60th ANNUAL SPIAA TRAINING CONFERENCE60th ANNUAL SPIAA TRAINING CONFERENCEJuly 18-22, 2011July 18-22, 2011

Covington, KentuckyCovington, Kentucky

Intelligence –Led PolicingIntelligence –Led Policing

An Introduction An Introduction W. F. Walsh Ph.D.W. F. Walsh Ph.D.

MissionMission Prevent, Control & Reduce CrimePrevent, Control & Reduce Crime Public Safety & SecurityPublic Safety & Security Justice and EquityJustice and Equity

Core AssumptionCore Assumption Police can affect Police can affect crime & impact community safetycrime & impact community safety

Drivers for changeDrivers for change Complexity in policing and the performance cultureComplexity in policing and the performance culture Managing internal riskManaging internal risk The demand gapThe demand gap Economic impactEconomic impact Limitations of the standard model of policingLimitations of the standard model of policing Organised and transnational crimeOrganised and transnational crime Changes in technologyChanges in technology Development of CompstatDevelopment of Compstat 911 and Homeland Security 911 and Homeland Security

Police Strategies since the 1980sPolice Strategies since the 1980s

Community policingCommunity policing Problem-oriented policingProblem-oriented policing Strategic Policing Strategic Policing

CompStatCompStat Intelligence-led policing Intelligence-led policing

Intelligence Led Policing Intelligence Led Policing

““Intelligence-led policing is crime fighting Intelligence-led policing is crime fighting that is guided by effective intelligence that is guided by effective intelligence gathering and analysis—and gathering and analysis—and it has the it has the potential to be the most important law potential to be the most important law enforcement innovation of the twenty-first enforcement innovation of the twenty-first century”century”Kelling, G.L. and Bratton, W.J.Kelling, G.L. and Bratton, W.J. (2006) 'Policing terrorism', (2006) 'Policing terrorism', Civic Civic

Bulletin, 43, p. 6.Bulletin, 43, p. 6.

Intelligence Led PolicingIntelligence Led Policing A business model and managerial philosophyA business model and managerial philosophy that uses data analysis and criminal that uses data analysis and criminal

intelligence for intelligence for objective, decision-makingobjective, decision-making to focus police department resources on to focus police department resources on

serious offenses and offendersserious offenses and offenders.. It is a policing strategy that has been adapted It is a policing strategy that has been adapted

by police departments, in the United States, by police departments, in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India and Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India and continental Europe. continental Europe.

Ratcliffe, JH (2008) Ratcliffe, JH (2008) Intelligence-Led Policing, Intelligence-Led Policing, Willan PubWillan Pub

Analysis-driven modelsAnalysis-driven models

These strategies attempt to be ‘These strategies attempt to be ‘strategic, future strategic, future oriented and targeted’ oriented and targeted’ in their approach to in their approach to crime control crime control

They are representative of a significant and They are representative of a significant and widespread change in the business of policingwidespread change in the business of policing’’

Maguire, M. (2000). Policing by risks and targets: Some dimensions and Maguire, M. (2000). Policing by risks and targets: Some dimensions and implications of intelligence-led crime control. implications of intelligence-led crime control. Policing and SocietyPolicing and Society,, 9(4), 315-7.9(4), 315-7.

Integrated Intelligence and Crime AnalysisIntegrated Intelligence and Crime Analysis Originating in the UK in the late 1990’s; intelligence-led Originating in the UK in the late 1990’s; intelligence-led

policing has commonalities with problem-oriented policing policing has commonalities with problem-oriented policing and targeted, proactive Compstat policing. and targeted, proactive Compstat policing.

Intelligence-led policing requires a greater Intelligence-led policing requires a greater integrationintegration of of information, criminal intelligence, and crime analysis to better information, criminal intelligence, and crime analysis to better manage risk and to support proactive policing that targets manage risk and to support proactive policing that targets enforcement and promotes crime prevention. enforcement and promotes crime prevention.

