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National Football League and the Dallas Cowboys

An Examination of the NFL and the Highest Valued Professional Football Team

And the Sports Related Health Issue of Neurodegenerative Disease CTE

Prepared by: Theresa Bradley, MA /MBA

Georgia Southern University

Sports Management SPMT 6335 June 10, 2016

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Table of Contents

Introduction: Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………… 3

Dallas Cowboys: Facts & Figures - Magnitude of the Money Involved……………….. 4

The NFL: Show Me the Money Goldmine………………………………………………............ 5-7

Background History: American Football and Brain Concussion Injuries……………… 8-9

The Science: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy CTE………………………………………… 10-12

NFL League of Denial: Sports Management Ethics or Lack Thereof……………………….13-15

Sports Management Ethical Duty: Protecting America’s Athletes………………………..16-17 Summary and Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….18 Afterforward: Hope, Health & Healing…………………………………………………………………19 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..20 Appendix A………………………………………………………………………………………………………….21-79

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Abstract

This case study examines the issues facing the NFL’s most valued franchise football team, the

Dallas Cowboys, now recognized with a worth of $4 Billion, and NFL ethical concepts of sports

management issues of a progressive brain disease, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE),

found in NFL league players. CTE is most commonly found in professional football athletes, in

their mid-forties, who have experienced repeated head collisions, sub-concussions, concussions,

or other brain trauma due to the aggressive contact sport of playing several years of professional

football.

This case study investigates the sports management ethical issues facing both NFL, a $10 Billion

sports industry, and the world’s most profitable football sports team, the Dallas Cowboys, and

professional football as there is now sufficient evidence connecting CTE with the high monetary

stakes of professional football.

The symptoms of CTE generally begin 8 to 10 years after experiencing repetitive mild to severe

traumatic brain injury, including the First Stage symptoms of deterioration in attention,

disorientation, dizziness and headaches. As CTE progresses in the Second Stage, further brain

deterioration occurs that includes symptoms of depression, memory loss, social instability,

violent mood swings, erratic behavior, and poor judgment. The Third and Fourth stages include

progressive dementia, slowing muscular movements, slowed thought and speech, tremors,

vertigo, deafness, anger and rage, and suicidality.

As of early 2014, CTE has been diagnosed in 96% of NFL players’ brains analyzed post-mortem.

Researchers have found that players’ brain tissue showed large aggregation of tau protein and

neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads throughout the brain, which cause

neurodegeneration. The tau and tangles literally “strangle” human brain cells, and cells die.

In 2015, US Congress opened an investigation into the effects of repeated concussions have on

football players and the need for federal regulation of the NFL under Article 8 of the United States

Constitution, “The Commerce Clause.” (Greer, 2015).

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Dallas Cowboys: Facts and Figures – Magnitude of the Money

The Dallas Cowboys are the National Football League’s (NFL) most valuable team for the ninth

straight year due to league revenue of $620 Million, $125 Million more than any other football

team. The Cowboys generate $90 million annually from AT&T Stadium's 350 luxury suites and

more than $100 million from sponsors. The club won a playoff game in the 2014 season for only

the second time in 18 years with a thrilling come-from-behind win against the Detroit Lions. AT&T

Stadium, the home stadium for the Cowboys, is still the center for big sporting events with the

venue serving both professional and college football teams.

At a glance facts and figures: The Numbers at a Glance:

Owner: Jerry Jones

Championships: 5

Year Purchased: 1989

Price Paid: $150 M

Operating Income: $270 M

Debt/Value: 5%

Player Expenses: $148 M

Gate Receipts: $94M

Wins-to-player cost ratio: 175

Revenue per Fan: $59

Metro Area Population: 6.9 M

Sport $1,535 M Market $1,046 M Stadium: $1,022 M Brand: $497 M 1-year value change: 25% Annualized change: 14%

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The NFL: Show Me the Money Goldmine

The National Football League (NFL) is a $10 Billion industry that earns annual rights fees of $5

Billion. In 1996, US Congress passed Public Law 89-800, which granted the NFL a monopoly

regarding broadcasting rights for professional football teams. And, the law granted the NFL the

Internal Revenue Service Code Section 501(c) (6) designation to include professional football

leagues in its definition of not-for-profit organizations. As a result, the NFL is exempt from having

to pay federal taxes. Although the NFL was form as a tax-exempt non-profit organization, the

League, unlike the nation’s schools, does not receive federal funding.

In 2015, the NFL relinquished its non-profit status due to public criticism. In contrast, each

individual football team (except the non-profit Green Bay Packers) is subject to tax because they

make a profit. The principal executive officer is the Commissioner, who has the authority in hiring

league employees, negotiation television contracts, disciplining NFL teams and players whose

“conduct is detrimental to the welfare of the League or professional football. The Commissioner

can, in the event of misconduct by a party associated with the league, including individual players,

hand down a fine of up to $500,000, cancel contracts with the league, and award or strip teams

from its draft picks or even cancel a team’s franchise for misconduct, such as betting on football

games which may result in a lifetime ban. The current NFL Commissioner is Roger Goodell who

earns in the range of $34M to $44M, depending on bonuses, a year.

Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance (67,591) of any professional sports league in

the world and is the most popular sports league in the US. The Super Bowl is among its biggest

sporting events in the world and account for the most watched television programs in American

history. The ESPN Sports Network pays the NFL – and, by extension, its 32 professional football

franchises - $1.9 Billion per year to broadcast Monday Night Football. That’s $112 Million per

game. According to ESPN’s internal data as of 2012, there are 85 Million NFL avid fans in the US,

more than one-quarter of the nation. (Fainaru-Wada & Fainaru, 2014).

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The Dallas Cowboys, at approximately US $4 billion worth, are the most valuable NFL franchise

in the United States, and are the most valuable sports team in the world, according to Forbes

magazine. Also, all 32 NFL teams rank among the top 50 most valuable sports teams in the

world and fourteen of the NFL's owners are listed on the Forbes’ 400 list of Billionaires, the most

of any sports league or organization. (Badenhausen, et al 2015).

How does the Cowboys’ $4 Billion valuation compare to the NFL’s other teams and other sports?

The average NFL franchise is now worth $2Billion – up 38% over 2014 and up 93% since 2010.

Even the sad –sack Buffalo Bills, the NFL’s least valuable team, is worth $1.4 Billion. In

comparison to other major league sports, the average Major League Baseball and National

Basketball Association franchises, by contrast are worth $1.2 Billion and $1.1 Billion respectively.

One big reason for football's dominance: the money geyser of blockbuster TV ratings. The

league's 32 teams shared $4.4Billion in national broadcasting revenue last season, compared

with just $1.1 Billion for MLB and $974 million for the NBA. (The latter's new TV deal will,

however, average $2.5 Billion a year starting with the 2016-17 season. (Badenhausen, et al 2015).

The Dallas Cowboys have not been to the Super Bowl in 20 years but the shrewd marketing of

owner Jerry Jones and a gold mine called AT&T Stadium have kept the team atop the NFL's

financial ledger. The Cowboys’ average attendance at games is 90,000 persons and premium

seating revenue is $120 Million per game. In comparison, the AT & T stadium revenue for non-

NFL Cowboys events is $30 Million. (Badenhausen, et al 2015).

However, it is not just the team owner (s) and the NFL League who benefit from football’s

dominance in sports’ highest revenue generator. Thanks to the NFL's collective bargaining

agreement, which gives the guys doing the running and hitting on the field at least 47% of league

revenue, the players are doing well, too-especially the stars. (Badenhausen, et al 2015).

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The Cowboy’s 2015 Quarterback, Tony Romo, signed a 6 year, $108,000,000 contract with the

Dallas Cowboys, including a $25,000,000 signing bonus, $55,000,000 guaranteed, and an average

annual salary of $18,000,000. In 2016, Romo will earn a base salary of $8,500,000. Romo has a

cap hit of $20,835,000 while his dead money value is $31,935,000. This includes four pre-season

games, and sixteen regular season games. Or, roughly $1,596,750 per game! An average

professional football game lasts 3 hours and 12 minutes, but if you tally up the time when the

ball is actually in play, the action amounts to a mere 11 minutes!! (Biderman 2015).

In fact, there’s very little action in football. However, there are over one hundred advertising

commercials! As David Biderman reports, “If you tally up everything that happens between the

time the ball is snapped and the play is whistled dead by the officials, there's barely enough time

to prepare a hard-boiled egg. In fact, the average telecast devotes 56% more time to showing

replays. So what do the networks do with the other 174 minutes in a typical broadcast? Not

surprisingly, commercials take up about an hour. As many as 75 minutes, or about 60% of the

total air time, excluding commercials, is spent on shots of players huddling, standing at the line

of scrimmage or just generally milling about between snaps. In the four broadcasts, injured

players got six more seconds of camera time than celebrating players, announcers got 30 second,

and head coaches/referees got on average 7% of show time.” (Biderman, 2015).

Despite the recession of 2008, the NFL has turned into the richest and most powerful sports

league in the nation, a ubiquitous presence in our lives. ESPN’s research has discovered that for

the first time in history, more people prefer watching football games on television than attending

and watching the game live. The national obsession with football is based upon the “larger than

life men” on whom the $10 Billion industry was built and now based. KC Chief’s offensive

lineman, Michael Oriard describes it as “contact ballet.” “The violence, of course, has been a big

part of football’s appeal, but it’s cinematic and filtered, almost like a war movie. The destructive

force behind the sport was seldom considered.” (Fainaru-Wada & Fainaru, 2014).

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Background History: American Football and Head Injuries The United States government’s interest in regulating football head injuries dates back to the

early 20th century. Even university presidents called for the abolition of the game due to health

risks of head injuries, but President Theodore Roosevelt intervened encouraging rules meant to

reduce risk of head injuries. (Greer, 2015). In 1920, the National Football League (NFL) was

founded; and in 1943 the NFL made helmets mandatory. In the mid-1950s, the sports industry

introduced high-strength thermoplastic helmets to reduce skull fractures and brain

hemorrhages. However, no helmet can prevent the silent, yet deadly damage caused by CTE.

(Greer, 2015).

For decades, NFL players suffered in silence with severe depression and other symptoms of brain

injuries caused by repeated head –to-head weekly collisions on football field. In 2002, an MD

forensic neuro-pathologist discovered CTE upon post-mortem examination of the brain of a 17-

year player for the Pittsburg Steelers, who died at age 501; and the scientist brought open the

deadly consequences of playing professional football. (Greer, 2015). For 10 years prior to his

death, the former Steeler’s player struggled with depression, memory loss, and many of the

symptoms of CTE. Posthumous examination found massive amounts of tau protein tangles

throughout his brain.

Numerous research of deceased professional football players’ brains followed. Medical experts

examined hundreds of football players’ brains and concluded that the repeated head trauma

experienced by football players in the form of concussions and sub-concussions caused CTE.

1 Michael Lewis "Mike" Webster (March 18, 1952 – September 24, 2002) was an American football player who played

as a center for the NFL from 1974 to 1990 with the Pittsburgh Steelers and Kansas City Chiefs. Weber is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Nicknamed "Iron Mike", Webster anchored the Steelers' offensive line during much of their run of four Super Bowl victories from 1974 to 1979 and is considered by some as the best center in NFL history.

