6.3 – A – Blood Clotting

INTRO

IB BIO – 6.3 The immune system is

the organ system

responsible for defending

the body against infection

Pathogens are cells that

are able to cause disease.

They are found in the

environment and

can also live on our

skin.

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Understandings

U1: The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.

Guidance

G1: Diagrams of skin are not required.

IB BIO – 6.3 Skin and mucous membranes are the body’s first defense

against pathogens. Their role is to prevent cells from entering the

body.

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* mucous is sticky and can

trap harmful particles or cells

* skin provides a tough, thick

physical barrier

Understandings

U2: Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.

U3: Clotting factors are released from platelets

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Blood Clotting

Blood Clotting4

When the skin is cut,

damaged blood vessels

cause bleeding. This

initiates blood clotting

which stops bleeding and

seals the wound.

The clotting process

consists of cascading

chemical reactions inside

the injured vessel.

http://www.creativity103.com/collections/Organic/skin_cutP3040685.JPG

Understandings

U2: Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.

U3: Clotting factors are released from platelets

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Platelets

Platelets are small cell

fragments that flow in the blood.

When the skin in cut, they

gather at the damaged site.

They then release clotting

factors, which initiate the blood

clotting process.

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Understandings

U4: The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen by thrombin.

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Thrombin

Fibrinogen

Fibrin

Clotting factors result in the production the thrombin enyzyme.

Thrombin then converts fibrinogen protein into fibrin polymers.

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Fibrin is insoluble and so forms a mesh at the wound site where the platelets are.

Then, red blood cells and small particles get stuck, which creates a gel that seals the wound.

When this gel dries, it forms a scab until new skin tissue is formed.

Understandings

U4: The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen by thrombin.

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Thrombin

Fibrinogen

Fibrin

Fibrin Mesh 7

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Applications

A1: Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.

IB BIO – 6.X

Key Terms

Coronary Thrombosis

Coronary Thrombosis

A blood clot that forms in the coronary artery is called a coronary

thrombosis. As a result,

tissues in the heart wall

do not receive enough

oxygen or nutrients.

Correlated causes include:

• Smoking

• Obesity

• High cholesterol

• Sedentery lifestyle

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REVIE

WIB BIO – 6.3 9

Blood Clotting

http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/modules/pathogens/en-images/diagrams/Diagram%207.2.jpg

REVIE

WIB BIO – 6.3 10

1. Outline the role of skin and mucous

membranes.

2. Outline the blood clotting process.

3. Define coronary thrombosis and list

potential causes.

6.3 – B – Immunity

INTRO

IB BIO – 6.X White blood cells (aka

leucocytes) are cells

responsible for identifying

pathogens and protecting the

body from infection.

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Understandings

U5: Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases.

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Phagocyte

Phagocytes are a type of white-blood cell that are able to move out

of the capillaries to sites of infection. When pathogens are deteced,

they engulf and digest them with enzymes.

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Understandings

U5: Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases.

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Phagocytosis

Phagocytes non-specifically engulf pathogens via endocytosis.

This process is referred to as phagocytosis.

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Understandings

U6: Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives non-specific immunity to diseases.

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Antigen

Pathogens that enter the body initiate

an immune response. Proteins and

molecules on their surface called

antigens are recognized as

foreign by the body’s

cells.

In reseponse, WBCs

produce specific antibodies

that bind to the antigen

on the pathogen.

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Understandings

U6: Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives non-specific immunity to diseases.

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Lymphocyte

Antibody

Lymphocytes are

WBC’s that produce

antibodies, each of

which binds to specific

antigens.

Each antibody has a

region that is specific

to an antigen. When

an antibody binds to

the antigen on a

pathogen, it aids in

controlling the

infection.

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Understandings

U6: Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives non-specific immunity to diseases.

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Antibody

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The diagram below shows some of the ways that antibiotics act when

they bind to antibodies.

Understandings

U6: Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives non-specific immunity to diseases.

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Plasma Cell

The presence of antigens stimulates the corresponding lymphocyte to

produce large clones called plasma cells. After some time, enough

cells are present to combat the infection.

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Guidance

G2: Students

should be aware

that some

lymphocytes act

as memory cells

and can quickly

reproduce to form

a clone of plasma

cells if a pathogen

carrying a specific

antigen is re-

encountered.

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Memory Cell

After the infection has been dealt with and antigens are no longer

present, the lymphocytes gradually begin to die.