This new approach requires police leaders to learn and This new approach requires police leaders to learn and embrace a new way of thinking about embrace a new way of thinking about knowledgeknowledge and and riskrisk, and , and it also demands a it also demands a newnew organizational approach for the police organizational approach for the police department.department.

Police Foundation J. H. Ratcliffe 2007Police Foundation J. H. Ratcliffe 2007

Integrated Intelligence andIntegrated Intelligence andCrime AnalysisCrime Analysis

criminal intelligence criminal intelligence is the creation of an intelligence is the creation of an intelligence knowledge product that supports decision making in the areas knowledge product that supports decision making in the areas of law enforcement, crime reduction, and crime prevention. of law enforcement, crime reduction, and crime prevention.

an an intelligence knowledge product intelligence knowledge product is a product that can is a product that can influence the thinking of a decision maker. It is the result of a influence the thinking of a decision maker. It is the result of a criminal intelligence analysis and could be a written message, criminal intelligence analysis and could be a written message, a presentation, a verbal report, or some combination of these a presentation, a verbal report, or some combination of these in a briefing. An intelligence knowledge product could even be in a briefing. An intelligence knowledge product could even be a brief telephone conversation if the intelligence is timely and a brief telephone conversation if the intelligence is timely and has an effect on the decision making of the recipient of the has an effect on the decision making of the recipient of the intelligenceintelligence

CompStat PrinciplesCompStat Principles

Accurate and Timely IntelligenceAccurate and Timely IntelligenceEffective TacticsEffective TacticsFocused Deployment of Personnel Focused Deployment of Personnel and Resourcesand Resources

Relentless Follow-up and AssessmentRelentless Follow-up and Assessment

OriginsOrigins

Kent Police (UK) and Sir David Phillips 1996Kent Police (UK) and Sir David Phillips 1996 First to practice ‘genuine’ intelligence-led policing First to practice ‘genuine’ intelligence-led policing Move resources from reactive, crime investigation Move resources from reactive, crime investigation

departments to proactive unitsdepartments to proactive units Began tactical operations directed by criminal Began tactical operations directed by criminal

intelligence analysisintelligence analysis Promoted greater intelligence gathering Promoted greater intelligence gathering

How It WorksHow It Works

InterpretInterpret ImpactImpact

InfluenceInfluence

3-i model

How it WorksHow it Works Police analysts interpret the criminal Police analysts interpret the criminal

environmentenvironment They produce crime- intelligence that is They produce crime- intelligence that is

disseminated to decision-makersdisseminated to decision-makers Decision-makers use the crime intelligence to Decision-makers use the crime intelligence to

develop tactical responses that impact on the develop tactical responses that impact on the criminal environmentcriminal environment

Tactical operation’s reduction, prevention Tactical operation’s reduction, prevention and/or disruption of crime is evaluatedand/or disruption of crime is evaluated

DIKI ContinuumDIKI Continuum DataData

Data are the observations and measurements we can make Data are the observations and measurements we can make about crime about crime

InformationInformation Information is data with greater relevance and purposeInformation is data with greater relevance and purpose

KnowledgeKnowledge Data and information with added context, meaning, a Data and information with added context, meaning, a

particular interpretationparticular interpretation IntelligenceIntelligence

Knowledge products can generate understanding, but Knowledge products can generate understanding, but intelligence products are supposed to generate intelligence products are supposed to generate actionaction

Levels of crime intelligenceLevels of crime intelligence TacticalTactical

Support for front-line areas, investigations and other operational Support for front-line areas, investigations and other operational areas in taking case-specific action to achieve enforcement areas in taking case-specific action to achieve enforcement objectivesobjectives

OperationalOperationalSupporting area commanders and regional operational Supporting area commanders and regional operational

commanders in planning crime reduction activity and deploying commanders in planning crime reduction activity and deploying resources to achieve operational objectivesresources to achieve operational objectives