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Concussions occur when the brain hits a strong force and the brain is jarred against the skull with

sufficient force to cause temporary loss of function in the higher centers of the brain. Sub-

concussive impacts are smaller blows that cumulatively effect and damage the brain causing

CTE’s tau protein neuro-fibrillary tangles throughout the entire brain.

How strong a force? “In 2004, a football loving physicist at University of Nebraska (Tim Gay) set

out to calculate the magnitude of a Dick Butkus hit (NFL Chicago Bears). Applying Newton’s

Second Law of Motion, he calculated that Butkus, who played at 245 pounds (about 30 pounds

lighter than many linebackers today) generated 1,150 pounds of force when slamming into a

running back of approximately the same size. That’s the weight of a small killer whale! But rarely

did fans dwell on the implications on either side of that transaction.” (Fainaru-Wada & Fainaru,

2014).

“Professional Football Players Do Not Sustain Frequent Repetitive Blows to the Brain””

Despite the overwhelming evidence, NFL leadership categorically refuses to acknowledge the

existence of CTE, to admit any correlation between the disease and football induced head

trauma, or to even conclude that football related concussions and sub-concussions or head

trauma while playing professional football can produce devastating long-term damage. (Fainaru-

Wada & Fainaru, 2014).

“So concluded the National Football League in a December 2005 scientific paper on

concussions in America’s most popular sport. That judgment, implausible even to a casual

fan, also contradicted the opinion of a growing cadre of neuroscientists who worked in vain

to convince the NFL that it was facing a deadly new scourge: A chronic brain disease that

was driving an alarming number of players -- including some of the all-time greats -- to

madness.” (Fainaru-Wada & Fainaru, 2014).

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The Science: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy CTE

The Mayo Clinic – Definition: “Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is the term used to

describe brain degeneration likely caused by repeated head traumas. CTE is a diagnosis only

made at autopsy by studying sections of the brain.

CTE is a very rare condition. It has been found in the brains of people who played contact sports,

such as football, as well as others. Some symptoms of CTE are thought to include difficulties with

thinking (cognition), physical problems, emotions and other behaviors, such as depression, anger,

rage, violence, and suicide.

CTE is a very controversial condition that is still not well-understood. Researchers do not yet

know the frequency of CTE in the population and do not understand the causes.

“There is no cure for CTE.” (Mayo Clinic, 2016)

Boston University Medical Center – What is CTE? “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a

progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in athletes (and others) with a history of

repetitive brain trauma, including symptomatic concussions as well as asymptomatic sub-

concussive hits to the head. CTE has been known to affect boxers since the 1920s. However,

recent reports have been published of neuropathologically confirmed CTE in retired professional

football players and other athletes who have a history of repetitive brain trauma. This trauma

triggers progressive degeneration of the brain tissue, including the build-up of an abnormal

protein called tau. These changes in the brain can begin months, years, or even decades after

the last brain trauma or end of active athletic involvement. The brain degeneration is associated

with memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, impulse control problems, aggression,

depression, and, eventually, progressive dementia.” (Boston University, 2016).

Football’s concussion and sub-concussive health crisis has thousands of victims: “One 8-year NFL

veteran would kill himself by drinking antifreeze. Another player would crash his Ford pick-up

into a tanker truck while leading police on a high speed chase. Two players, Dave Duerson and

Junior Seau, would fire handguns into their chests; Seau, one of the finest linebackers to play the

game, used a .357 Magnum in his home filled with football memorabilia of his 20-year career. As

the crisis grew (See Appendix A), the brains of football players became valuable scientific

commodities. A macabre race ensued among researchers to harvest and study them – even while

the bodies were still warm. Minutes after Seau’s body was carted out of his house, his oldest son

began getting calls seeking his father’s brain. (Fainaru-Wada & Fainaru, 2014).

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The Research Science: CTE and the brain

In both sets of photographs, above, the brain tissue has been immunostained for tau protein, which appears

as a dark brown color. Tau immunostained sections of medial temporal lobe from 3 individuals

Top left: Whole brain section from a 65 year old control subject showing no tau

protein deposition

Bottom left: Microscopic section from 65 year old control subject also shows no tau

protein deposition

Top middle: Whole brain section from John Grimsley showing abundant tau protein

deposition in the amygdala and adjacent temporal cortex

Bottom middle: Microscopic section showing numerous tau positive neurofibrillary

tangles and neurites in the amygdala

Top right: Whole brain section from a 73 year old world champion boxer with severe

dementia showing very severe tau protein deposition in the amygdala and thalamus

Bottom right: Microscopic section from a 73 year old world champion boxer with

severe dementia showing extremely dense tau positive neurofibrillary tangles and

neurites in the amygdala

(Boston University, 2016) Retrieved from https://www.bu.edu/cte/about/what-is-

cte/

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18 year old high school football player

John Doe. Former multi-sport athlete. Died at age 18 John Doe (the family has asked to keep his identity private) was a multi-sport athlete who

suffered multiple concussions in high school football. Analysis of Mr. Doe’s brain revealed the

earliest evidence of CTE ever recorded.

Top left: Whole mount section of frontal cortex showing very focal deposition of tau protein around small blood

vessels (red box)

Bottom left: High magnification shows dense tau immunoreactive NFTs around small blood vessels (holes) and

extensive tau immunoreactive neurites in the neuropil immediately surrounding the area

Top right: Another whole mount section of frontal and insular cortex showing very focal deposition of tau protein

around a small blood vessel in insulara cortex (red box)

Bottom right: High magnification shows dense tau immunoreactive NFTs around a small blood vessel (hole) and

tau immunoreactive neurites in the neuropil immediately surrounding the area

Read more about youth football head trauma

Boston.com | Warning sign on youth football head trauma. Press Release |Boston University School of Medicine

Announces New Findings Linking Football and Progressive Brain Damage

(Boston University, 2016) Retrieved from http://www-test.bu.edu/cste/case-studies/18-year-old/

CTE and 18 Year Old Brain

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NFL League of Denial: Sports Management Ethics or Lack Thereof

Everyone knows that football is violent and dangerous. But what the players who built the NFL

into a $10 Billion industry did not know – and what the NFL sought to shield from them – is that

no amount of padding could protect the human brain from the force – 1,150 pounds +/- of force

generated by modern football! In fact, it has been alleged by many that the NFL, like the Tobacco

Industry with smoking and cancer, used its money and power to attack scientists of the brain

injuries caused by professional football.

How dangerous is football? Is football killing its players?

The NFL’s response: “Do we really want to know?”

In the early-1990’s the NFL formed the Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee (MTBI) in order to

research the long-term health effects of repeated football related head-trauma. Despite the fact

that publicly it denied any relationship between on-the-field head trauma and long term damage,

60% of league players reported sustaining at least one concussion during their careers, 25

reported sustaining three concussions, and more than 50 reported they had lost consciousness

on the field, but were immediately sent back into play while suffering from concussion symptoms

or sub-concussive condition, repeatedly enduring high-speed, high-acceleration collisions

repeatedly during one game-day. The NFL field medical team and administrative leaders

repeatedly ignored player’s complaints of concussions sustained that resulted in severe-

headaches, memory loss and were sent back onto the playing field by coaches.

The NFL’s early logic was based upon the fact that players went back onto the field was an

indication that they were fine, otherwise the medical personnel and coaches would not have

cleared them to immediately go back and play! After a 6-year NFL MTBI “study,” the NFL

concluded that no player experienced cumulative chronic encephalopathy [brain damage] from

repeat concussions. The problem, however, is that the NFL used its own highly-paid medical

team, dependent upon the stable of its best players for NFL fees, and never contacted or studied

players who had left the NFL. Take note, the tobacco industry in-house studies came to the same

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self-serving conclusions…no health risk here! The NFL used the same research gimmicks, using

their own doctors and their own coaches while refusing to use independent, third parties! The

NFL was not researching anything. It was trying to protect its own business!

Unfortunately for the NFL and its ad-hoc “concussion committee”, retired NFL players were

committing suicide and their brains were being examined by forensic-neuropathologists or, if

alive visiting their MDs’ who sent them to MD Psychiatrists, Neuro-Psychiatrists/Psychologists

who began performing independent neurological diagnostic testing, research, and reporting

their research papers to medical journals. How did the NFL respond? By using its money,

prestige, and power to denigrate independent scientific study by the nation’s top-notch MDs and

its major universities! Simultaneously, the NFL went on a public relations blitz to inform the

nation that it was the main sponsor and funded their own research while ignoring the lack of

objectivity in the NFL studies and independent, third party Neuro-Psychiatric screening of

player’s brain and head injuries. “In fact, it was later reported that the NFL excluded 850 tests of

concussion and sub-concussion players and cherry-picked the data to reinforce the league’s

argument that the impact of concussions was negligible and players fully recovered quickly.”

(Fainaru-Wada & Fainaru, 2014).

During 2011 pre-season, new players attended a three-day lecture on the dangers of concussions

where they were informed that while concussions are ‘never an insignificant injury’ no direct

cause and effect has been established yet between concussions and long-term brain damage.”

(Fainaru-Wada & Fainaru, 2014).

In July 2013, 4,500 retired NFL players filed a class action suit against the NFL, in which they

alleged that the League breached its duty to the players by failing to protect them from the

neurological trauma caused by concussions/sub-concussive injuries and its long term brain

damage effects. (Greer, 2015). The NFL immediately offered to mediate and settle the claims

for injuries for $760 Million, but the US District Judge (Anita Brody) rejected the NFL’s proposed

$760 Million settlement, as other NFL players joined the action, and by January 2014, the

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settlement included more than 20,000 class members, all former NFL players and/or their

families.

By April, 2015, Frontline news reported:

“As a federal appeals court mulls the fairness of the NFL’s $1 billion concussion settlement with

thousands of former players, the release of new research Friday could provide dissenters

with crucial ammunition in their fight for a better deal. The study, conducted

by PBS’ "Frontline" in conjunction with Boston University and the U.S. Department of Veterans

Affairs, shows the brain condition known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) may be even

more prevalent among football players than previously thought.”(PBS Frontline, 2015).

“Of 91 former NFL players who donated their brains for research after death, 87 tested positive

for CTE, a debilitating condition that can cause depression, aggression and loss of memory and

motor skills. Of those 87 players, 35 were former offensive or defensive linemen, which

researchers say suggests repeated minor head trauma, not just major concussions, can cause

CTE.” (PBS Frontline, 2015).

“Federal Judge Anita B. Brody issued final approval in April, 2015 of a $1 billion settlement that

would allow for payments of up to $5 million to former players who suffered from neurological

disorders during retirement. For critics, the settlement, which only provided medical coverage to

CTE victims who died from 2006 to 2014, was woefully inadequate. Some players opted out of

the initial settlement to pursue their cases against the NFL individually, while others filed in

August to appeal the settlement’s terms in the U.S. 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals.” (PBS Frontline,

2015).

Fifteen years later, in 2015, the NFL finally capitulated and publicly stated:

“We (NFL) are dedicated to making football safer and continue to take steps to protect players,

including rule changes, advanced sideline technology, and expanded medical resources,” the NFL

said in a statement responding to the “Frontline” report. “We continue to make significant

investments in independent research through our gifts to Boston University, the [National

Institutes of Health] and other efforts to accelerate the science and understanding of these

issues.” (PBS Frontline, 2015).

