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Optimization of Swimming Performance Optimization of Swimming Performance Emotion- & Action-Centered ApproachesEmotion- & Action-Centered Approaches

Juri Hanin & Muza Hanina Juri Hanin & Muza Hanina (juri.hanin@kihu.fi)(juri.hanin@kihu.fi)

Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Research Institute for Olympic Sports,

Jyväskylä, Finland Jyväskylä, Finland

Optimization of Swimming Performance Optimization of Swimming Performance Emotion- & Action-Centered ApproachesEmotion- & Action-Centered Approaches

Juri Hanin & Muza Hanina Juri Hanin & Muza Hanina (juri.hanin@kihu.fi)(juri.hanin@kihu.fi)

Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Research Institute for Olympic Sports,

Jyväskylä, Finland Jyväskylä, Finland

Swimming Coaches’ Seminar28.12.2011 Riga, Lavia

Исследования и консультированиеИсследования и консультирование

Спортсмены, тренеры, команды: 1967- 1990 - в России - 4 Oлимпиады1967- 1990 - в России - 4 Oлимпиады 1991- 2011 - в Финляндии - 8 Oлимпиад 1991- 2011 - в Финляндии - 8 Oлимпиад

Основные виды спортаОсновные виды спорта:: командные: : хоккей, футбол, волейбол, гребляхоккей, футбол, волейбол, гребля

индивидуальные: индивидуальные: л/атлетика, плавание.л/атлетика, плавание. прыжки в прыжки в воду, cтрельбаводу, cтрельба, bowling, гольф, sailing, лыжи, гольф, sailing, лыжи, фиг-фиг-катание, гимнастикакатание, гимнастика,, oриентирование, теннис, oриентирование, теннис, etc. etc.

Спортивная психология - тенденции в Спортивная психология - тенденции в прошломпрошлом

1. Акцент на проблемах: 1. Акцент на проблемах: стресс-реакциистресс-реакции

тревогатревога мертвая точкамертвая точка

коррекция недостатковкоррекция недостатков

2. Групповые сравнения2. Групповые сравнения:: акцент на среднихакцент на средних, , успешных и неуспешных,успешных и неуспешных, игнорирование внутрииндигнорирование внутриинд. . динамикидинамики

Спортивная психология сейчасСпортивная психология сейчас

1. Акцент на позитивном: 1. Акцент на позитивном: выявление индвыявление инд.. ресурсов ресурсов (strengths)(strengths) использование стрессаиспользование стресса оптимизация деятельности оптимизация деятельности

2. Главный акцент на индивиде2. Главный акцент на индивиде:: индивидуальноиндивидуально лучший уровень лучший уровень стабильность и внутри-индстабильность и внутри-инд.. динамика динамика

* Hanin, 2000, 2003* Hanin, 2000, 2003

Психологическая подготовка -Психологическая подготовка - систематическое использование

психологических процессов чтобы влиять на мысли, эмоции, мотивацию, поведение, действия, и общение спортсмена (или команды) в специфическом контексте.

* Hanin, 1997* Hanin, 1997

Психологическая подготовка

Общая Общая

• умения и навыкиумения и навыки• качествакачества• черты черты

Успех в спорте/жизниУспех в спорте/жизни

Общая Общая

• умения и навыкиумения и навыки• качествакачества• черты черты

Успех в спорте/жизниУспех в спорте/жизни

Специальная • готовность

• ситуативный успех

• выполнение задачи Стабильность

Специальная • готовность

• ситуативный успех

• выполнение задачи Стабильность

Optimal Performance: Optimal Performance:

1.1. Is based on own strengthsIs based on own strengths

2.2. Uses personal resources effectively Uses personal resources effectively

3.3. Adjustable under different & difficult conditionsAdjustable under different & difficult conditions

4.4. Provides tools for personal controlProvides tools for personal control

5.5. Helps to avoid trying too much Helps to avoid trying too much

6.6. Involves a skill to deal with the unexpectedInvolves a skill to deal with the unexpected

7.7. Helps to re-focus when distractedHelps to re-focus when distracted

8.8. Consistent performance (PB, SB, top 5) Consistent performance (PB, SB, top 5)

7777

88

Non-optimal performance in elite sport

1. High performance variability in practices2. Good performance in practice, not in competition3. Good performance in a warm-up, not in competition4. Best results usually in minor competitions5. Stress-induced instability of technique 6. “Lost move syndrome” (LMS) (a ”break-down”) 7. Habitual (learned) performance errors8. Post-injury impact on skill execution9. Physical shape (over-development of qualities)10. Over-loaded by too many changes

