driver of any dangers that lie ahead, like a windy turn oranother car, giving the driver enough time to slow down, allowing him to escape from

what could have been a bad accident. Ongoing research focuses also on collisionavoidance during night with

Current Trends in Collision avoidance systems

Collision is something to be avoided. Humans had been researching on theissue, and various developments were made in the field through the years.Vehicles are born in high numbers today and the accidents are also
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increasing. Present collision avoidance system is based on the sensors placedin vehicles which help in danger situations like how closer are other vehiclesfrom ours, parking assistance, curve guidance etc. Recently, this system hasbeen on an evolution with several gadgets advancing up with the capacity toshow weather and traffic conditions on highways. The sensors in our cars candetect signals from other cars, obstacles and traffic lights etc. and save the

driver and passengers from potential collisions

Need for Change

Expectations regarding the current collision avoidance system were high that they wouldreduce accidents to the minimum. But the reality shows a different story. Effectiveness ofthe present system is not up to the mark. It demands an update in the technique. In thecontext of alarming increases in accidents, we need a far better system for collisionavoidance

New developments

The research for a better system is in progress across the world led by Japan, the U.S. andEurope, indeed the prime victims of hazardous traffic and disastrous road accidents.Many advanced models are developed in the laboratories, yet their effectiveness can befully assessed only after on-road tests. The range of technical and behavioral issuesinvolved in many models is such that practical applicability of the concepts requires awell-controlled traffic situation, which has a relatively low casualty reduction potential.Some of the latest developments in the field are listed below.
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Forward Collision Warning System:

Forward Collision Warning is a system for visual and audible warning on theobjects or vehicles in front of a vehicle. Even drivers can see what are in frontof their vehicle they are mostly misunderstood about the distance between

the vehicles. This system assists the driver find the distance between thevehicles. The status will change from safe to critical as the distancedecreases.

What difference will it make?

Time to Contact (TTC) is the key technique used in the Forward Collision Warning,which detects whether a collision is imminent or not. The system examines the speed ofhost vehicle, relative speed and relative acceleration by learning the variation in size ofthe image of the vehicle in front. Consequently, the driver will be warned of the dangers.

Problems:

Excessiveness is the disadvantage of anything. In case of Forward Collision Warning, thesystem gives out excessive warning even if the driver is intending to stop the vehicle.This creates irritation to the driver and passengers.

Reverse Collision Warning System

In times, the Reverse Collision Warning System has gained popularity and isnow an essential part of every vehicle. This system also emits video andaudio signals when the vehicle approaches an obstacle, but at the rear. Thesensors are normally placed on the rear bumper to avoid a collision.


Apart from FWC system, which warns the host driver, the Reverse Collision WarningSystem alarms the driver of the vehicle which follows. When the distance between thevehicles decreases, The driver behind is given with a warning through flashing brakelights or other warning lights.

Problems:

The problem of excess warning signals pertains in the system of Reverse CollisionWarning also. This causes distraction and irritation to drivers
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Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

It is a recent development in the automatic cruise control found in vehiclestoday. In Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), radars and lasers are used toanalyse the speed of the vehicle ahead. Whenever there is a variation in the

speed of the preceding vehicle, the ACC adjusts the velocity of the hostvehicle and maintains a safe distance.


Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) takes off the tension of maintaining a safe gap betweenvehicles from the shoulder of the driver. It ensures that the standard distance isregularized between vehicles.

Problems:

The major drawback of ACC is that, it does not restore automatically from the protractedstop

Collision Mitigation by Braking

Collision Mitigation by Braking (CMB) technology detects moving andstationary objects, offering brake assist support across a full range of speeds.It is an evolution of ACC system. In case of an imminent collision, automaticbraking is triggered.