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Sports Management Ethical Duty: Protecting America’s Athletes In Managing Organizations for Sport and Physical Activity, Chelladurai states that from a General

Systems Perspective and Program Evaluation purpose that Sports Management, such as the NFL,

have an imperative ethical obligation and duty of its organizational performance and evaluation

of its sports programs (1) to ensure accountability/credibility; (2) to improve performance; (3) to

ensure safety of participants, its athletes; (4) to enhance the breadth of its programs; and (5) to

ensure accessibility of programs of all athletes regardless of ethnicity. (Chelladurai, 2014).

Chelladurai (2014 employs the input-throughput-output system to define quality dimensions of

all sports programs, which systems distinguishes quality production process, quality experience

process, and quality evaluation process, set forth in the General Systems model below:

Inputs, Throughputs, and Outputs

Input is anything that enters a system. Input could include money, resources, materials, or effort.

In Managing Organizations, Chelladurai (2014) describes the "Systems View of Dimensions of Fitness Services" of "Input" as the Climate, Commitment, and Core Program Design or (a)

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cultivating a climate for service, (b) management commitment to service quality and (c) designing the programs of services to be offered.

Throughput is a process that converts the input into a final product or service.

Chelladurai describes "Throughput" as the Interactions [personal/task], Other Clients, Servicescape, and Recovery. This stage is composed of employee-client interactions of a personal nature as well as the interactions related to the task at hand. Determining the quality of experiences for athletes and customers is an important dimension of management failure and how quickly they are addressed and fixed.

Output is the final product or service provided by a system.

Chelladurai concludes that "Output" is the overall service. The only dimension in the output stage

is the client perception of service quality.

Systems Theory of Input-Throughput-Output is a Feedback Loop

The feedback loop is a process of monitoring outputs to determine whether or not the system is

working. Feedback should be evaluated and then put back into the system to improve future

outputs. Controls and Environment - controls are anything that pinpoint problems in a system

before the output is complete. An environment is the circumstance and condition in which a

system exists. The system relies on the environment for resources.

In Chelladurai's "Systems View of Dimensions of Fitness Services” the concept details an overall

organizational management system that provide to management targets of quality and a process

to assist managers to identify by breaking down services into the distinct service elements in

order to optimize customer expectations and overall quality of services; and overall customer

satisfaction that includes evaluation and feedback by customers. Thus, it is this feedback that

provides the "loop" of input back to the Input stage of the General Systems Model.

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Summary and Conclusion

What did the NFL know and when did they know it? This is a question that may have no answer.

But, what we truly know is quite troubling. We know that that the NFL, from 1990 to 2015 earned

billions of dollars conducting its own non-objective, self-serving football brain-concussion

research while hiding facts, cherry-picking data, and using their power and money to fend off

independent research on the short and long-term damage to its players, the persons the league

was formed to benefit and had an absolute duty and professional obligation to protect. The

league knew this, but utilized strategies to protect only their salaries, the billions in television and

commercialization fees with knowledge of the fact that players were sustaining irreversible brain

damage, and many athletes and their families were severely damaged, and many former NFL

players had committed suicide.

In 2013 the NFL promoted its “Better, Safer, Game” but it took a multi-billion dollar class action

civil action filed in the United States District Court and a two year battle before the NFL

recognized the permanent scars of its athletes and severely damaged players’ lives. The NFL’s

unethical conduct threatened football from the highest professional levels all the way down to

local high-school football. As one professor of biomedical engineering (Eric Nauman) has now

shown – the sub-concussive hits, the kind that occur at the line of scrimmage on every down,

degrade the brain over time. He added, “The NFL, they’re not necessarily in the business of the

public good, they’re in THEIR business. So I can understand why they might not be pushing some

of the research.” (Fainaru-Wada & Fainaru, 2014).

The battle for the sport’s future has only just begun. In 2015, US Congress recognized the need

that it must enact legislation to regulate concussion and brain injury detection and treatment to

protect the future of football and its athletes. To date, not one of ten concussion bills or

resolutions in the House and the Senate has made out of committee, but there is now paramount

concern and hope.

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Afterforward: The Future: Hope, Health, and Healing

Study Shows “Reversing Brain Damage” Among NFL Players Is Possible (Amen Clinics, 2016)

“Reports of suicide, murder, dementia, memory loss and other problems experienced by players from the National Football League have led one research group –headed by neuroscientist and brain-imaging expert Daniel G. Amen, M.D. — to study the effects of an interventional strategy designed to improve cognitive function which would “reverse brain damage” from years of playing in contact sports.

The findings, released February 1, 2013, have significant impact on the football community, as well as anyone with brain damage due to concussions, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), toxicity from alcohol and drug use, and other brain traumas, according to Dr. Amen, founder of Amen Clinics, Inc.

“It’s one of the most exciting discoveries in medicine today,” said Dr. Amen who has published 55 scientifically peer reviewed studies and three specifically on his work with 135 active and retired NFL players. “I hope this message finds anyone who played contact sports like football, hockey, soccer, boxing so they can find help because their degenerative conditions can be reversed, if treated early.”

The study, titled “Reversing Brain Damage in Former NFL Players” and published in the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, used brain SPECT images (single photon emission computed tomography) and a standard neuropsychological test to measure the blood flow in the areas of the brain, cognitive functions and proficiency related to mood, memory, language, attention and information speed and accuracy. The athletes followed a “brain-healthy protocol” designed by Dr. Amen that included a revised diet, regular exercise, limited alcohol use, eliminating drug use and cigarette use, getting enough sleep, as well as nutritional supplements, including high dosage of fish oil, a high-potency multi-vitamin, and a group of brain boosting ingredients, phosphatidylserine, among others.

Within an average of six months, the players were measured again. The results showed significant increases in cognitive scores, blood flow, and the self-reported symptoms of mood, memory, and motivation. Many athletes had greater than 50% increases in percentile scores.”

“We demonstrated that even if you have been bad to your brain, on the right program you can often reverse the damage and improve your life,” said Dr. Amen who is also a physician, Distinguished Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association. (Amen Clinics, 2016)

20

References

Amen, D. (2016). www.amenclinics.com. The Amen Clinics/CTE. Newport Beach, CA.

Badenhausen, K., Ozanian, M., Settimi, C. (Oct 2015). “Most Valuable NFL Teams.” Forbes

Magazine October 2015, Vol. 11, Issue 11.

Biderman, D. (Jan 2010). “Eleven Minutes of Action.” The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones &

Company, Inc. New York, NY.

Boston University Medical Center (2016). www.bu.edu. “What is CTE?” Trustees of Boston

University. Boston, MA.

Chelladurai, P. (2014). “Managing Organizations for Sport and Physical Activity.” Holcomb

Hathaway Publishers. Scottsdale, AZ.

Fainaru-Wada, M. and Fainaru, S. (2014). “League of Denial: The NFL, Concussions, and the

Battle for the Truth.” Crown Publishing, a Division of Random House, LLC. New York, NY.

Greer, M. (2015). “Concussion Crisis: Regulating the NFL’s Concussion Policy under the

Commerce Clause.” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly. Vol. 42. University of California

Hastings College of Law. San Francisco, CA.

Mayo Clinic (2016). www.mayoclinic.org. “Diseases and Conditions – Chronic Traumatic

Encephalopathy.” Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Rochester, MN.

PBS Frontline (2015). Retrieved from: http://www.ibtimes.com/nfl-concussion-lawsuit-settlement-what-

frontline-cte-data-means-appeal-process-2104528

Wikipedia.com (2016). Retrieved from:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NFL_players_with_chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy

21

Appendix A Wikipedia (2016) Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NFL_players_with_chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy

Former players with CTE confirmed post-mortem

A definitive test currently can be made only by examining the brain tissue of a deceased victim.

The following list is incomplete. A brain injury study conducted at the Boston University School

of Medicine showed that 33 of 34 players tested post-mortem showed clear signs of CTE:

Jovan Belcher[2]

Forrest Blue[3]

Lew Carpenter[4]

Lou Creekmur[5]

Willie Daniel

Shane Dronett[6]

Dave Duerson[7][8]

Ray Easterling[8][9][10]

Frank Gifford[8][11]

Cookie Gilchrist[8][12]

John Grimsley[13]

Chris Henry[8][14]

Terry Long[1]

John Mackey[8][15]

Ollie Matson[8][16]

Tom McHale [8][17]

Earl Morrall[18]

Adrian Robinson[19]

Junior Seau[8][20]

Tyler Sash[8][21]

Ken Stabler [8][22]

Bubba Smith [8][23]

Justin Strzelczyk [8]

Andre Waters [8]

Mike Webster [8]

Ralph Wenzel[8]

22

Deceased players suspected of having suffered from CTE

Curtis Brown[28]

Gene Hickerson[29]

Wally Hilgenberg

Larry Morris[30][31]

Doug Kotar

Joe Perry[32]

Jim Ringo[30]

Living former players diagnosed with CTE

Tim Shaw[34] (age 32)

Brent Boyd[35] (age 59)

O. J. Brigance[36] (age 46)

Harry Carson[37] (age 62)

Wayne Clark[38] (age 69)

Joe DeLamielleure[39] (age 65)

Tony Dorsett[39] (age 62)

Mark Duper[40] (age 57)

Brett Favre[41] (age 46)

Steve Gleason[42][43] (age 39)

Andrew Glover[44] (age 48)

Dwight Harrison[45] (age 67)

Ted Johnson[35] (age 43)

Bernie Kosar[46] (age 52)

Fulton Kuykendall[33] (age 62)

Dorsey Levens[33] (age 46)

Jamal Lewis[33] (age 36)

Leonard Marshall[39] (age 54)

Ricardo McDonald[29][45] (age 46)

Jim McMahon[47] (age 56)

Bob Meeks (age 47)

Matthew Monger (age 54)

Sean Morey[35] (age 40)

23

Frank Orgel [48]

Antwaan Randle El[49] (age 36)

George Rogers (age 57)

Steve Smith[50] (age 51)

Ryan Stewart[33] (age 42)

Darryl Talley [51]

Kyle Turley[52] (age 40)

Kevin Turner[53] (age 46)

Mitch White[53]

Willie Wood[29] (age 79)

Frank Wycheck[29] (age 44)

Former players listed as plaintiffs in lawsuits against the NFL for concussion-related

injuries received after playing[edit]

This list is incomplete. The NFL reportedly reached a settlement in 2013 with around 4,500 former players (or

their estates). This list currently contains fewer than half that number.

