6.56.5 What causes What causes migration?migration?

Chapter 19 Chapter 19 p. 323-328p. 323-328

Why do people migrate? Push Factors: Disadvantageous (negative) factors in the home

country (country of origin) that make people want to leave.

Ex. Famine, unemployment, overcrowding, political turmoil, religious persecution, disease, crime

More Push Factors More Push Factors Not enough jobs Not enough jobs Few opportunities Few opportunities "Primitive" conditions "Primitive" conditions Political fear Political fear Poor medical care Poor medical care Not being able to practice religion Not being able to practice religion Loss of wealth Loss of wealth Natural Disasters Natural Disasters Death threats Death threats Slavery Slavery Poor housing Poor housing Landlords Landlords Bullying Bullying Poor chances of finding courtship Poor chances of finding courtship

Why do people migrate? Why do people migrate?

Pull Factors: advantageous (positive) factors in the drawing

(destination) country that attract people.

Better health and education, climate, jobs, escape…., political and religious freedom

More Pull Factors? More Pull Factors? Job opportunities Job opportunities Better living conditions Better living conditions Political freedomPolitical freedom Religious freedom Religious freedom Enjoyment Enjoyment Education Education Better medical care Better medical care Security Security Family links Family links Better chances of finding courtshipBetter chances of finding courtship

Why do people migrate? Why do people migrate? Repel Factors: Disadvantageous Disadvantageous (negative)(negative) factors in the destination factors in the destination

country country (country of destination)(country of destination) that discourage that discourage people from going there.people from going there.

Ex. Crime, overcrowding, language barrier, no Ex. Crime, overcrowding, language barrier, no relatives/friendsrelatives/friends

Why do people migrate? Why do people migrate?

Intervening Obstacles: those forces that “stand in the way” and prevent or

inhibit people from moving, their own situation!!! Ex. lack of money, criminal record, roots, distance to

destination, dangerous, poor health, immigration laws.

Intervening Obstacles

Why do people migrate? Why do people migrate? Positives (+) at the OriginPositives (+) at the Origin:

Positive Factors at the ORIGIN that may make them want to stay where they are and NOT move.

•Friends & Family connections•Country of birth•Familiarity with place•Cultural background

The NFLD CaseThe NFLD Case

Newfoundland Newfoundland Push Factors (-)Push Factors (-)

o Some people might report that they are Some people might report that they are pushedpushed out of Newfoundland and out of Newfoundland and Labrador for the following reasons: Labrador for the following reasons:

o lack of high-skilled jobs in the IT sector;

o lack of high-paying jobs; o lack of amenities attainable in

larger centers.

The NFLD CaseThe NFLD Case

Some people might report that they were Some people might report that they were drawn or drawn or pulled (+) pulled (+) to Ontario or Alberta to Ontario or Alberta for the following reasons:for the following reasons:

– Jobs, jobs, jobsJobs, jobs, jobs

– Choices…in everything! Business etc.Choices…in everything! Business etc.

– Expanded and better servicesExpanded and better services Ex. schools, health care, transportation, Ex. schools, health care, transportation,

business, sanitation and infrastructure, business, sanitation and infrastructure, etc.etc.

The NFLD CaseThe NFLD Case Some people might report that they would leave Some people might report that they would leave

Newfoundland and Labrador except for obstacles or + of Newfoundland and Labrador except for obstacles or + of home: home: Examples? Which type?Examples? Which type?

– they love the salt water; they love the salt water; (+ Origin)(+ Origin)

– parents are aging and need help & company;parents are aging and need help & company; (Intervening Obstacle)(Intervening Obstacle)

– they can not afford the trip away let alone the cost of they can not afford the trip away let alone the cost of setting up and trying to find a job. setting up and trying to find a job. (+ Origin)(+ Origin)

– Culture and roots are here. Culture and roots are here. (+ Origin)(+ Origin)

CensusCensus

The process of The process of gathering data, gathering data, information or statistics about the information or statistics about the populationpopulation of a place. of a place.

CensusCensus

Done every Done every 5 – 10 years (Census 2011)5 – 10 years (Census 2011)

Gives government Gives government data to usedata to use when making when making decisions decisions where to spend money, programs where to spend money, programs to initiate, continue or discontinue.to initiate, continue or discontinue.