* Hanin & Hanina, 1999-2010

9999

Optimization in Sport Optimization in Sport

Emotion - centered Emotion - centered Personal meaningPersonal meaning Optimal goal settingOptimal goal setting Right focusRight focus Optimal energy levelOptimal energy level Avoiding dysfunction Avoiding dysfunction

Action - centeredAction - centered

Identify ind. optimal skill Identify ind. optimal skill Build up a skill chainBuild up a skill chain Enhance awareness Enhance awareness Standardize skill in practiceStandardize skill in practice Develop competition modelDevelop competition model

Optimal state Optimal skill

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Psychology in elite sport Psychology in elite sport Psychology in elite sport Psychology in elite sport

4. Consistent excellence4. Consistent excellence

3. Peak performance (winning)3. Peak performance (winning)

2. Competing effectively (stress-free)2. Competing effectively (stress-free)

Hanin, 1994, 2002

1. High quality practices (hard & smart) 1. High quality practices (hard & smart)

1111

Consistent ExcellenceConsistent Excellence

Emotions

Coping skillsPersonality

Environment

*Hanin, 2006

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Myths about emotion in elite sportMyths about emotion in elite sportMyths about emotion in elite sportMyths about emotion in elite sport

“Negative emotions are always bad” “Positive emotions are always good” “Thus: more positive + less negative”

* Hanin, 1995* Hanin, 1995

Positive emotions Well-beingNegative emotions Ill-being P & N emotions Performance

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Emotion-centered CopingEmotion-centered Coping

To prevent overreaction to competitve stress To prevent overreaction to competitve stress

To reinforce situational successTo reinforce situational success

To deal with unexpected distractionsTo deal with unexpected distractions

To get ”psyched up” & mobilizedTo get ”psyched up” & mobilized

To calm down after unexpected successTo calm down after unexpected success

To calm down after situational failureTo calm down after situational failure

To deal with potential problemsTo deal with potential problems

14141414

”I want”

”I can”

”I must”

EmotionalState

Task Execution

Emotion Control

ActionControl

Res

ourc

es-b

ased

app

rais

als

Outcomes

1515

• Pleasant • helpful• optimal• facilitating

• Unpleasant• helpful • optimal• facilitating

• Pleasant • harmful• dysfunctional• debilitating

• Unpleasant • harmful • dysfunctional• debilitating

Success Failure

Pleasure

Displeasure

P+

N+

P-

N-

* Hanin, 1992

Emotion content

1616

• Motivated • Confident• Energetic• Excited

• Scared • Panicky • Discouraged• Sluggish

S u c c e s s P o o r

P+N+ P-N-

* Hanin, 1997, 2003; Hanin & Syrjä, 1995

Idiosyncratic emotion labels

P o o r

• Aggressive • Concerned • Anxious• Intense

• Comfortable • Calm• Happy• Satisfied

Athlete # 1

Athlete # 2 • Anxious • Tired • Depressed• Sad

• Angry • Worried • Irritated• Tense

• Willing • Relaxed• Sure• Focused

• Nice • Calm• Pleased• Content

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Emotions in hockey (N=97) Emotions in hockey (N=97) Emotions in hockey (N=97) Emotions in hockey (N=97)

Helpful (PHelpful (P+)+) EnergeticEnergetic ConfidentConfident ChargedCharged CertainCertain Motivated Motivated Purposeful Purposeful WillingWilling CheerfulCheerful EnthusiasticEnthusiastic AlertAlert

* Hanin & Lukkarila, 1999* Hanin & Lukkarila, 1999

Harmful (P-)Harmful (P-) Easy-goingEasy-going TranquilTranquil SatisfiedSatisfied OverjoyedOverjoyed ExcitedExcited PleasantPleasant ComfortableComfortable CalmCalm ExaltedExalted NiceNice

Positive

Helpful (NHelpful (N+)+) TenseTense DissatisfiedDissatisfied VehementVehement Attacking Attacking Intense Intense AngryAngry IrritatedIrritated NervousNervous ProvokedProvoked RestlessRestless

Harmful: Harmful: ((N-)

TiredTired SluggishSluggish UnwillingUnwilling UncertainUncertain DownheartedDownhearted DepressedDepressed DistressedDistressed SorrowfulSorrowful AfraidAfraid StrainedStrained

Negative

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N - Dejection Zone

 Unpleasant and dysfunctional emotions

______ _________________________________________________

Tired; Sluggish; Reluctant; Doubtful; Sad;Unhappy; Upset; Distressed; Fearful; Worried________________________________________________________   “I can’t do it” > “I don’t want to do it” > “Do I have to do it?”