However, some live on as memory cells. These remain inactive until

the same pathogen is encountered again, when they quickly

reproduce. As a result, they confer an immunity to the pathogen.

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REVIE

WIB BIO - 4.4 Immune Response 20

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The following diagram summarizes the response of the immune

system to infection by a pathogen.

REVIE

WIB BIO – 6.3 21

1. Outline the process of phagocytosis.

2. Describe the difference between an antibody

and an antigen.

3. Discuss the response of the immune system

when a new pathogen is detected.

6.3 – C – Antibiotics

INTRO

IB BIO – 6.3Antbiotics are frequently prescribed by doctors for treating

infection, but what are they and what do they do?

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Understandings

U7: Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Antibiotics

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Antibiotics are chemicals used to

inhibit the growth of pathogenic

bacteria. They prevent vital

functions such as:

• protein synthesis

• DNA/RNA synthesis

• Cell wall synthesis.

Antibiotics attack these functions

in prokaryotes, but not in

eukaryotes. Otherwise, they

would harm our cells as well.

Understandings

U7: Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

Antibiotics

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Antibiotic Action

The following diagram shows the target of common antibiotics.

Understandings

U8: Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics.

IB BIO – 6.3 Since antibiotics target

prokaryotic life processes, they

are unable to target viruses

which do not have a

metabolism.

Viruses infect host cells and

depend on their chemical

processes.

Instead, viruses are treated

using antivirals which prevent

virus DNA/RNA from

replicating.

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Understandings

U8: Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics. Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.

IB BIO – 6.3 Like other species, bacteria respond to changes in their

environment. Through natural selection, they can develop antibiotic

resistance, which allows bacteria to defend against antibiotics.

With antibiotic use becoming more prevalent, antibiotic resistance is

becoming a modern medical concern.

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http://www.reactgroup.org/toolbox/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/natural-selection_140211.png

Understandings

U8: Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics. Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.

IB BIO – 6.3 28

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Anti-antibiotics Poster

Alexander Fleming is credited

with discovering first antibiotic,

penicillin, after noticing that a

fungal infection affected bacteria

growth in an agar plate.

Applications

A2: Application: Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice.

IB BIO – 6.3

Experiment

Florey & Chase

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In 1940, Florey and Chain decided to test whether pencillin would

work in infected organsims. To test this, they infected 8 mice with

Streptococcus. Then, 4 of the 8 were treated with penicillin.

Eventually, the untreated mice died, while those treated with

penicillin survived. This showed the efficacy of the antibiotic in mice

and potentially other organisms.

Applications

A2: Application: Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice.

IB BIO – 6.3

Experiment

Florey & Chase

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REVIE

WIB BIO – 6.3 • Antibiotics…

- Target metabolic

processes

- Do not affect eukaryotes

- Cannot be used to treat

viral infection

• Bacteria can develop

resistance to antibiotics

• Florey & Chase tested the

use of penicillin to treat

infections in mice

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6.3 – D – HIV

INTRO

IB BIO – 6.X Adults with HIV-AIDS 33

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/People_living_with_HIV_AIDS_world_map.PNG

Applications

A3: Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

HIV

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that infects and

destroys helper T-cells, which are involved in antibody production

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Ability to produce

antibodies decreases,

leaving the host

vulnerable.

HIV is transmitted by:

• Sexual intercourse

• Sharing needles

• Blood Transfusions

• Mother to fetus

Applications

A3: Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

HIV

HIV Infection Mechanism 35

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Applications

A3: Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission

IB BIO – 6.3

Key Terms

HIV

Progression of HIV Infection

Notice the relationship between lymphocytes and # of HIV copies

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Applications

G3: The effects of HIV on the immune system should be limited to a reduction in the number of active lymphocytes and a loss of the ability to produce antibodies, leading to the development of AIDS.

IB BIO – 6.3 AIDS is a condition that

results when HIV has

compromised the immune

system and allowed

infections to occur. It is a

syndrom and so a

collection of symptoms.

It can be diagnosed when

patient shows an ‘indicator

illness’ and by counting

lymphocytes in the blood.

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Applications

G3: The effects of HIV on the immune system should be limited to a reduction in the number of active lymphocytes and a loss of the ability to produce antibodies, leading to the development of AIDS.

IB BIO – 6.3 HIV Infection Timeline

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