Ie.Ie. Daycares, seniors homes, schools, Daycares, seniors homes, schools, pension plans, employment initiatives, pension plans, employment initiatives, housing and immigration policies…to name housing and immigration policies…to name a few.a few.

What can or should be done What can or should be done to control population?to control population?

Legislation by government could make it could make it illegal to have more than a certain number of illegal to have more than a certain number of babies.  Is that humane?  How do we ensure the babies.  Is that humane?  How do we ensure the correct number.  What is done with children correct number.  What is done with children over the limit?over the limit?

Could we Could we provide less expensive birth control for developing nations? for developing nations?

Increasing education of the of the massesmasses is is correlated with decreased births.  Could correlated with decreased births.  Could we help to provide education in we help to provide education in developing nations?  Is that humane?developing nations?  Is that humane?

We know that We know that education of women is is correlated with decreased births.  Is the correlated with decreased births.  Is the education of women something we could education of women something we could promote?promote?

What can or should be done What can or should be done to control population?to control population?

Pension plans & RRSP's allow us to be allow us to be secure into our old age and we do not have secure into our old age and we do not have to worry about having children to take care to worry about having children to take care of us.  Is this something we could promote of us.  Is this something we could promote in under-developed nations?in under-developed nations?

Some people have proposed that Some people have proposed that war and famine used to be our natural means of used to be our natural means of birth control.  Clearly this is not an option.birth control.  Clearly this is not an option.

What can or should be done What can or should be done to control population?to control population?

Highly developed economies are Highly developed economies are associatedassociated

with decreased birth rates.  with decreased birth rates. 

Q.Q. Should we concentrate on Should we concentrate on supporting improvements to their economies as an ultimate route to as an ultimate route to controlling birth rates? controlling birth rates?

What can or should be done What can or should be done to control population?to control population?

Positive Consequences of MigrationPositive Consequences of Migration

Expanded labor force – more peopleExpanded labor force – more people Skills, knowledge, creativity, work ethic and expertise Skills, knowledge, creativity, work ethic and expertise

are enhanced.are enhanced. Start businesses and further employ locals.Start businesses and further employ locals. Remittances ($) back to lesser developed areas…Remittances ($) back to lesser developed areas…

help them out as well!help them out as well! Young people, prime of life, hard working, tax paying Young people, prime of life, hard working, tax paying

individuals. Many years of contributing and individuals. Many years of contributing and supporting others.supporting others.

Cultural enrichment, tolerance, multiculturalism…Cultural enrichment, tolerance, multiculturalism… Do jobs that locals will not or can not do.Do jobs that locals will not or can not do.

Negative ConsequencesNegative Consequences

Take jobs away from localsTake jobs away from locals If they are the poor, it adds to the # of poor If they are the poor, it adds to the # of poor

already here and is more of a burden on the already here and is more of a burden on the local people, economies etc. Who pays for local people, economies etc. Who pays for this?this?

May create inner-city slums, housing shortage May create inner-city slums, housing shortage or homelessness in destination areaor homelessness in destination area

Cultural conflict with local identity… Ex. what Cultural conflict with local identity… Ex. what is it to be Canadian?is it to be Canadian?

Possible increase in crime rates.Possible increase in crime rates. Others??Others??

Push and Pull FactorsPush and Pull Factors

PushPush bad or oppressive bad or oppressive

lawslaws heavy taxationheavy taxation unattractive climateunattractive climate uncongenial social uncongenial social

surrounding (and the surrounding (and the strength of social ties)strength of social ties)

compulsioncompulsion job lossjob loss political strife creating political strife creating

refugeesrefugees

PullPull Labor marketsLabor markets Educational Educational

opportunitiesopportunities Relative freedom from Relative freedom from

family obligationsfamily obligations Marriage opportunitiesMarriage opportunities Health advantagesHealth advantages Social networks, Social networks,

including family including family reunificationreunification

Assigned ReadingsAssigned Readings "Reasons for Migration" on pages "Reasons for Migration" on pages

323-325 of your text book. 323-325 of your text book. "Political and economic conditions in "Political and economic conditions in

Afghanistan" on pages 325-326 of Afghanistan" on pages 325-326 of your text book. your text book.

Assigned ActivitiesAssigned Activities Complete questions #5-7 from page Complete questions #5-7 from page

326 of your text book. 326 of your text book.

Intervening Obstacles!