Jeff Nixon[54]

George Adams[55]

Byron Williams[55]

Curtis McGriff[55]

D'Artagnan Martin[55]

David Howard[55]

Frank Middleton[55]

Hassan Jones[55]

James Cheyunski[55]

James Mueller[55]

James Snowden[55]

John Wojciechowski[55]

Michael McCoy[55]

Noland Smith[55]

Patrick Shea[55]

Solomon Brannan[55]

Thomas Vaughn[55]

A.J. Schable[56]

24

Aaron Stecker[56]

Abner Kirk "Trey" Junkins[56]

Akmal "Hakim" Akbar[56]

Anthony Phillips[56]

Anthony Wright[56]

Antoine Cash[56]

Antonio London[56]

Barry Stokes[56]

Bill Staley[56]

Brett Basanez[56]

Brian Jones[56]

Brian S. Williams[56]

Brody Liddiard[56]

Carl Powell[56]

Carlos Jenkins[56]

Carlton Haselrig[56]

Chris Hoke[56]

Chris Warren[56]

Christopher Liwienski[56]

Conrad Hamilton[56]

Craig Sauer[56]

Damion McIntosh[56]

Dan Stryzinzki[56]

Darren Mickell[56]

Derek Loville[56]

Derrick Witherspoon[56]

Doug Thomas[56]

Dovonte Edwards[56]

Duval Love[56]

Earl Dotson[56]

Eric D. Johnson[56]

Farishad Harris[56]

Gary L. Plummer[56]

Gaston Green[56]

Glenn Cadrez[56]

Gregory Horton[56]

25

Hollis Thomas[56]

Jace Sayler[56]

James Price[56]

James Trapp[56]

Jamir Miller[56]

Jason Peter[56]

Jason Pociask[56]

Jerald Sisemore[56]

Jerome Carter[56]

John Elliot[56]

John V. Johnson[56]

Jonathan Quinn[56]

Josh Bidwell[56]

Junior Ioane[56]

Keith Jennings[56]

Keith Poole[56]

Kelvin Garmon[56]

Kenneth Clark[56]

Kristopher Richard[56]

Larry Ned[56]

Larry Whigham[56]

Lincoln Hodgdon[56]

Lorenzo Freeman[56]

Marco Battaglia[56]

Mark Fields[56]

Marques Harris[56]

Matt O'Dwyer[56]

Mel Mitchell[56]

Michael Boulware[56]

Michael Cloud[56]

Michael Haynes[56]

Michael Pucillo[56]

Michael Young[56]

Mike Banks[56]

Mike McCoy[56]

Muhammad Shamsiddeen[56]

26

Nate Webster[56]

Otis Moore Jr. [56]

Patrick Bates[56]

Patrick Pass[56]

Peter Bercich[56]

Phillippi Sparks[56]

Quentin Coryatt[56]

Randal Williams[56]

Robert Buczkowski[56]

Robert Hunter Goodwin[56]

Roger Knight[56]

Ruben Scott Blanton[56]

Ryan Boschetti[56]

Ryan Neufeld[56]

Ryan Tucker[56]

Ryon Bingham[56]

Samuel Lilly[56]

Samuel Rogers[56]

Scott Jackson[56]

Scott Kooistra[56]

Seth McKinney[56]

Steve McKinney[56]

Terry T. Allen[56]

Thomas Lewis[56]

Tommy Polley[56]

Travis Minor[56]

Vinny Ciurciu[56]

Willis J. Reed[56]

Zack Walz[56]

Zuriel Smith[56]

Charles Alexander, Jr.[57]

Gregory Lafleur[57]

Lamar Lathon[57]

Anthony Newman[58]

Brad Goebel[58]

Brent Williams[58]

27

Chris Geile[58]

Dale Carter[58]

Dan Fike[58]

Darrin Chiaverini[58]

David Pool[58]

David Richie[58]

Don Latimer[58]

Eric Allen[58]

Erick Anderson[58]

Ernest Spears[58]

Eugene Prebola[58]

Fernando Smith[58]

Frank II Wattelet[58]

Frank Varrichione[58]

George Gaiser[58]

Howard Griffith[58]

Irvin II Pankey[58]

Jack Quirek[58]

Jeff Donaldson[58]

Jeff Smith[58]

Jim Merlo[58]

John Tice[58]

Ken Walter[58]

Kenneth Reeves[58]

Kermit Johnson[58]

Kris Pollack[58]

Lenard Rohde[58]

Leonard Gotshalk[58]

Leonard Renfro[58]

Linden King[58]

Lonnie Marts, Jr.[58]

Melvin Jackson Jr.[58]

Michael Moody[58]

Mick Tingelhoff[58]

Rex Kern[58]

Robert Delpino[58]

28

Robert Grant[58]

Sean Salisbury[58]

Steve Wilson[58]

Steve Wright[58]

Tom Cox[58]

Vincent Clark[58]

Alfred Jenkins[59]

Allan Kennedy[59]

Alphonso Carreker[59]

Anthony Blaylock[59]

Anthony Johnson[59]

Brett Perriman[59]

Brian O'Neal[59]

Bruce Holmes[59]

Calvin Collins[59]

Calvin Miller[59]

Chris Jackie[59]

Christopher Doleman[59]

Christopher Shelling[59]

Cosey Coleman[59]

Curtis Brown[59]

Curtis Dickey[59]

D. Kris Haines[59]

Dana McLemore[59]

Daniel Buggs[59]

Danny Copeland[59]

David Brandon[59]

Deke Cooper[59]

Dewey McClain[59]

Don Majkowski[59]

Duriel Harris[59]

Ed King[59]

Efrem Hill[59]

Elliot Fortune[59]

Eric Dorsey[59]

Ernest Thompson[59]

29

Felipe Claybrooks[59]

Fernando Smith[59]

Floyd Dixon[59]

Fred Banks[59]

Garrison Hearst[59]

Gary Reasons[59]

Gregory Taylor[59]

Guy Bingham[59]

Herbert Christopher[59]

Hubert Oliver[59]

Jamal Anderson[59]

James Geathers[59]

James Whitley[59]

Jamie Duncan[59]

Jeffrey Bryant[59]

Jeffrey Tootle[59]

Jermaine Miles[59]

Jessie Tuggle[59]

Jevon Langford[59]

Jim Romano[59]

Joe Burns[59]

John Sawyer[59]

Johndale Carty[59]

Johnny Rutledge[59]

Joseph Johnston[59]

Karsten Bailey[59]

Keith Browner[59]

Keith Ponder[59]

Kelly Holcomb[59]

Kenneth Reaves[59]

Kevin Lee[59]

Kevin Whitley[59]

Kevin Willhite[59]

Larry Sr. Johnson[59]

Lavale Thomas[59]

Lavonya Carter[59]

30

Marc Edwards[59]

Melvin Farr, Jr.[59]

Michael Curcio[59]

Michael Farr[59]

Mike Washington[59]

Mitchell Davis[59]

O.J. Santiago[59]

Patrick White[59]

Ralph Staten Jr.[59]

Raymond Butler[59]

Rico Smith[59]

Robert Chancey[59]

Robert Cooksey[59]

Robert Kelly III[59]

Robert Lavette, Jr.[59]

Robert Richardson Jr.[59]

Robert Micho[59]

Roderick Coleman[59]

Rodney Holman[59]

Roosevelt Patterson[59]

Ross Browner[59]

Ruffin Hamilton[59]

Sammy Walker[59]

Sedrick Irvin[59]

Shannon Mitchell[59]

Sidney Johnson[59]

Stanley Pritchett Jr.[59]

Stephen Clark[59]

Stephen Hobbs[59]

Sterling Palmer[59]

Steve Luke[59]

Steven Broussard[59]

Stevon Moore[59]

Terry Beasley[59]

Terry Hardy[59]

Terry Tausch[59]

31

Theodore Watts[59]

Thomas Donquail[59]

Timothy Broady[59]

Travis Carroll[59]

Victor Green[59]

Wallace Davis[59]

Warren Bryant[59]

Wesley Pritchett[59]

William Carr[59]

Zeke Mowatt[59]

Scott Lindsay[59]

Arthur Cox[60]

Daryll Jones[60]

Edgar Fields[60]

Ernest Dixon[60]

Ernest Gibson[60]

George ("Tiger") Greene[60]

Horrace King[60]

Joel Williams[60]

Jon Vaughn[60]

Karon Riley[60]

Ken Woodard[60]

Kenneth Clarke[60]

Kerwin Waldroup[60]

Lamar Campbell[60]

Larry Tharpe[60]

Major Everett[60]

Melvin Bratton[60]

Miguel ("Mike") Bryce-Dingle[60]

Paul Ryzek[60]

Randall Godfrey[60]

Reggie Brown[60]

Reginald Austin[60]

Robert Bailey[60]

Roderick Saddler[60]

Sam Simmons[60]

32

Sedrick Hodge[60]

Terry Fair[60]

Vaughn Booker[60]

Brian Holloway[61]

Carolyn Lens[61]

Cedric Brown[61]

Danny Noonan[61]

Gregory Roberts[61]

James Wilder[61]

Jesse Solomon[61]

Jimmie Giles[61]

Joe Phillips[61]

Joseph "Berry" Brown[61]

Larry Barnes[61]

Michael Cloud[61]

Ralph Wenzel[61]

Rudolph Bukich[61]

Scot Brantley[61]

Woodrow Bennett[61]

Andrew Glover[62]

Fred Barnett[62]

Jamaica Rector[62]

Jojuan Armour[62]

Kywin Supernaw[62]

Aaron Jones[63]

Aaron Mitchell[63]

Alfred Gross[63]

Allan V. Clark[63]

Allen Barnes[63]

Allen Carter[63]

Anthony (Tony) Adams[63]

Anthony (Tony) Jeter[63]

Anthony Prior[63]

Arthur Still[63]

August "Gus" Otto[63]

Bill Bishop[63]

33

Bill Hurley[63]

Bobby Harden[63]

Brad Edelman[63]

Brad Jackson[63]

Brent Boyd[63]

Bruce Laird[63]

Bryan Stoltenberg[63]

Caleb Miller[63]

Calvin Jackson[63]

Cedrick Hardman[63]

Charles (Chuck) Mercein[63]

Charles Anthony[63]

Charles Krueger[63]

Charles Myrtle[63]

Charles Thomas[63]

Charley Harraway[63]

Charlie Smith[63]

Chilton Hawkins[63]

Clarence Reece[63]

Clarence Verdin[63]

Cleophus "Cleo" Miller[63]

Cliff Harris[63]

Conrad Dobler[63]

Craig Curry[63]

Craig Ellis[63]

Dale Hackbert[63]

Daniel Colchico[63]

Daniel Sullivan[63]

Darrell Fullington[63]

Darrell Irvin[63]

Dave Jr Washington[63]

David Ahrens[63]

David Costa[63]

David Recher[63]

Delles Howell[63]

Dennis Harrah[63]

34

Dennis McKnight[63]

Derland Moore[63]

Derrick Gaffney[63]

Don Horn[63]

Donald Greco[63]

Donald Macek[63]

Donald Manoukian[63]

Donald McCauley[63]

Donald Parrish[63]

Donnie Green[63]

Doug Beaudoin[63]

Douglas Cosbie[63]

Earl Christy[63]

Edward Simonini[63]

Edward White[63]

Ernest Kellermann[63]

Frank Lewis[63]

Frank Ryan[63]

Frank Youso[63]

Fred Anderson[63]

Fred Forsberg[63]

Fred Smerlas[63]

Garry (Donny) Anderson[63]

Gary Padjen[63]

Gene Lang[63]

Gregory Boyd[63]

Harvey Armstrong[63]

Henry Bradley[63]

Herbert Dobbins[63]

Hubert Ginn[63]

Ira Matthews[63]

J. Bruce Jarvis[63]

Jack Snow[63]

Jack Tatum[63]