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N+ “Emergency zone” Unpleasant but functionally optimal emotions

_________________________________________

Tense; Dissatisfied; Furious; Attacking; Intense;Angry; Irritated; Nervous; Annoyed; Restless_________________________________________  “I have to do it” > “I want to do it” > I “can do it” 

2020

P+ Challenge zone

Pleasant and functionally optimal emotions

__________________________________________Energetic; Confident; Charged; Willing; Motivated;Purposeful; Certain; Cheerful; Enthusiastic; Alert.__________________________________________ “I want to do it” > “I can do it” > “I have to do it”

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P- “Comfort, complacency” zone  Pleasant and dysfunctional emotions _______________________________________

Easy-going; Tranquil; Satisfied; Joyful; Happy;Pleased; Comfortable; Calm; Content; Relaxed________________________________________ 

“I have done it already” > “I was so good” > “I enjoyed doing it”

2222

0

5

10

15

20

unpleasant, harmful unpleasant, helpful pleasant, helpful pleasant, harmful

ES

P-2

0

Emotions & performanceEmotions & performance

N- < N+ < P+ < P-

0

5

10

15

20

unpleasant, harmful unpleasant, helpful pleasant, helpful pleasant, harmful

0

5

10

15

20

unpleasant, harmful unpleasant, helpful pleasant, helpful pleasant, harmful

0

5

10

15

20

unpleasant, harmful unpleasant, helpful pleasant, helpful pleasant, harmful

ES

P-2

0E

SP

-20

ES

P-2

0

N- > N+ > P+ > P- N- > N+ < P+ > P-

N- < N+ > P+ > P-

Good performance patterns Underperformance patterns

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PAST PRESENT FUTURE• nervous• tense• uncertain• self-doubts

• ready• excited• confident• in control

• action-oriented• emergency• fighting spirit• angry

• complacency• overconfidence• trying too much• trying too little

• regret• disappointment• depressed• dejected

• overconfidence• switched off• satisfaction• complacency

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Basic mental / psychological skillsBasic mental / psychological skills Basic mental / psychological skillsBasic mental / psychological skills

Relaxation Relaxation

On-task attention focus, re-focusOn-task attention focus, re-focus

Visualization, imagery, mental rehearsalVisualization, imagery, mental rehearsal

Becoming & staying energised

Thought-stoppingThought-stopping

Self-talk, Staying positiveSelf-talk, Staying positive

Realistic goal-setting Realistic goal-setting

Emotion controlEmotion control

Optimization of communicationOptimization of communication

Problem solvingProblem solving Pre- & post-event de-briefingPre- & post-event de-briefing

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The Need for Action-centered CopingThe Need for Action-centered Coping

Underperformance in major competitionsUnderperformance in major competitions Unexpected skill breakdownUnexpected skill breakdown ” ”Lost move” syndromeLost move” syndrome Physical shape (too much, too little)Physical shape (too much, too little) Habitual performance errors under stressHabitual performance errors under stress Change-induced problems with techniqueChange-induced problems with technique ””New ideas” from outside New ideas” from outside

2626

Athletes’ typical comments:Athletes’ typical comments:

I don’t know why it happened…I don’t know why it happened… I was in my best ever shape…I was in my best ever shape… Something happened to my technique…Something happened to my technique… My technique just ”vanished”My technique just ”vanished” Whatever I tried, it did not help…Whatever I tried, it did not help… I tried too much…I tried too much… My focus was not clear…My focus was not clear… I was distracted by unimportnat details…I was distracted by unimportnat details… I was over-arouzed…I was over-arouzed…

2727

Typical emotional response Typical emotional response to problems in techniqueto problems in technique