Whenever an accident is predicted, the CMB alerts through audio, visual orhaptic signals, alarming the driver to brake. If the driver fails, the systemautomatically triggers the brakes

Problems:

The CMB system has to be more developed as most existing systems are warningsystems only. Also the system keeps on giving instructions to driver even if he/shedoesnt want it.
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Volvo's Collision Avoidance System Fails, Result Is A S60 Swedish Pancake

Volvo has beentouting itscollisionavoidancesystem on the

new 2011 S60,but there is oneproblem, in arecent test the system didnt work. With no driver on board, the S60slammed into the back of a truck. Evidently the failure was a result ofthe avoidance system being disabled.

n Volvos defense, the system was working perfectly earlier in the day.During the last test, a crash-test-dummy was stuffed into the driverseat and sent on its way. Volvo is claiming the cars battery was notworking right and as a result the system was disabled. Perhaps the

system is disabled when the battery is low?

When the system is working properly, the S60 will automatically cometo a full stop to avoid a collision at speeds under 30 MPH. At speedsabove 30 MPH, the system will attempt to apply the brakes to slowdown enough to avoid a fatal accident

While it does look bad for Volvo, we have to all remember that no current collisionavoidance system is better than the human brain. Crash avoidance systems should be usedas an additional layer of safety (and for when we are too busy looking at ourBlackberrys.)

Computer controlled safety systems will eventually lead to less accident on the road, butthe public will likely distrust them at first. After Toyotas stuck throttle issue, the publicis becoming wary of electronic gizmos. When lives are on the line, there is zero tolerancefor these safety systems to fail.

Currently there is no replacement for an experienced and attentive driver. Improveddriver training would likely save more lives than advanced electronics. Then again,
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Volvos system did not fail due to a computer glitch, it failed because of human error

Concept cars

The F700 research car

In the 1980s, Mercedes-Benzbuilt the world's first driverless cars using the S-Class, together with the teamof Professor Ernst Dickmanns at Bundeswehr Universitt Mnchen.[16] Theculmination of this effort was achieved in 1995, when Dickmanns' re-engineered autonomous S-Class robot completed a trip from Munich, Bavaria

to Copenhagen, Denmark and back. On the autobahn, the robot S-Classachieved speeds exceeding 175 km/h. It suggested and executed overtakingmaneuvers. The car's abilities left a big impression on many observers, and issaid to have heavily influenced robot car research and funding decisionsworldwide.

A concept future hybrid, the F700 research car, was also unveiled at the 2007Frankfurt Motor Show.[17] The F700 featured three regular opening doors anda fourth door capable of 180 degree rotation. Also comes with bulletproof andpuncture resistant tires

Mercedes-Benz has traditionally introduced its safety innovations in the S-

Class. For instance, the S-Class was the first car in Europe to incorporateairbags. S-Class safety features included innovations in active safety(accident avoidance), passive safety (collision protection), and holistic safety(integration of both active and passive safety features). Active safetyfeatures include: ABS braking in 1978 (acts to reduce braking distances andimprove stopping control; co-developed with Bosch); traction control andElectronic Stability Program (ESP) in 1995 (improves driver control duringdifficult road conditions); and Brake Assist (provides full braking power duringemergency stops). In 2005, a new infrared night vision feature wasintroduced (improves visibility during nighttime conditions). Despite thepopular misconception, the S-Class was not the first car fitted with ABSbraking technology, although some credit can be given for popularizing this

now largely standard feature (ABS was initially an option on most models ofthe W126 S-Class).
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Passive safety features include: crumple zones in 1957 (vehicle body structure absorbsthe force of impact); three-point seatbelts in 1965 (provides additional torso/bodyprotection); collapsible steering column (prevents the steering column from protruding

into the cabin during accidents), strengthened occupant cell enhanced occupant protectionduring severe impacts (rollovers); pre-accident seatbelt tensioning (tightens seatbeltsprior to impact), and sandwich platforms (allows the engine to slide under the occupantsin a head-on collision).