Jack Johnson[63]

Jacquez Green[63]

35

James (Jim) Bowman[63]

James Brian Duncan[63]

James Covert[63]

James Garcia[63]

James Harrell[63]

James Hough[63]

James Jones[63]

James Williams[63]

Jeff Barnes[63]

Jeff McIntyre[63]

Jeffrey Walker[63]

Jerry Robinson[63]

Jerry Wilson[63]

Jim Jodat[63]

Joe Cribbs[63]

Joe Delamielleure[63]

Joe Ferguson[63]

Joe Norman[63]

Joe Washington[63]

John Banaszak[63]

John Cappelletti[63]

John Houser[63]

John L. Williams[63]

John Brewer[63]

Jon (Reggie) Dupard[63]

Jon Melander[63]

Joseph Kapp[63]

Keith Nord[63]

Keith Sims[63]

Ken Fantetti[63]

Ken Huff[63]

Kenneth Burrow[63]

Kenneth Easley[63]

Kenneth Jones[63]

Kent Hill[63]

Kory Minor[63]

36

Kurt Petersen[63]

Larry Webster[63]

Larry Woods[63]

Lawrence Gagner[63]

Lee Folkins[63]

Lemuel Barney[63]

Leon "Ray" Jarvis[63]

Leonard "Bubba" Jr. McDowell[63]

Lionel Antoine[63]

Louis Kirouac[63]

Love James Tolbert[63]

MacArthur Lane[63]

Marc S. Brown[63]

Margene Adkins[63]

Mario Celotto[63]

Mark Arneson[63]

Mark Cooper[63]

Mark Cotney[63]

Mark Koncar[63]

Mark Nichols[63]

Mark Robinson[63]

Marvin Woodson[63]

Melvin Carver[63]

Melvin Gray[63]

Mervin Krakau[63]

Michael "Tony" Davis[63]

Michael Hull[63]

Michael Meade[63]

Michael Merriweather[63]

Michael Morton[63]

Michael Sommer[63]

Michael Weddington[63]

Mike Augustyniak[63]

Mike Bass[63]

Mike Wood[63]

Neal Craig[63]

37

Nicholas Bolkovac[63]

Nickolas Bell[63]

Noah Burroughs[63]

Noel Jenke[63]

Olrick Johnson[63]

Paul Howard[63]

Paul Krause[63]

Peter Athas[63]

Peter Cronan[63]

Peter Lazetich[63]

Phil Villapiano[63]

Phillip Freeman[63]

R.C. Owens[63]

Ralph Heywood[63]

Randy Gradishar[63]

Randy Ragon[63]

Raymond Brown[63]

Reginald Clark[63]

Reidel Anthony[63]

Richard Kane[63]

Richard Anderson[63]

Rick Sanford[63]

Bob Berry[63]

Robert Pellegrini[63]

Robert Abraham[63]

Robert Bell[63]

Robert Gregor[63]

Robert Kroll[63]

Robert Lurtsema[63]

Rob Rubick[63]

Rod Martin[63]

Rodrick Rodgers[63]

Roger Carr[63]

Ron Jessie[63]

Ron Coder[63]

Ronnie Hornsby[63]

38

Rudy Redmond[63]

Samaji Akili[63]

Scott Eaton[63]

Steve Bartkowski[63]

Steve Foley[63]

Steve Jones[63]

Steve Thurlow[63]

Steven Schubert[63]

Terry Metcalf[63]

Terry Owens[63]

Thaddeus (Ted) Kwalick, Jr.[63]

Thomas Beer[63]

Thomas Lott[63]

Tim Fox[63]

Tom Curtis[63]

Tommy Nobis[63]

Tony F., Jr. Cline[63]

Troy Johnson[63]

Trumaine Johnson[63]

Vestee Jackson[63]

Victor Hicks[63]

Walter Roberts[63]

Warren Loving[63]

Warren Powers[63]

William "Bill" Cody[63]

William "Billy" Shields[63]

William (Bill) Laskey[63]

William Cahill[63]

William Cooke[63]

William Curran[63]

William Daniel[63]

William Matan[63]

William Truax[63]

Willie Green[63]

Willie Taylor[63]

Billy Bell[63]

39

Alex Dexter Johnson[64]

Andrew Stewart[64]

Ben Smith[64]

Brian Baschnagel[64]

Bruce Bell[64]

Cedric Brown[64]

Charles Shonta[64]

Clarence Scott[64]

Curtis Nelson[64]

Don Davey[64]

Don Herrmann[64]

Don McIlhenny[64]

Douglas Jones[64]

Elgin Davis[64]

Eric Holle[64]

Fred Forsberg[64]

Garo Yepremian[64]

George Rogers[64]

Heath Irwin[64]

Izel Jenkins[64]

James Culbreath[64]

James Fahnhorst[64]

Jimmy Spencer[64]

Jeff Sydner[64]

John Brodie[64]

John Griffin[64]

John Johnson[64]

Kenneth Dunek[64]

Luis Aguiar[64]

Mark Collins[64]

Mark Duda[64]

Matthew Monoger[64]

Michael Cheever[64]

Michael D'Amato[64]

Michael Esposito[64]

Randy Cuthbert[64]

40

Ray Ellis[64]

Reginald Payne[64]

Richard Trapp[64]

Robert Adams[64]

Robert Avellini[64]

Robert Grupp[64]

Robert Meeks[64]

Ronald Davis[64]

Shellye Archambeau[64]

Terry Cousin[64]

Theron Sapp[64]

Thomas Garlick[64]

Tom Skladany[64]

William Frizzelle[64]

Cory Raymond[64]

Harold Bishop[64]

Justin Vincent[64]

Liffort Hobley[64]

Michael Brooks[64]

Ronnie Halliburton[64]

Shawn King[64]

Albert Carmichael[65]

Chad Eaton[65]

Dana Howard[65]

Dave D'Addio[65]

Donald Rives[65]

Edward Budde[65]

Edward III West[65]

Eric Bassey[65]

Eugene Ceppetelli[65]

Fakhir Brown[65]

Glen Collins[65]

Glenn Ressler[65]

James Hall[65]

Jason Phillips[65]

Jeffrey Christy[65]

41

Keith Griffin[65]

Kenard Lang[65]

Lawrence Estes[65]

Mark Chmura[65]

Michael C. Williams[65]

Michael Harden[65]

Paul Gruber[65]

Philip Vandersea[65]

Raghib Ismal[65]

Roy Shivers[65]

Sidney Thorton[65]

Solomon Freelon[65]

Theodore McKnight[65]

Al Davis[66]

Arthur Stringer[66]

Brad Culpepper[66]

Chris Edmonds[66]

Curtis Greer[66]

Daniel Brandenburg[66]

David Hadley[66]

Dedric Ward[66]

Drew Haddad[66]

James Arnold[66]

James Jr. Baisley[66]

Jayice Pearson[66]

Joseph Iorio[66]

Joseph Tafoya[66]

Leonard St. Jean[66]

Michael Donohoe[66]

Paul Carrington[66]

Paul Ernster[66]

Renaldo Wynn[66]

Ricky Nattiel[66]

Robert Miller[66]

Robert Penchion[66]

Robert Woods[66]

42

Roger III Anderson[66]

Virgil Carter[66]

Zachery Valentine[66]

Shane Dronett[67]

Pete Duranko[68]

Charles Ray Easterling[69]

Gerald Feehery[69]

James McMahon[69]

Joseph E. Thomas[69]

Michael Thomas Furrey[69]

Steve Kiner[69]

Wayne Radloff[69]

Byron Ingram[70]

Kenneth Callicut[70]

Robert Edwards[70]

Todd Kelly[70]

Adrian Young[71]

Alfred Anderson[71]

Andy Harmon[71]

Bill Howton[71]

Billy Ray Barnes[71]

Bob Demarco[71]

Brad Legget[71]

Cephus Weatherspoon[71]

Christopher Barber[71]

Clinton Jones[71]

Connie Zelenick[71]

Dave Pivec[71]

David Alexander[71]

David Michael McDonald[71]

David Recher[71]

David Wasick[71]

Dennis Gentry[71]

Derrick Burroughs[71]

Earl Thomas[71]

Eddie Hinton[71]

43

Fred Morrison[71]

Gary Ellerson[71]

Glen Steele[71]

Grantis Bell[71]

Jeff Kopp[71]

Jeremiah Trotter[71]

Jerry Holmes[71]

John Charles[71]

John Haines[71]

John Neidert[71]

Johnnie Roland[71]

Jon Michael Reichenbach[71]

Joseph Righetti[71]

Keith Neubert[71]

Keith Van Horne[71]

Ken Bell[71]

Kenneth Davis[71]

Kenneth King[71]

Kevin Verdugo[71]

Leo Goeas[71]

Lonnie White[71]

Marc May[71]

Mark Kafentzis[71]

Michael Stonebreaker[71]

Pete Mitchell[71]

Richard Bielski[71]

Richard David Preston[71]

Rick Sr. Razzano[71]

Robert Landsee[71]

Ronald Moten[71]

Ryan Sutter[71]

Scott Galyon[71]

Scott Lockwood[71]

Seth Joyner[71]

Steve Everitt[71]

Steve Korte[71]

44

Steve Pisarkiewicz[71]

Todd Howard[71]

Tom Louderback[71]

Troy Benson[71]

Troy Davis[71]

Salaam-El Kamal Ali[71]

Brad Scioli[72]

Chris Walsh[72]

Isaiah Kacyvenski[72]

Jerome Pathon[72]

Jim Finn[72]

Joe Horn[72]

Matt Joyce[72]

Paul Zukauskas[72]

Scott Dragos[72]

Sean Berton[72]

Sean Ryan[72]

Andrew Glover[73]

Jessie Small[74]

Lomas Brown[74]

Myron Guyton[74]

Willie Whitehead[74]

Gregory Brown[75]

Lawrence Watkins[75]

Michael Haddix[75]

Andre Rone[76]

Anthony Thomas[76]

Brad Quast[76]

Brent Novoselsky[76]

Brian Baldinger[76]

Brian Hinkle[76]

Britt Hager[76]

Bruce Herron[76]

Christian Peter[76]

Courtland Bullard[76]

Daniel Stubbs[76]

45

Darrel Earl Jones[76]

David Greenwood[76]

Derek Engler[76]

Douglas Skene[76]

Eric Unverzagt[76]

Eric Wright[76]

Frederick Nixon[76]

Gern Nagler[76]

James Burgess[76]

Joe Cocozzo[76]

John Avery[76]

John E. Rogers[76]

Keith Byars[76]

Keith Hamilton[76]

Lamarr Glenn[76]

Leroy Butler[76]

Leroy Kelly[76]

Maa Tanuvasa[76]

Michael Mason[76]

Michael Pitts[76]

Michael Stromberg[76]

Mike Schad[76]

Nuu Faaola[76]

Peter Monty[76]

Reginald Sutton[76]

Rodney Bellinger[76]

Roell Preston[76]

Ron Porter[76]

Scott Dierking[76]

Tom Cassese[76]

Warren Bankston[76]

Andre Lott[77]

Billy Joe Dupree[77]

Burnie Legette[77]

Carl Byrum[77]

Carl Hairston[77]

46

Chris Williams[77]

Dan Larose[77]

