6th grade science unit 1: setting things in motion pop-out ......6th grade science unit 1: setting...
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StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit1:SettingThingsinMotion
Pop-Out1:EngineeringforEquity
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 1
Pop-OutEssentialQuestion:Howcanweuseengineeringtoprovidemoreaccessforpeoplewithdisabilities?IntroductionThePop-OutsaredesignedtoprovideatwotothreedayPop-Outlessonthatallowsstudentstoapplywhat
they’velearnedintheunittodelvedeeperintolargerscientificconsiderationsarounddiversity,equity,cultural
responsiveness,andjustice.Suchconsiderationstouchonconceptsliketheuseofengineeringtopromoteequity
andjustice,issuesofrepresentationintheengineeringfield,unequalaccesstogenetictesting,andequityin
climatechangepolicy.Theymaybeusedatanypointthroughouttheunitasthecontentisintertwinedwith,yet
independentof,theunitconcepts;howeverweofferatimingrecommendationforeachPop-Out.
Throughoutthisunit,studentsexplorehowtheirbodiesareabletomakeobjectsmove.InthisPop-Out,they
thinkaboutpeoplewithdisabilitieswhosebodiesmightnotallowthemtomakeobjectsmoveintheseways.
Afterresearchingexamplesinwhichengineershaveimprovedthelivesofthoselivingwithdisabilities,itistheir
jobtoconsiderhowtheymightmaketheirprojectactivitymoreaccessibletopeoplewithdisabilities.Byalso
exploringthenewconceptofUniversalDesign,studentswillconsiderhowengineeringcanbeusednotonlyto
promoteequitybutalsojustice.
ThisPop-Outcanbeusedatanypointintheunitafterstudentshavedecidedontheiractivityattheendofthe
Lift-OffTask.
AlignmentTable
Content● Engineeringcanbeusedtoimprovethelivesofallpeople,especiallypeoplewithdisabilities.
● Engineeringcanbeusedtopromoteequityandjusticeinsociety.
UnderstandingsabouttheNatureofScience(fromNGSSAppendixH)• Scienceisawayofknowingusedbymanypeople,notjustscientists.
• Scientistsandengineersrelyonhumanqualitiessuchaspersistence,precision,reasoning,logic,
imagination,andcreativity.
• Scientistsandengineersareguidedbyhabitsofmindsuchasintellectualhonesty,toleranceof
ambiguity,skepticismandopennesstonewideas.
• Advancesintechnologyinfluencetheprogressofscienceandsciencehasinfluencedadvancesin
technology.
Science,Technology,Society,andtheEnvironment(fromNGSSAppendixJ)• Engineeringadvanceshaveledtoimportantdiscoveriesinvirtuallyeveryfieldofscienceandscientific
discoverieshaveledtothedevelopmentofentireindustriesandengineeredsystems.
• Scienceandtechnologydriveeachotherforward.• Theusesoftechnologiesaredrivenbypeople'sneeds,desiresandvalues;bythefindingsofscientific
research;andbydifferencesinfactorssuchasclimate,naturalresources,andeconomicconditions.EquityandGroupwork
● Worktogethertoresearchexamplesofsolutionsthatengineershavedesignedtoimprovethelivesof
peoplewithdisabilities.
● Worktogethertobrainstormandpresentatechnologythatwouldallowmorepeopletodotheir
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit1:SettingThingsinMotion
Pop-Out1:EngineeringforEquity
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 2
projectactivity.
Language● Engagewithavarietyofwrittenandvisualresources.
● Orallycommunicateinformationtotheclass.
● Reflectonthedifferencebetweenthevocabularyterms“equality”,“equity”and“justice”.
LearningGoalsInthisPop-Out,studentswillconsiderhowengineeringcanpromoteequitybyprovidingmoreaccesstopeople
withdisabilities.Morespecifically,thepurposeisto:
● Considerhowtheirprojectactivitymightbedifficultorimpossibleforsomepeople.
● Researchexamplesofsolutionsthatengineershavedesignedtoimprovethelivesofpeoplewith
disabilitiesandbrainstormapotentialsolutiontomaketheirownprojectactivitymoreaccessible.
● Createapresentationtosharetheirsolutionwiththeclass.
● LearnaboutanewapproachtoengineeringcalledUniversalDesign.
● Reflectonthedifferencebetweenequityandequalityandjusticeandconsiderhowengineeringcanhelp
topromoteequityandjusticeinsociety.
ContentBackgroundforTeachersInthisPop-Out,studentsareaskedtograpplewiththerealitythatnoteveryone’sbodiesworkinthesameway.
Asignificantportionoftheglobalpopulationexperiencesadisabilityatsomepoint.Peoplewithdisabilitiesoften
faceuniquebarriersintheirdailylives.However,engineeringcanandhasplayedalargeroleinbreakingdown
someofthesebarriers.Forexample,theinventionofwheelchairshasimprovedsomepeople’smobilityandthe
inventionofhand-operatedcontrolshaveallowedthosewithreducedmotorcontrolintheirlegstorideabikeor
driveacar.Thus,engineeringhasplayedalargeroleinpromotingequitybyprovidingmoreaccesstopeoplewith
disabilities.
UniversalDesignisaconceptthattakesthisevenastepfurther.Itreferstothedesignofaproductor
environmentsothatitcanbeaccessedandusedtothegreatestextentpossiblebyallpeople,withouttheneed
foradaptationorspecializeddesign.Underthisconcept,allpeople’sneedsaremet,includingthosewith
disabilities.Onefamiliarexampleisthedroppedcurbyoucannowfindatmoststreetcornerswherepedestrian
activityisexpected.Adroppedcurbreferstothe
rampgradeddownfromthetopsurfaceofa
sidewalktothesurfaceofanadjoiningstreet.