StrategicStrategicAiming to provide insight and understanding, and make a Aiming to provide insight and understanding, and make a contribution to broad strategies, policies and resources contribution to broad strategies, policies and resources

Source: Ratcliffe, J.H. (2004) “The Structure of Strategic Thinking” , in Source: Ratcliffe, J.H. (2004) “The Structure of Strategic Thinking” , in Strategic Thinking Strategic Thinking in Criminal Intelligence in Criminal Intelligence (Sydney: Federation Press), pp. 4-5.(Sydney: Federation Press), pp. 4-5.

The intelligence cycleThe intelligence cycle

Components of Intelligence Led Components of Intelligence Led PolicingPolicing

Executive team support for and creation of an intelligence-Executive team support for and creation of an intelligence-led organizational led organizational strategystrategy that is translated that is translated into goals and into goals and objectives objectives

An organizational structure, which satisfies internal requirements and meets external demands

Systematic gathering Systematic gathering of crime and offender events , of crime and offender events , locations, patterns, networks and risk locations, patterns, networks and risk informationinformation..

Analysis and transformation of data into Analysis and transformation of data into crime intelligencecrime intelligence Crime intelligence about serious crime and offender Crime intelligence about serious crime and offender

patterns is patterns is disseminateddisseminated to operational unit commanders to operational unit commanders

Components of Intelligence Led Components of Intelligence Led PolicingPolicing

Operational unit commanders Operational unit commanders plan and execute tactical plan and execute tactical enforcement and disruption responses to the crime and enforcement and disruption responses to the crime and offender problems.offender problems.

Department-wide emphasis is placed onDepartment-wide emphasis is placed on information sharing information sharing and collaborative solutionsand collaborative solutions to crime problems. to crime problems.

Crime strategy meetings Crime strategy meetings are conducted for ongoing assessment are conducted for ongoing assessment of tactical outcomes with an emphasis on incapacitation by of tactical outcomes with an emphasis on incapacitation by arrest and sentencing offenders and reduction of crime.arrest and sentencing offenders and reduction of crime.

Improved resource allocation, identity and implementation of Improved resource allocation, identity and implementation of priorities and crime reduction decisionspriorities and crime reduction decisions..

Acceptance of analysisAcceptance of analysis at the basis of tactical decision making at the basis of tactical decision making

Components of Intelligence Led Components of Intelligence Led PolicingPolicing

Intelligence flows freely on and between all organizational levels.

Operational units operate in conjunction specialists support functions

The intelligence process is clearly defined and understood and appreciated by everyone involved.

The collection of good information, the distillation of actionable intelligence and its proactive use, requires the commitment and drive of managers and the wholehearted participation of all staff.

Having established the intelligence requirement, it is vital that commitment to securing the information is maintained.

10 yardsticks for intelligence-led 10 yardsticks for intelligence-led policing policing

1.1. Supportive and informed command structureSupportive and informed command structure2.2. Intelligence-led policing is the heart of an Intelligence-led policing is the heart of an organization-wideorganization-wide

approachapproach3.3. Integrated crime and criminal analysisIntegrated crime and criminal analysis4.4. Focus on prolific and serious offenders and eventsFocus on prolific and serious offenders and events5.5. Analytical and executive training availableAnalytical and executive training available6.6. Both strategic and tactical tasking meetings take placeBoth strategic and tactical tasking meetings take place7.7. Much routine investigation is screened outMuch routine investigation is screened out8.8. Data are sufficiently complete, reliable and available to Data are sufficiently complete, reliable and available to

support quality products that influence decision-makingsupport quality products that influence decision-making9.9. Management structures exist to action intelligence productsManagement structures exist to action intelligence products10.10. Appropriate use of prevention, disruption and enforcementAppropriate use of prevention, disruption and enforcement

Policing is a work in progress