Daryle Skaugstad[77]

David Humm[77]

Derwin Williams[77]

Doug Nettles[77]

Fair Hooker[77]

Frank Griffin[77]

Fred Williamson[77]

Glenn Derby[77]

Greg Bracelin[77]

Jackie Walker[77]

Jacob Green[77]

James Jeffcoat[77]

Jarrod Bunch[77]

Jeffrey Bregel[77]

Jeffrey Walker[77]

Joe Krakoski[77]

John Hicks[77]

John Jr. Davis[77]

Karl Noonan[77]

Kendyl Jacox[77]

Kenneth Callicutt[77]

Larry Wallace[77]

Leroy, Jr. Holt[77]

Les Shy[77]

Lindon Crow[77]

Marion Earl Cooper[77]

Mark McGrath[77]

Martin Amsler[77]

Matt Robinson[77]

Michael Kiselak[77]

Michael Siani[77]

Paul Green[77]

Reese Jr. McCall[77]

Richard Ellis[77]

47

Richard Quast[77]

Robert Blanchard[77]

Robin Earl[77]

Ronald Bolton[77]

Steve Pierce[77]

Steve Wright[77]

Thida Paing[77]

Wade Manning[77]

William Austin[77]

Woodrow Campbell[77]

Charles Hannah[78]

Akbar Gbaja-Biamila[79]

Alonzo Mayes[79]

Anthony Thomas[79]

Antonio Perkins[79]

Bryan Morris[79]

Calvin Murray[79]

Chris Oldham[79]

Chris Pane[79]

Christopher Penn[79]

Clarence Sanders[79]

Curtis Shearer[79]

Dameian Jeffries[79]

Dan Pastorini[79]

Darrell Mitchell[79]

Darrly T. Wren[79]

David Jr. Lucas[79]

Delvic Philyaw[79]

Derek Kennard[79]

Donald Wilson[79]

Douglas C. Jones[79]

Edward, Jr. Robinson[79]

Emanuel Zanders[79]

Eric Sutton[79]

Eugene Taylor[79]

Ezekiel Parker[79]

48

Franky L. Smith[79]

Gloster Richardson[79]

Gregory Pruitt[79]

Ira Matthews[79]

James Jackson[79]

James Stewart[79]

Jeffrey P. Jackson[79]

John H. Smith[79]

John Janata[79]

Kendrick Rogers[79]

Kenneth McClendan[79]

Kim Anderson[79]

Mark Walczak[79]

Marty Johnson[79]

McDonald Oden[79]

Melvin Renfro[79]

Michael Schneck[79]

Michael Strachan[79]

Morris Owens[79]

Myron Pottios[79]

Odessa Turner[79]

Paul Lane[79]

Quincy Wilson[79]

Ralph Stockemer[79]

Randy Robbins[79]

Richard (Dick) Schafrath[79]

Richard Palmer[79]

Robert Kohrs[79]

Ron Pritchard[79]

Ronney Jenkins[79]

Scott Williams[79]

Singor Mobley[79]

Stephen King[79]

Stephen Towle[79]

Terry Ray[79]

Thomas Henderson[79]

49

Torrey Wright[79]

Tyronne Stowe[79]

Ward W. Walsh[79]

Zechariah Lord[79]

Bernard Robertson[79]

White Russell[79]

Brian Henesey[80]

Roger Shoals[80]

Alan Jr. Reuber[81]

Anthony Bell[81]

Anthony Furjanic[81]

Bobby Burnett[81]

Daimon Shelton[81]

Dalva Allen[81]

Dexter Davis[81]

Edward Bell[81]

Frank Collins[81]

Frank Pollard[81]

Joe Owens[81]

John Roman[81]

Joseph Bock[81]

Joseph Carollo[81]

Kevin Harris[81]

Mario Clark[81]

Richard Jr Parson[81]

Rockne Freitas[81]

Sam Ball[81]

Shyrone Stith[81]

Timothy Jr. Edwards[81]

Wayne Clark[81]

Wes Hopkins[81]

William Bain[81]

Bert Weidner[82]

Carlton Kammerer[82]

Charles Ehin[82]

Chet Hanulak[82]

50

Chris Gedney[82]

Davis R. Lewis[82]

Dedrick Roper[82]

Dennis Shaw[82]

Dennis Smith[82]

Dennis Tripp[82]

Dennis Wirgowski[82]

Derek West[82]

Dexter Jackson[82]

Donald Jones[82]

Eugene Chung[82]

Frank Middleton[82]

Gary Baldinger[82]

Greg Brewton[82]

Greg Christy[82]

Herman Heard[82]

Jason Chorak[82]

Jason Horton[82]

Jeff Beaver[82]

Jeff Gossett[82]

Jeff Hart[82]

Jeff Hostetler[82]

Jerry Jensen[82]

Jim Gatziolis[82]

JJ Lasley[82]

Jonathan Welsh[82]

Karl Mecklenburg[82]

Keith Adams[82]

Ken Blackman[82]

Kenneth Lanier[82]

Kevin Johnson[82]

Kevin McArthur[82]

King Simmons[82]

Lamar King[82]

Larry Evans[82]

Leon Neal[82]

51

Lew Barnes[82]

Mark Seay[82]

Martin Imhof[82]

Marvin Montgomery[82]

Michael Andersen[82]

Michael Freeman[82]

Michael Hoban[82]

Mike Richardson[82]

Mitchell Marrow[82]

Monty Beisel[82]

Pat Studstall[82]

Pete Larson[82]

Phillip Epps[82]

Raymond Preston[82]

Richard Stevens[82]

Richard Woodley[82]

Robert Neff[82]

Robert Otto[82]

Rodell Thomas[82]

Ron Heller[82]

Ronald Hester[82]

Ronnie Ghent[82]

Russell Jensen[82]

Saleem Rasheed[82]

Samuel Haddix[82]

Scott Admas[82]

Sherman Cocroft[82]

Stephen Braggs[82]

Tag Rome[82]

Theodore Karras[82]

Thomas Jeter[82]

Thomas Jr. Ricketts[82]

Thomas L., Jr. Smith[82]

Tupe Peko[82]

Wendell Tucker[82]

William Story[82]

52

Willie Oshodin[82]

David Crossan[82]

Charles Commiskey[83]

Curtis Baham[83]

Eric Hill[83]

John Fourcade[83]

Keaton Cromartie[83]

Maurice Hurst[83]

Raion Hill[83]

Treverane Faulk[83]

Tyrone Huges[83]

Tyrone Legette[83]

Vince Buck[83]

Brett Bech[84]

Corey Dixon[84]

Derrick Lewis[84]

Frank Lockett[84]

Gary Barbbaro[84]

Jimmy Spencer[84]

Keith Joseph[84]

Percy Keith[84]

Richard Jackson[84]

Ricky Jackson[84]

Tommy McCleskey[84]

Vaughn Johnson[84]

Harry Jacobs[85]

Jerome Barkum[85]

Tommy Mason[85]

A Doug Easlick[86]

Allen Johnson[86]

Bill Ferrario[86]

Corey Hulsey[86]

Cory Withrow[86]

James Druckenmiller[86]

Joe Carmen[86]

L. Ethan Albright[86]

53

Lee Suggs[86]

Rene Ingoglia[86]

Rob Johnson[86]

Tom Nütten[86]

Trey Darilek[86]

Victor Jones[87]

Aaron Beasley[87]

Antonio Newson[87]

Armegis Spearman[87]

Barron Tanner[87]

Ben Coates[87]

Ben Colman[87]

Byron Chamberlain[87]

Cam Cleeland[87]

Cedric Killings[87]

Chad Brown[87]

Chris Chambers[87]

Chris Cooper[87]

Darryl Williams[87]

Daryl Porter[87]

Deauntae Brown[87]

Dell McGee[87]

Derren Hambrick[87]

Dionna Chambers[87]

Donnell Bennett[87]

Duane Butler[87]

Dusty Dvoracek[87]

Ed Perry[87]

Eddie Wiliams[87]

Edward Ellis[87]

Edwin Mulitalo[87]

Eric Beverly[87]

George Jones[87]

Gerald Mcburrows[87]

Greg DeLong[87]

Gregory Spires[87]

54

Henri Crockett[87]

Hurvin McCormack[87]

Jack Golden[87]

Jacoby Rhinehart[87]

Jamal Robertson[87]

James Cotton[87]

Jammi German[87]

Jarrod Cooper[87]

Jarvis Green[87]

Jay Foreman[87]

Jed Weaver[87]

Jeffrey Bregel[87]

Jimmy Wyrick[87]

Kalimba Edewards[87]

Ken Oxendine[87]

Kevan Barlow[87]

Kevin Lewis[87]

Kevin Turner[87]

Kyle Turley[87]

Lamar Thomas[87]

Lamarcus Hicks[87]

Lamont Brightful[87]

Lamont Reid[87]

Leon Searcy[87]

Leonard McDowell[87]

Lional Dalton[87]

Mario Edwards[87]

Mark Gunn[87]

Marvin Jones[87]

Matter Finkes[87]

Mitch White[87]

Nate Singleton[87]

Nicolas Luchey[87]

Noel Scarlett[87]

Oronde Gadsden[87]

Otis Leverette[87]

55

Patrick Sapp[87]

Patrick Surtain[87]

Paul Shields[87]

Reggie Barlow[87]

Regilyn Brown[87]

Reinard Wilson[87]

Richard Jordan[87]

Robert Harris[87]

Robert Kratch[87]

Rondorick Merkerson[87]

Roy Barker[87]

Scot Osborne[87]

Sean Hill[87]

Shane Matthews[87]

Steven Herndon[87]

Tavares Tillman[87]

Tavaris Slaughter[87]

Teddy Lehman[87]

Terrell Sutton[87]

Tim McKyer[87]

Timothy Lester[87]

Todd Rucci[87]

Tommy Knight[87]

Torrance Small[87]

Troy Drayton[87]

Troy Hambrick[87]

Vernon Crawford[87]

Vincent Brisby[87]

Wali Rainer[87]

Willie Blade[87]

Willie Jones[87]

Chatric Darby[87]

Angelo King[88]

Anthony Miller[88]

Bob Lilly[88]

Chuck Howley[88]

56

Charlie Waters[88]

David Hill[88]

Diron Talbert[88]

Don Talbert[88]

Donald McLlhenny[88]

Donny Anderson[88]

Gary Hammond[88]

Gerald Tubbs[88]

Harold Hays[88]

James Colvin[88]

James Montgomery[88]

James Smith[88]

Jerry Broadnax[88]

Jerry Norton[88]

John Fitzgerald[88]

Larry Cole[88]

Lee Roy Jordan[88]

Malcolm Walker[88]

Mike Connelly[88]

Preston Pearson[88]

Ralph Neely[88]

Randy White[88]

Rayfield Wright[88]

Reginald Doss[88]

Ronald Brown[88]

Tyrome, Montgomery[88]

Walt Garrison[88]

Kerry Justin[89]

Sydney Justin[90]

Alex Karras[88]

Andy Bushak[88]

Anthony Montgomery[88]

Arthur Plunkett[88]

Brandon Hayes[88]

Brett Carolan[88]

Brian Deroo[88]

57

Brian Noble[88]

Bruce Klostermann[88]