Disappointment, frustration, Disappointment, frustration, Self-doubts, low self-confidence Self-doubts, low self-confidence Drop in motivation, helplessness Drop in motivation, helplessness Fears, panickFears, panick Questioning selected programQuestioning selected program Relationships problems (coach, team)Relationships problems (coach, team)

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The Identfication-Control-Correction (ICC)-program

Motor task as a movement sequence/”chain” Key components in the ”chain” Functional links between these components Subjective perception of ”chain” components Enhancing awareness of ”chain” components Using key components to enhance self-control

* Hanina & Hanin, 2002-08* Hanina & Hanin, 2002-08

Action-centered profilingAction-centered profiling

nn. Action profile Self-descriptionI. Action focus Internal-external, single-multiple, process-outcome

II. Action components Self-generated movement sequence, a chain

III. Effort dynamics Hard-easy, relaxed-tense (% max in start-release)

IV. Action outcomes Qualitative (+ / -); quantitative (m, sec., points)

2929* Hanin & Hanina, 2009

3030

N=15 elite Italian shooters (2f & 3m carbine & 5f & 5m pistol) Age 20-47 (M=27.9, SD=8.1) preparing for London 2012 Olympics

Method: The ICC-based 4-step procedure to identify full shooting sequence & testing chain components in practice & during simulated competition.

#1 Describe usual optimal sequence (chain of actions) of a single shot from start to follow-through.

#2 Identify 3-4 most important ( & sensitive ) components (breathing control, gun alignment and sight, and trigger pull.

#3 Self-assessments of accuracy & ”supervision” of core components with minimum conscious control under optimal conditions in practices.

#4 Assessment of core components under stress & fatigue to be ”mindully accepted”. Attention is focused on individual’s core components.

* Bortoli, Bertollo, Hanin & Robazza (Submitted)

Striving for excellence in shooting

3131

1. Hand

2. Visualisation

3. Breath

4. Grip

5. Descent

6. Zoom

7. Follow through

Outcome

Shooting sequence in elite pistol shooter*

* Adapted from Robazza,(2011)

Breath

Grip

Zoom

Outcome

.63

.70

.61

Core componenets

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The overall results of the intervention

1. Before the intervention most shooters were not fully aware of the core components of their action (H-1)

2. Accurately identified core components were related to shooting outcomes (H-2)

3. Accurate execution of the individual core components of the shooting action contrasts the dysfunctional effects of distress (H-3)

4. These beneficial effects were not observed in shooters who did not undergo the intevention (H-4)

* Bortoli, Bertollo, Hanin & Robazza (Submitted).

Breast-stroke chain (JH)Breast-stroke chain (JH)

Ote kiinni (Ote kiinni (захват)захват)

Kiihtyvä sisääntuonti (Kiihtyvä sisääntuonti (гребок с ускорением)гребок с ускорением)

Suoraan palautukseen (Suoraan palautukseen (возврат вперёд)возврат вперёд)

Vartalo jousi (Vartalo jousi (верх тела стрелой)верх тела стрелой)

Sähäkkä potku (Sähäkkä potku (энергичный толчёк)энергичный толчёк)

Jalat vartalon takana (Jalat vartalon takana (ноги сзади)ноги сзади)

Teho (Teho (интенсивность)интенсивность)

Toistuvuus (Toistuvuus (стабильность цикла)стабильность цикла)3333

””Turn” chain (JH)Turn” chain (JH)

osuminen seinään (osuminen seinään (касание стенки)касание стенки)

nopea pyöräminen (nopea pyöräminen (быстрый поворот) быстрый поворот)

vahva ponnistus (vahva ponnistus (сильный толчок)сильный толчок)

purevat potkut (purevat potkut (энергичная рабта ног)энергичная рабта ног)

hyvä pintautuminen (hyvä pintautuminen (выход на поверхность)выход на поверхность)

kokonaisuus (kokonaisuus (целостность)целостность)

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Components of Optimal SwimmingComponents of Optimal Swimming

Vartalo (Vartalo (тело)тело)

Käsiveto (Käsiveto (гребок)гребок)

Siisteys ja kokonaisuus (Siisteys ja kokonaisuus (точность и целостность)точность и целостность)

Taktiikka (Taktiikka (тактика)тактика)

* * Hengitys kuulu kiinteänä osana jokaiseen viikkoonHengitys kuulu kiinteänä osana jokaiseen viikkoon

