6.811 / ppat: principles and practice of assistive technology · 6.811 / ppat: principles and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology
Today: User-Centered Design
1
![Page 2: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Today’s Topics
• Design process – Iterative design – User-centered design
• Information gathering – User analysis – Task analysis – Contextual inquiry – Defining success end-to-end
2
![Page 3: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Iterative Design
3
![Page 4: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Spiral Model
4
![Page 5: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Iterative Design of User Interfaces
• Early iterations use cheap prototypes – Parallel design is feasible: build & test multiple
prototypes to explore design alternatives • Later iterations use richer implementations,
after UI risk has been mitigated • More iterations generally means better UI • Only mature iterations are seen by the world
5
![Page 6: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Early & Late Prototypes
6
![Page 7: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
User-Centered Design • Spiral design
– repeated iterations of cheap prototypes • Early focus on users and tasks
– user analysis: who the users are – task analysis: what they need to do – involving users as evaluators, consultants,
and sometimes designers • Constant evaluation
– users are involved in every iteration – every prototype is evaluated somehow
7
![Page 8: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
User Analysis: Know Your Client
• Identify characteristics of target user – Age, gender, culture, language – Education (literacy? numeracy?) – Functional limitations – Technology experience (computers? typing?) – Motivation, attitude – Relevant environment and other social context – Relevant relationships and communication
patterns
8
![Page 9: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Skills Evaluation: Sensory
• Visual function – acuity, field, tracking, scanning
• Visual perception – depth, spatial relationships
• Tactile function • Auditory function
9
![Page 10: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Skills Evaluation: Motor
• Range of motion • Muscle strength • Muscle tone • Balance • Tremor/involuntary movement • Functional grasp patterns
10
![Page 11: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Skills Evaluation: Cognitive
• Memory • Problem-solving • Sequencing • Language
11
![Page 12: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Task Analysis
• Identify the individual tasks the assistive technology might address
• Each task is a goal (what) • Start with a high-level activity • Then decompose it hierarchically into
subtasks (how)
12
![Page 13: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Essential Parts of Task Analysis
• What needs to be done? – Goal
• What must be done first to make it possible? – Preconditions
• Tasks on which this task depends • Information that must be known to the user
• What steps are involved in doing the task? – Subtasks
• may be further decomposed, recursively
13
![Page 14: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Other Questions to Ask About a Task
• Where is the task performed? • What is the environment like?
– noisy, dirty, dangerous, crowded • How often is the task performed? • What are its time or resource constraints? • What can go wrong?
– exceptions, errors, emergencies • Who else is involved in the task? • What assistive technology (if any) is the client
currently using for the task?
14
![Page 15: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hints for Better Task Analysis
• Questions to ask – Why do you do this? (goal) – How do you do it? (subtasks)
Look for weaknesses in current situation – Goal failures – Wasted time – User irritation or fatigue
•
15
![Page 16: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Contextual Inquiry
• Observe client doing the tasks in their real environment – Be concrete
• Establish a master-apprentice relationship – Client shows how and talks about it – You watch and ask questions
• Challenge your own assumptions – Share your assumptions openly with client – Probe surprises
16
![Page 17: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Needfinding Exercise
• Improve the experience of shopping at IKEA
17
![Page 18: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Exercise 1: Collect Observations
• Since we can’t go there ourselves right now, we’ll collect information through a proxy: social media
• Go to http://www.yelp.com/biz/ikea-stoughton-stoughton – Find interesting comments pertaining to user experience – Jump around so that we cover the space of ~300 reviews – Capture snippets of comments & notes in a text editor – Organize the comments according to recurring good and bad
themes
• Work in a small group, then we’ll discuss results as a class
18
![Page 19: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Exercise 2: Analyze User Classes
• Based on your observations, perform a user analysis on IKEA shoppers – What user classes do you find? – What characteristics do these classes have? – What are their roles and motivations?
• Work in a small group, then we’ll discuss results as a class
19
![Page 20: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Exercise 3: Identify User Needs/Goals
• Identify high-level goals in the process of IKEA shopping – Do NOT yet identify solutions – What about the environment could make these
tasks difficult to complete?
• Work in your group, then we’ll discuss as a class
20
![Page 21: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Exercise 4: Needfinding
• What problems in the IKEA user experience might we target? – Do NOT yet identify solutions
• Let’s discuss this as a class
21
![Page 22: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Participatory Design
• Include client directly in the design team
22
![Page 23: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Success Metrics • Choose evaluation metric(s) with client
– efficiency: time on task – success rate – errors: frequency or severity – fatigue: how many times task can be done
• Set quantitative and qualitative targets – “get dressed in 2 minutes” – “make coffee without assistance” – “control my bed while hand is holding something else”
• Use the metrics and targets in subsequent process – evaluate on system models – predict outcome – measure on prototypes
23
![Page 24: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Challenges for UCD for Assistive Technology
• Cognitive impairments – May need to include others in information-
gathering • Hidden impairments
– May be hard to find people
24
![Page 25: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Summary
• User-centered design manages project risk and stays focused on user needs
• User analysis assesses the client • Task analysis discovers their tasks • Success metric keeps you on track
25
![Page 26: 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice of Assistive Technology · 6.811 / PPAT: Principles and Practice . of Assistive Technology . Today: User-Centered Design . 1](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022063010/5fc357c85cecb1668e72b4b3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
MIT OpenCourseWarehttp://ocw.mit.edu
6.811 Principles and Practice of Assistive TechnologyFall 2014
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.