PRE-SAFE, Mercedes-Benz's holistic safety feature, was introduced on the S-Class in 2002. PRE-SAFE integrates multiple active and passive safetyfeatures for a "safety net" approach to vehicle safety by attempting toprevent accidents; if accidents do occur, PRE-SAFE aims to reduce occupantinjury. In the latest version of this pre-collision system, PRE-SAFE will primethe brake assist system, lock the doors to prevent accidental opening duringthe accident, adjust the seats, close the windows and sunroof, and tighten

seatbelts during certain types of collisions. In the event an accident results ina roll over, the PRE-SAFE feature unlock the doors and lower the windowsapproximately one half-inch to allow you to exit or safety workers to gainaccess easily
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References

Raffaelli, Lamberto, Earle Stewart, Robert Quimby, John Borelli, Art

Geissberger, and Dan Palmieri. "Low Cost 77 GHz Monolithic Transmitter forAutomotive collision avoidance systems." Diss. 1993. Abstract. Proc 1993 IEEEMicrowave Millimeter Wave Monolithic Circ Symp (1993): 63-66.

Grosch, Theodore O. "Radar Sensors for Automotive Collision Warning and

Avoidance." Diss. Abstract. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society forOptical Engineering 2463 (1995): 239-247.

Khattak, Asad J., Paula Kantor, and Forrest M. Council. "Role of Adverse

Weather in Key Crash Types on Limited-access Roadways." TransportationResearch Record 1621 (1998): 10-19. Compendex. 21 Nov. 2005.

Smith, Emily T. "Keep Your Eye on the Road- Your Radar Eye." Business Week

3303 (1993): 67. Academic Search Premier. 21 Nov. 2005

http://www.amazon.com/Build-Your-Own-Electric-Vehicle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car

http://issuu.com/greenstream/docs/owning_an_electric_car_-_search_inside?mode=embed&layout=http%3A%2F%2Fskin.issuu.com%2Fv%2Flight%2Flayout.xml&showFlipBtn=true

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/cruise-control-problems.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S_Class

http://reviews.carreview.com/volvos-collision-avoidance-system-fails-result-is-a-s60-swedish-pancake
http://www.amazon.com/Build-Your-Own-Electric-Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carhttp://issuu.com/greenstream/docs/owning_an_electric_car_-_search_inside?mode=embed&layout=http%3A%2F%2Fskin.issuu.com%2Fv%2Flight%2Flayout.xml&showFlipBtn=truehttp://issuu.com/greenstream/docs/owning_an_electric_car_-_search_inside?mode=embed&layout=http%3A%2F%2Fskin.issuu.com%2Fv%2Flight%2Flayout.xml&showFlipBtn=truehttp://issuu.com/greenstream/docs/owning_an_electric_car_-_search_inside?mode=embed&layout=http%3A%2F%2Fskin.issuu.com%2Fv%2Flight%2Flayout.xml&showFlipBtn=truehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_avoidance_systemhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/cruise-control-problems.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S_Classhttp://reviews.carreview.com/volvos-collision-avoidance-system-fails-result-is-a-s60-swedish-pancakehttp://reviews.carreview.com/volvos-collision-avoidance-system-fails-result-is-a-s60-swedish-pancakehttp://www.amazon.com/Build-Your-Own-Electric-Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carhttp://issuu.com/greenstream/docs/owning_an_electric_car_-_search_inside?mode=embed&layout=http%3A%2F%2Fskin.issuu.com%2Fv%2Flight%2Flayout.xml&showFlipBtn=truehttp://issuu.com/greenstream/docs/owning_an_electric_car_-_search_inside?mode=embed&layout=http%3A%2F%2Fskin.issuu.com%2Fv%2Flight%2Flayout.xml&showFlipBtn=truehttp://issuu.com/greenstream/docs/owning_an_electric_car_-_search_inside?mode=embed&layout=http%3A%2F%2Fskin.issuu.com%2Fv%2Flight%2Flayout.xml&showFlipBtn=truehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_avoidance_systemhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/cruise-control-problems.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S_Classhttp://reviews.carreview.com/volvos-collision-avoidance-system-fails-result-is-a-s60-swedish-pancakehttp://reviews.carreview.com/volvos-collision-avoidance-system-fails-result-is-a-s60-swedish-pancake


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60882199 cruise controller and collision avoidance (1)

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