Работа по оптимизации дыхания включена постоянно, Работа по оптимизации дыхания включена постоянно,

не зависимо от главной темы не зависимо от главной темы

3535

3636

Optimal Optimal

- Effort- Effort

- Focus- Focus

Optimal Optimal

- Effort- Effort

- Focus- Focus

MaximumShape

MaximumShape SkillSkill

Best results

Poor results

Success => Optimal Shape + SkillSuccess => Optimal Shape + Skill

* Hanin & Hanina, 2009

a mistake, or inaccuracy, or incorrectness (in action, activity)

the condition of deviating from accuracy, correctness, or some standard of a task execution

(Collins English Dictionary. 3rd Ed., 1991, p. 528)

Performance Errors

Two strategies in learning motor tasks

Error & trial strategy

* errors are ignored * errors are not discouraged, * errors are not punished, * errors are encouraged * new learning opportunities * new experiences (+ -)

Error-free strategy

* errors are immediately noticed * errors are discouraged* errors are punished * errors are minimized * errors are avoided * errors are prevented

Expected outcomes: + Learning to adjust, + Benefit in future situations (transfer) + Learning based on natural strengths- Errors can become consistent

Expected outcomes: - Getting it right the 1st time?- No need for adjustment ?- Learning the right way?- Less problem with correction?

1. Explain what & why the athlete is doing wrong

2. Improve the athlete’s awareness of doing wrong

3. Show the right way & explain why this way is better

4. Ask the athlete to copy it

5. Provide corrective feedback and reinforcement

6. Get the athlete to practice, practice, and practice

Conventional skill correction

Maschette (1985): Re-teaching pattern

Conventional error correction

Wrong ”Old”

Correct ”New”

Retention and forgetting

Proactive inhibition (PI) is a negative effect of a learned task on retention of a new task

Retroactive inhibition (RI) is a condition when a recentlylearned task impairs the retention of an older learned tasks

1Old

2New

PI

RI

Old way / New way in error correction

Wrong Correct

Learning Trial in Practice

1. Error analysis (coach + athlete)

Consistent vs. random,

Major - unimportant,

Single-multiple

Learning Trial in Practice

2. Learning Trial Session

Developing awareness of own old way

Developing awareness of the new way

The practice of differences

The practice of the new way

Learning Trial in Practice

3. Summary + home work

Explaining mechanisms

Expected results

Handling spontaneous recovery

Extended intervention procedure:Extended intervention procedure:

Error identification from best-worst performancesError identification from best-worst performances

Old Way as an erroneous movement pattern Old Way as an erroneous movement pattern

Causes & effects of the Old Way are identifiedCauses & effects of the Old Way are identified

New Way as an individually optimal movement pattern New Way as an individually optimal movement pattern

Learning Trial (LT) for a rapid & permanent changeLearning Trial (LT) for a rapid & permanent change Post-LT standardization & stabilization of a New WayPost-LT standardization & stabilization of a New Way

4747

The ICC applications (2002-11):The ICC applications (2002-11):

1.1. Running (100m, 400m)Running (100m, 400m)2.2. Jumping (high, long, pole-vault)Jumping (high, long, pole-vault)3.3. Throwing (javelin, hammer, shot-put)Throwing (javelin, hammer, shot-put)4.4. Swimming (starts, breast-stroke)Swimming (starts, breast-stroke)5.5. Diving (1m & 3m springboard)Diving (1m & 3m springboard)6.6. Volley-ball (ball reception)Volley-ball (ball reception)7.7. Soccer (free kick)Soccer (free kick)8.8. Pistol & rifle shootingPistol & rifle shooting9.9. Car-racing (F-1; DBT; FPA)Car-racing (F-1; DBT; FPA)10.10. Sailing Sailing 11.11. BowlingBowling12.12. Free-style skiingFree-style skiing

  Ведущая проблематика

1. Психологическая подготовка 2. Стресс и тревога3. Решение проблемных ситуаций 4. Оптимизация эмоциональных состояний 5. Прогнозирование деятельности6. Анализ выступлений7. Оптимизация деятельности 8. Коррекция ошибок9. Межличное общение игроков и тренеров10.Тренер как руководитель и лидер11. Карьера игроков и тренеров12. Клуб и сборная