E 6784B. A. Degree (C B C S S ) Examination, November 2013First Semester B.A. English Core CourseScheme of Valuation/Answer Key2013 admissionMax: 80 marksPart AOne or two sentences, carrying 1 mark each.. all questions (10)1.Social sciences are close to humanities in their analysis of human interaction and the subjective world; but the former apply the scientific method to their subject matter. The social sciences emulated at least in their inception the methods of natural sciences.2. Social construction was first used by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann in their book The Social Construction of Reality (1966).Scientific and theoretical knowledge of reality is only one mode of knowing reality. The central concept of Social Construction of Reality is that persons and groups interacting in a social system create, over time, concepts or mental representations of each other's actions, and that these concepts eventually become habituated into reciprocal roles played by the actors in relation to each other. When these roles are made available to other members of society to enter into and play out, the reciprocal interactions are said to be institutionalised. In the process of this institutionalisation, meaning is embedded in society. Knowledge and people's conception (and belief) of what reality is become embedded in the institutional fabric of society.3. A narrator outside the story is a heterodiegetic narrator.4 . Metatexuality is the relationship between a text and critical commentaries, biographical commentaries and other references on the main text.5. The cultural psychologist Jerome Bruner introduced two main modes of thinking: the logico-scientific and the narrative. In the former, we look for the if-then cause and effect sequence- as in if x, then y.6. Institutionalisation refers to the process through which habits, customs and local practices become sources of knowledge.7. Humanities are essentially self-reflexive in character. Self-reflection helps develop interpersonal consciousness. Humanities explain human relationships and answer the fundamental question: what it means to be human.8. Positivism: The founding father of sociology Auguste Comte advocated positivism. Drawing knowledge away from spiritual metaphysics, positivism underscored the use of natural science methods in studying social sciences. It sought progress as well as morality. According to Comte, theology lacked any material basis of knowledge about the world.9. History and literature (language) are interrelated in more ways than one. In the past historians were treated as and they considered themselves literary artists. Haydon White in his Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism says that the aim of the novelist must be the same as a historians. To achieve the common end of providing a verbal image for reality, both historians and novelists tell stories.10. The narratee is the person "inside" the text to whom the narrator is speaking.PART BAny 8 questions..three/ four sentences..Carrying 2 marks each11. V.Geetha ,the author of Gender from which God Made You Different, Nature Made Us Different is extracted means to say that basically either sex is equal. God and Nature made women distinct, as their reproductive role is not the same as that of men. The social construct of gender and the biological construct of sex also play a role in this.12. Sociology is included in the discipline of social science, as it applies the scientific method in the analysis of the subject matter.13. Intertexuality is the relationship of one text to the others. Hypertexuality refers to texts (hyper)that appear after the original text (hypotext).14. Proairetic code is the sequence in which the events of a story unfold.Hermeneutic code informs our interpretation. It helps us understand the answers to the questions like how, why and by whom.15. Ngugi says that intellectual independence from colonialism can be achieved by shutting out English and making use of the vernacular.16. Culture constructs our subjectivity and identity through language by giving names and meanings and distinguishing our names and meanings from others. Our perception of the world is rooted in this identity and subjectivity.17.Multilingualismis the act of usingpolyglotism, or using multiple languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers. Multilingual speakers outnumbermonolingualspeakers in the world's population. Multilingualism is becoming a social phenomenon governed by the needs of globalization and cultural openness with the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet, individuals' exposure to multiple languages is becoming increasingly frequent thereby promoting a need to acquire additional languages.18.Marxist critic Terry Eagleton questions the inevitability of the connection between ideology and dominant power. He proposes a more inclusive definition of ideology, taking into account the kind of intersection between belief system and political power. Ideology is more than just a ruling belief system.19.Sanskritisation in Indian society permits caste groups to evade the identity and achieve an upward social mobility.( from Introduction to Akkarmashi ).It is a form of cultural assimilation found in India. The term was popularized by M.S. Srinivas , denoting the process by which lower castes seek upward mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of the upper castes.20. Instrumental narration has the narrator/s in a difficult situation from which his/their narration saves him/them. For instance, Sheherezade in Arabian Nights saves herself from peril by her narration. In fact she saves the whole country.21.In The Hierarchical Man the authors say that modern society has been affected positively by fathers getting involved with the children intimately discarding the age long practice of aloofness. The youth expect the same from their leaders.22. Peter Barry says that form and content must be fused in an organic way so that one grows from the other. Literary form should not be like a decoration applied externally to a completed structure.PART CAny 6 in small paragraphseach question carries 4 marks23.Rinner explains cyclic narration as the putting together of relatively independent,single narratives(stories) in a wider and greater relation. Boccaccios Decaerone is an example.24.Histoire or story is the set of real actions, events that happened and need to be told. We call it story. Recit or narrative is the story telling either in oral or written form.25. Agency is the capacity to perform a particular task, to influence the course of events or influence people. Agency in language is essentially about discourse.26. According to Max Weber society is a result of a web of human interaction. Essentially, human beings are cultural beings. Social sciences are cultural sciences. The very character of social laws would be that of what is probable. or explain what the tendency of the phenomenon is, rather than what is the phenomenon.27. I.A.Richards was the founder of a method of studying English which is still the norm today. He pioneered practical criticism.. the text is isolated from history and context.28. Most Indians spend the formative years in family settings. Often of the joint types. Even grown ups who generally live alone frequent the joint family. It is the family and moreover the family obligations in the life of a person serve as the glue that holds Indian society together.29. Rinner says a reader can find in such a text as the Arabian Nights, Decamerone, Canterbury Tales, etc. a correspondence to his own state of mind: he comprehends and grasps what another is telling.30.V.Geetha..In Hindu scriptures women formerly appeared as sinful creatures..The ancient Greeks believed that men were perfect while women were fundamentally imperfect. Buddhist texts argue that womans innate nature is bad. Christianity holds that man is the exemplary human, while women are secondary beings. Islam too looks down upon women. Men are created to manage the lives of and affairs of women. Virginity of women is adored.31. In Indian society, caste is a mark of identity. Sanskritisation is an example for this. The varna system perpetuated casteism.( from Akkarmashi )PART DAny 2essay type ..each question carries 15 marks32. Ten tenets of liberalismattitude to literature-text containing inbuilt meaningstudying the text in isolationcontinuity more important than innovation in literature individualityenhancement of life and propagation of human valuesorganic fusion of form and contentsincerity---ideas worthless in literature until given enactmentmediation between the text and the reader.33. Dalit literary movement is deeply concerned with social justicecan be better understood if compared with Russian literature at the turn of the 19th century or the Black Literature Movement of Afro-American origin during the 20th century.has made Marathi society think afresh on religion, justice, dignity and social relationships, caste, etc.the notion about caste and identityemergence of Dalit literature in the 1960s.34. Language,caste and gender are interconnected-language influences social relationships creating social identities-language has powerpolitical effectsembodies attitudes to class, gender, caste, race, etc.-caste names are often used as abuse, insults or pejorativesterms like nigger,blackie are racial-commonplace usages in language often carry clear gender connotations.35.Narration in literature consists of the plot, the story and the sequence of events unfolding as actiontechnically known as diegesisauthor-text-reader-heterodiegetic narrator-heterodiegetic-intradiegetic narratorhomodiegetic narrator-autodigetic narrator-proairetic code, hermeneutic code, cultural code, semic code, symbolic codehistoire, recit, narrating.N.K.Vijayan,ChairmanMaharajas College,Ernakulam - 682 011Mob 9447294766