Bryan Knight[88]

Carl Miller[88]

Carver Shannon[88]

Charles Crow[88]

Charles Weaver[88]

Clarence Vaughn[88]

Cornelius Anthony[88]

Coy Donohue[88]

Dale Messer[88]

Darryl Williams[88]

Dave Elmendorf[88]

David Douglas[88]

David Jordon[88]

Dennis Bragonier[88]

Derrick Beasley[88]

Derrick Lassic[88]

Eddie Lewis[88]

Felix Wright[88]

Fran Lynch[88]

Gail Clark[88]

Garin Patrick[88]

Garry Cobb[88]

Glen Condren[88]

Greg Hartle[88]

Gregory Lewis[88]

Gregory Randall[88]

Henry Adams[88]

Hubert Ginn[88]

James Althoff[88]

James Jr. Strong[88]

Jeff Novak[88]

Jeff Yeates[88]

Jeffrey Jones[88]

Jerald Moore[88]

58

Jim Kitts[88]

Joshua Norman[88]

Kevin Everett[88]

Kevin Hancock[88]

Kwame Harris[88]

Larry Tearry[88]

Marvin Powell[88]

Michael Newell[88]

Michael Rusinek[88]

Mike Pagel[88]

Mike Pike[88]

Mitchell Geier[88]

Mo Collins[88]

Neil Graff[88]

Robert Cryder[88]

Robert Newland[88]

Robert Prout[88]

Sammy Knight[88]

Santo Stephens[88]

Shawn Collins[88]

Thomas Newberry[88]

Tom Goosby[88]

Tony Smith[88]

Troy Wilson[88]

Tyrone Davis[88]

Undra Johnson[88]

Lincoln Kennedy[88]

Pete Koch[91]

David Krieg[92]

Adrain Dingle[93]

Antico Dalton[93]

Artis Houston[93]

Aubrey Beavers[93]

Billy Joe Dupree[93]

Carl Greenwood[93]

Carlence Mitchell[93]

59

Charles Anthony[93]

Charles Bowser[93]

Chris Hudson[93]

Cleveland Crosby[93]

Courtland Jr. Bullard[93]

Darrel Gill[93]

Darrell Hill[93]

Darryl Clack[93]

David Hughes[93]

Dominic Furio[93]

Elroy Jr. Harris[93]

Eric Crabtree[93]

Eric Guliford[93]

Frank III Cornish[93]

Hanford Dixon[93]

J.D. Hill[93]

Jamal Clark[93]

Jeff Griffin[93]

Jermaine Hampton[93]

Johnnie Lee Davis[93]

Jonathan Carter[93]

Jonathan Clinkscale[93]

Joseph Holmes[93]

Joseph Jr. Aska[93]

Kahlil Hill[93]

Keith Bostic[93]

Keith Ferguson[93]

Kenneth Davidson[93]

Kevin Brooks[93]

Kyle Brady[93]

Lincoln Jr. Coleman[93]

Lloyd Harrison[93]

London Dunlap[93]

Marcus Hill[93]

Mario Bailey[93]

Marsharne Graves[93]

60

Matthew Dorsett[93]

Maurice Bryant[93]

Michael Bankston[93]

Michael Blazitz[93]

Mitchell Benson[93]

Obadiah Cooper[93]

Oliver Davis[93]

Patrick Hunter[93]

Percell Gaskins[93]

Reginald Brown[93]

Reginald Gipson[93]

Robert Kuechenberg[93]

Rogers Beckett[93]

Rome Douglas[93]

Roy Foster[93]

Stacey Dillard[93]

Talman Gardner[93]

Tam Hopkins[93]

Terry Brown[93]

Terry Gray[93]

Thabiti Davis[93]

Tyrone Edwards[93]

William Graham[93]

Matthew Darby[93]

Fulton Kuykendall[94]

Greg Landry[95]

Aaron Merz[96]

Albert III Johnson[96]

Ashley Lelie[96]

Dave Moore[96]

Jake Grove[96]

Jim Bundren[96]

Joey Hollenbeck[96]

Richard Owens[96]

Frank LeMaster[97]

Michael Evans[97]

61

Reginald Wilkes[97]

Dorsey Levins[98]

Jamal Lewis[99]

Alan Veingrad[100]

Alfred Anderson[100]

Anthony Lisco[100]

Anthony McGee[100]

Anthony Thompson[100]

Bill Swain[100]

Bobby Boyd[100]

Bobby Franklin[100]

Brandon Winey[100]

Bronzell Miller[100]

Bryan Millard[100]

Cecil Martin[100]

Charles Brown[100]

Charles Hennigan[100]

Christian Dieterich[100]

Claudie Jr. Minor[100]

Conrad Goode[100]

Curley Culp[100]

Daniel Jr. Hunter[100]

David Pivec[100]

David Roller[100]

Dominec Boddie[100]

Donald Rolle[100]

Douglas Dilts[100]

Emery Moorhead[100]

Ernest Jones[100]

Erric Pegram[100]

Floyd Little[100]

Frank Nunley[100]

Fred Marion[100]

Frederick Dean[100]

Gail Cogdill[100]

Gary Knafelc[100]

62

Gerald Sr. Irons[100]

Glen Collins[100]

Godwin Turk[100]

Gregg Schumacher[100]

Harold Hays[100]

Henry Bradley[100]

Ira Watley[100]

Jacqueline London[100]

James Jensen[100]

James Arnold[100]

James Battle[100]

Jane Frederickson[100]

Jerry Inman[100]

Jerry Rush[100]

Jerry Smith[100]

Jerry Woods[100]

Joan Wakeley[100]

John Fuqua[100]

John Hicks[100]

John Jr. Reeves[100]

John Kompara[100]

John M. Williams[100]

John Rowser[100]

Johnny Davis[100]

Joseph Pagliei[100]

Karl Powe[100]

Kenneth Geddes[100]

Kenneth Greene[100]

Kenneth Kortas[100]

Kenneth Sr. Dickerson[100]

L. Drew Buie[100]

Lance Brown[100]

Larry Bates[100]

Leander Jordan[100]

Leonard Humphries[100]

Levar Fisher[100]

63

Lyle Blackwood[100]

Mark Arneson[100]

Maurice Youmans[100]

Michael Butler[100]

Michael Guman[100]

Mickey Pruitt[100]

Otha Bradley[100]

Ralph Kurek[100]

Ralph Stockemer[100]

Randall Morris[100]

Reggie Swinton[100]

Richard Arndt[100]

Richard Camarillo[100]

Richard Cash[100]

Rick Fenney[100]

Rickey Hunley[100]

Robert Babich[100]

Robert Coons[100]

Robert Gladieux[100]

Robert Horn[100]

Robert Meeks[100]

Robert Newton[100]

Robert T. Miller[100]

Robert Tucker[100]

Ronald Acks[100]

Ronald Egloff[100]

Ronald Hall[100]

Ronald Hallstrom[100]

Ronald Jr. Carpenter[100]

Rubin Carter[100]

Samuel Havrilak[100]

Samuel III Horner[100]

Sandy Durko[100]

Scott Bolzan[100]

Scott Hutchinson[100]

Selwyn Jones[100]

64

Stephen Holden[100]

Steve Baumgartner[100]

Stu Voigt[100]

Terry Hermeling[100]

Terry Stoepel[100]

Thomas Hendricks[100]

Thomas Sherman[100]

Timothy L. Smith[100]

Tom Sorensen[100]

Tony McGee[100]

Vashone Adams[100]

Wayne Walker[100]

William III Griggs[100]

William Lueck[100]

Woodrow Jr. Green[100]

Alvin Moore[101]

Anthony Collins[101]

Anthony Covington[101]

Anthony Hancock[101]

Anthony Hargain[101]

Anthony Jones[101]

Antonio Gibson[101]

Brett Romberg[101]

Brian Ingram[101]

Broderick Jones[101]

Bruce Walker[101]

Bryan Hooks[101]

Charles E. Miller[101]

Chris Goode[101]

Christopher Calloway[101]

David Kocourek[101]

David Lewis[101]

David M. White[101]

Derrick S. Reynolds[101]

Donald Bessillieu[101]

Duane Galloway[101]

65

Edward P. Lee[101]

Edward Payton[101]

Fred McNeill[101]

Gary Jones[101]

George Goeddeke[101]

George Jamison[101]

George Visger[101]

Harold L. Jackson[101]

James E. Robbins[101]

James E. Willis[101]

James Hood[101]

James Michael Schnitker[101]

Jeff Burris[101]

Joe Harris[101]

Kelly Kirchbaum[101]

Kendall Williams[101]

Kerry Goode[101]

Kirk Cameron Jones[101]

Larry Kaminski[101]

Leonard Russell[101]

Lewis D. Tilman[101]

LonZell Hill[101]

Lyvonia A. Mitchell[101]

Mark S. Duper[101]

Melvin Jenkins[101]

Mike C. Richardson[101]

Newton Williams[101]

Ottis Anderson[101]

Patrick Heenan[101]

Philip Smith[101]

Raymond Clayborn[101]

Reginald, Sr. Rogers[101]

Richard Mercier[101]

Richard Young[101]

Robert J. Frederickson[101]

Robert Weathers[101]

66

Rodney Hampton[101]

Roland James[101]

Ronnie Lippett[101]

Rory Graves[101]

Shante Carver[101]

Steve Keese[101]

Steve Korte[101]

Steve Nelson[101]

Steven Zabel[101]

Terry Wright[101]

Thomas C., II Randolph[101]

Toby L. Wright[101]

Todd Johnson[101]

Vernon Maxwell[101]

W. Vernon Dean[101]

Wayne Hawkins[101]

William C. Bradley[101]

William H. Mandley[101]

Thomas McDonald[102]

Akili Johnson[103]

Arnell Hardison[103]

Art Monk[103]

Ascotti (Scott) Fields[103]

Brad Ford[103]

Brent McClanahan[103]

Brian Blades[103]

Chidi Ahanatu[103]

Council Rudolph[103]

David Grayson[103]

David Palmer[103]

Dwight Stone[103]

Elmer Bailey[103]

Eric Curry[103]

Floyd Hodge[103]

Frederick R. Hayes[103]

George Curry[103]

67

Gowdy Cornell[103]

Gregory Evans[103]

Gregory McCrary[103]

Guy Green[103]

Harvey Clayton[103]

Horatio Blades[103]

Hugh Green[103]

Idress Bashir[103]

James Jensen[103]

Jeff McIntyre[103]

Jeffrey L. Walker[103]

John Ebersole[103]

John T. Smith[103]

Keith Lee[103]

Kenneth Jenkins[103]

Kevin McLeod[103]

Leon Searcy[103]

Lindsey Chapman[103]

Lyle Jr. Blackwood[103]

Marc Logan[103]

Marcia Cosma[103]

Mark Garalczyk[103]

Maurice Spencer[103]

Maurice Tyler[103]

Patrick Venzke[103]

Paul Laaveg[103]

Phillip Bobo[103]

Reginald McKenzie[103]

Reynard Rutherford[103]

Rich Stephens[103]

Rick Sanford[103]

Robert Brunet[103]

Robert Butler[103]

Robert L. Brown[103]

Rodney McSwain[103]

Rodney Thomas[103]

68

Roosevelt Potts[103]

Roy Green[103]

Sanders Shiver[103]

Stanley Morgan[103]

Stephen Doig[103]

Steve Baack[103]

Tony Stargell[103]

Van Malone[103]

William Judson[103]

William Roberts[103]

Woody Thompson[103]

Michael Myers[104]

Ben Jr. McGee[104]

Demetrius Hill[104]

Dexter McLeon[104]

Frederick Smoot[104]

James Greer[104]

John Jennings[104]

Khalid Abdullah[104]

Marcus Dupree[104]

Michael L. Jones[104]

Robert Brazile[104]

Roscoe Jr. Word[104]

TJ Slaughter[104]

Tobiath Myles[104]

Vernon Perry[104]

Floyd Wedderburn[105]

Jerrell Pippens[105]

Sirr Parker[105]

Bernard Parrish[106]

Anthony Marshall[107]

Antonio McGee[107]

Barry Foster[107]

Bernard Ford[107]

Bobby E., Jr. Abrams[107]

Calvin Williams[107]

69

Danny Miller[107]

Dave Pear[107]

David Sims[107]

Deems May[107]

Dwight Harrison[107]

Emanuel Martin[107]

Eric W. Martin[107]

Francisco Craig[107]

Fred Barnett[107]

Fred McCrary[107]

Harry Crump[107]

Henry Lawrence[107]

Horace Copeland[107]

James Elrod[107]

James Pruitt[107]

James VanWagner[107]

John L. Outlaw[107]

Johnny Rembert[107]

Keith Henderson[107]

Lance Smith[107]

Lee Rouson[107]

Leonard Marshall[107]

Michael Gann[107]

Michael Lush[107]

Robert Suci[107]

Timothy Barnett[107]

Tony Dorsett[107]

Wade Key[107]

Wendell Tyler[107]

Zefross Moss[107]

Scott Player[108]

Andrew Selfridge[109]

Anthony Dickerson[109]

Anthony Martin[109]

Anthony Sr. Cline[109]

Austin Gonsoulin[109]

70

Bill Lewis[109]

Billy Van Heusen[109]

Brent Parkinson[109]

Brett Miller[109]

Bucky Richardson[109]

Charlie Waters[109]

Chuck Thomas[109]

Craig Powell[109]

D.D. Lewis[109]

Darryl Grant[109]

Dave Osborn[109]

Dave Smith[109]

Dick Schafrath[109]

Don Beebe[109]

Don McNeal[109]

Eddie Wilson[109]

Edgar Henke[109]

Edward Brown[109]

Ervin Randle[109]

Ezekiel Jr. Moore[109]

Frank Parker[109]

George Jr. McCullough[109]

Greg Lloyd[109]

Gregory Larson[109]

Irvin Eatman[109]

Irvin Smith[109]

James Grabowski[109]

James Summers[109]

James Williams[109]

Jethro Jr. Pugh[109]

Joe Profit[109]

Jon Arnett[109]

Joseph Krakoski[109]

Ken Schroy[109]

Kenneth Ellis[109]

Kirk Dodge[109]

71

Kurt Becker[109]

Kurt Gouveia[109]

larry Linne[109]

Le-Lo Lang[109]

Luther Broughton[109]

Marcus Cotton[109]

Marvin Cobb[109]

Mike Horan[109]

Mitch Willis[109]

Mitchell Johnson[109]

Paul Rochester[109]

Ralph Perretta[109]

Randall Kirk[109]

Randall William Burke[109]

Roger Brown[109]

Roland McDole[109]

Ronald Lou[109]

Thomas Toth[109]

Tim Manoa[109]

Timothy Sherwin[109]

Vaughn Broadnax[109]

Russell Davis[109]

William Rademacher[110]

A.D. Lester[111]

Adam Duhe[111]

Alred Jenkins[111]

Arthur Whittington[111]

Bill Larson[111]

Blair Bush[111]

Brandon Register[111]

Brian Glasgow[111]

Brian Roche[111]

Carl Cunningham[111]

Carl D. Smith[111]

Carl Zander[111]

Carlton Gray[111]

72

Carmen Cavalli[111]

Charlie Babb[111]

Chip Lohmiller[111]

Clarence Jr. Harmon[111]

Curt Warner[111]

Dale Hellestrae[111]

Daniel Kratzer[111]

David Knight[111]

David Long[111]

David Morton[111]

David Thompson[111]

Derek Price[111]

Ed Sutter[111]

Edward Cooke[111]

Frederick Mazurek[111]

Gary Berry[111]

J.R. Wilburn[111]

Jamal Fountaine[111]

James Barton[111]

James Cannida[111]

James Hargrove[111]

James Olivo[111]

Jarrod Johnson[111]

Jeff Faulkner[111]

Joe Wolf[111]

Joel Williams[111]

John Demarie[111]

John Richards[111]

Keith Guthrie[111]

Kevin Garrett[111]

Leonard Dunlap[111]

Leonard Hauss[111]

Louis Piccone[111]

Mark Maddox[111]

Mark Murphy[111]

Matt Martin[111]

73

Michael Brooks[111]

Michael Carter[111]

Michael Hinnant[111]

Michael Jackson[111]

Michael McCaffrey[111]

Paul Costa[111]

Paul Latzke[111]

Quentin Coryatt[111]

Randy Clark[111]

Ray Thielemann[111]

Reuben Henderson[111]

Robert Dirico[111]

Roger Taylor[111]

Shafer Suggs[111]

Sid Abramowitz[111]

Steven Hamilton[111]

Tom Welter[111]

Tracey Eaton[111]

Vernest Alexander[111]

William Hoggard[111]

James Rouke[112]

Michael Sandusky[112]

Reginald Rucker[112]

Terrance Metcalf[112]

A. Scott Galbraith[113]

Aaron Brown[113]

Al Harris[113]

Alvin Washington[113]

Andrew Bolton[113]

Arnold Ale[113]

Bert Emanuel[113]

Bob Poole[113]

Brad Fichtel[113]

Brian Washington[113]

Bruce Kimball[113]

Bruce Van Dyke[113]

74

Byron Sr. Franklin[113]

Charles Benson[113]

Charles Owens[113]

Chris Duliban[113]

Chris W. Johnson[113]

Chuck Detwiler[113]

Clarence "Jazz" Jackson[113]

Constantin Ritzmann[113]

Curt Marsch[113]

Darrin Nelson[113]

Darryl Ingram[113]

David Hill[113]

David Sloan[113]

David Sr. Fulcher[113]

Dennis Sr. Winston[113]

Dexter Bussey[113]

Don Trull[113]

Doug Donley[113]

Douglas Dressler[113]

Douglas Martin[113]

Edward Jr. Bradley[113]

Edward Lothamer[113]

Edward Simmons[113]

Elbert Foules[113]

Emil Boures[113]

Eric Lane[113]

Ernie Janet[113]

Ethan Horton[113]

Flint Fleming[113]

Frank Garcia[113]

Frank Hartley[113]

Fuad Reveiz[113]

Gene McArthur[113]

Gerald Willhite[113]

Glen Titensor[113]

Gordon Ceresino[113]

75

Gordon Smith[113]

Harold Olson[113]

Jack Nix[113]

Jamar Martin[113]

James Brophy[113]

James Cadile[113]

James Curis White[113]

James Flannigan[113]

James Roberson[113]

James Steffen[113]

James Yarbrough[113]

Jason Doering[113]

Jeremy Nunley[113]

John Turner[113]

John Connon[113]

John Contoulis[113]

John Michels[113]

John Pergine[113]

John Skorupan[113]

John Sullivan[113]

Johnny Hector[113]

Jonathan Dumbauld[113]

Joseph Biscaha[113]

Joseph Taffoni[113]

Keith Biggers[113]

Kevin Sargent[113]

Kevin Thomas[113]

Kyle Kramer[113]

Lance Mehl[113]

Lavonya Carter[113]

Leonard Harris[113]

Mark Catano[113]

Mark Pattison[113]

Mark Rypien[113]

Maurice Douglas[113]

Michael Batiste[113]

76

Michael Mosley[113]

Michael Seidman[113]

Micheal Rockwood[113]

Mickey Pruitt[113]

Mike Fuller[113]

Mike Raines[113]

Norman Bulaich[113]

Omar Nazel[113]

Patrick Swoopes[113]

Ralph Baker[113]

Ray Griffin[113]

Reno Mahe[113]

Richard Baldinger[113]

Richard Stachon[113]

Ricky Siglar[113]

Robert Selby[113]

Roc Alexander[113]

Roger Wallace[113]

Ronald Crosby[113]

Ronald Middleton[113]

Russ Smith[113]

Sam Bowers[113]

Scott Case[113]

Scott Conover[113]

Scott Kowalkowski[113]

Sean Harris[113]

Terrell Hoage[113]

Terry Hanratty[113]

Thomas Moriarty[113]

Todd Marinovich[113]

Tom Lopienski[113]

Tony Coats[113]

Tony Mandarich[113]

Tony Walker[113]

Vince Thomson[113]

Walter Stanley[113]

77

Wendell Davis[113]

William Masters[113]

William Neighbors[113]

Wyatt Henderson[113]

Matt Schobel[114]

Adam Haayer[115]

Craig Heimburger[115]

Dan Buenning[115]

Gennaro DiNapoli[115]

Joe Panos[115]

Rich Miano[115]

Ron Solt[115]

Joel Steed[116]

Ryan Stewart[90]

Jay Taylor[117]

Aaron Jones[118]

Akili Johnson[118]

Ascotti (Scott) Fields[118]

Brad Ford[118]

Brian Blades[118]

Charlie Harraway[118]

Chidi Ahanatu[118]

Cornell Gowdy[118]

Council Rudolph[118]

David Palmer[118]

Dwight Stone[118]

Elmer Bailey[118]

Eric Curry[118]

Floyd Hodge[118]

Fred Anderson[118]

Frederick Hayes[118]

George Curry[118]

Gregory McCrary[118]

Harvey Clayton[118]

Horatio Blades[118]

Hugh Green[118]

78

James Jensen[118]

Jeff McIntyre[118]

Jeffrey L. Walker[118]

Joe DeLamielleure[118]

John Ebersole[118]

John Smith[118]

Keith Lee[118]

Kenneth Jenkins[118]

Kevin McLeod[118]

Leon Searcy[118]

Lydia Brunet[118]

Lyle Blackwood[118]

Marc Logan[118]

Mark Garalczyk[118]

Markeysia Jones[118]

Maurice Spencer[118]

Maurice Tyler[118]

Patrick Venzke[118]

Paul Laaveg[118]

Reginald McKenzie[118]

Rich Stephens[118]

Rick Sanford[118]

Robert Butler[118]

Robert Lee Brown[118]

Rodney McSwain[118]

Rodney Thomas[118]

Roosevelt Potts[118]

Roy Green[118]

Sanders Shiver[118]

Stanley Morgan[118]

Stephen Doig[118]

Steve Baack[118]

Steve Wallace[118]

Tony Stargell[118]

Van Malone[118]

William Hardison[118]

79

William Judson[118]

William Roberts[118]

Woody Thompson[118]

Ryan Fowler[119]

Shawn Wooden[119]

Seronsa Charles[119]

Kai Ludwig[56]