Almostanypedestriancanusethiskindofcurb.
Attheendofthistask,studentsaregiventhe
languageof“equality”,“equity”,and“justice”in
ordertoreflectonengineeringthroughalensof
socialjustice.Thediagramtotheright,whichis
providedtostudentsintheEvaluate,isagreatresourcetopromptadiscussionwithyour
studentsabouttheseconcepts.
http://agentsofgood.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Equality-vs-Equity-Illustration3.jpg
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit1:SettingThingsinMotion
Pop-Out1:EngineeringforEquity
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 3
Vocabulary● Engineering
● Technologies
● Disability
● Accessibility
● UniversalDesign
● Equity
● Equality
TimeNeeded(Basedon45-MinutePeriods)3Days
● Engage:0.5period
● Explore:1period
● Explain:0.5period
● Elaborate:0.5period
● EvaluateandReflection:0.5period
Materials
● Unit1,Pop-OutStudentVersion
Engage
● ProjectorandSpeakerforVideo
Explore
● ComputerswithInternetAccessforResearchExplain
● AnySupplementalPresentationMaterials
Elaborate
● ProjectorandSpeakerforVideo
InstructionsEngage
1. TointroducethePop-Out,werecommendreadingtheintroductionintheStudentGuidealoudtothe
class.Thishelpsthemtoseetheconnectiontotheunitaswellasorientthemtowhattheywillbedoing
inthistask.
o Note:youmayhavetoexplicitlydefinesomeacademictermsiftheyarenewforstudents,such
as“engineer”,“technologies”,“disability”,and“accessible”.
2. Toengagestudents,projectthefollowingvideototheclass,whichshowshowagroupofstudents
engineeredasolutionforachildwithadisability:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwCL0BEUXjs.
o QuestionsareprovidedintheStudentGuidetoguidetheirpartnerdiscussion.Werecommend
sharingoutafewimpressionsinaclass-widediscussion,usingequitystickstopromotemore
equitableparticipation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit1:SettingThingsinMotion
Pop-Out1:EngineeringforEquity
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 4
3. Inthevideo,thestudentswereabletoengineerasolutionthatallowedthechildtodoarangeof
differentactivities.Nowstudentswillusethisasinspirationtoconsidertheactivitytheypickedfortheir
culminatingproject.Heretheyaskthemselves:Whataboutpeoplewhoaren’tabletodomyactivity
becauseofadisability?
o Toguidetheirinitialthoughtprocess,havegroupsofstudentsdiscussandrespondtothetwo
promptsintheirStudentGuide:Inwhatwaysmightyouractivitybedifficultorimpossiblefor
somepeopletodo?Brainstormsomeinitialideasofwhatyoucouldengineer(design)sothat
morepeoplecoulddothisactivity.
o Thesepromptsaremeanttoprimestudentsfortheupcomingtaskandaccesspriorknowledge.
Emphasizetostudentsthattherearenorightanswersatthispoint.Theywillhaveplentyoftime
todosomeresearchandbrainstormmoreideasthroughoutthetask.
Explore
1. Studentssawoneexampleofhowstudents(justafewyearsolderthanthem)wereabletoengineera
solutionthathelpedachildwithadisabilitydoactivitiesthatrequiremovement.However,thereare
hundredsofotherexamples.Engineershavebeenworkingforyearstodesignsolutionsthatmakeit
easierforpeoplewithdisabilitiestodoeverydayactivities,includingthosethatinvolvemovingobjects.
2. InthisExplore,studentswillresearchexamplesofsolutionsthatengineershavedesignedtogivepeople
withdisabilitiesmoreaccesstodifferentactivities.
o Asstudentsresearch,theyshouldrecordtheirnotesinthetableintheirStudentGuide.
Encouragestudentstorecordatleastfourexamples.Iftheyfindmore,theymaywanttofocus
ontheexamplesthatmostcloselyrelatetotheirculminatingprojectactivity.Theywillhopefully
usesomeoftheseideasasinspirationtocomeupwithawaytomaketheirownprojectactivity
moreaccessibletopeoplewithdisabilities.
o Studentresearchwillvarygreatlydependingonwhattheysearchfor.Someexamplestheymight
findare:handbrakesincars,handpedalsforbikes,wheelchairs,wheelchairsoperatedbyfacial
movementsratherthanhands,amovingballthatmakesnoiseasitaccelerates,acomputerthat
useseyetrackinginsteadofamouse,amaterialtoholdjarsinplacesotheycanopenthemwith
onehand,etc.
o Ifstudentsarestrugglingtofindanyexamples,providethemwithsomesearchtermstochoose
from.Forexample:“productsthathelppeoplewithdisabilities”,“technologiesthathelppeople
withmovementdisabilities”,“sportsequipmentforpeoplewithdisabilities”,etc.
o ThefollowingTedEdplaylistmayalsobeagoodresourceforstudents:
https://www.ted.com/playlists/372/designing_for_disability.
3. Oncestudentshaveresearchedandtakennotesonafewrelevantsolutions,theycanusethisas
inspirationtobrainstormapotentialsolutiontomaketheirCulminatingProjectactivitymoreaccessible
tosomeonewithadisability.
o StudentsshouldbrainstormintheirteamsanddescribetheirsolutionintheirStudentGuides.
o Thesedonothavetobecompletelyrealisticsolutions.Thegoalisjustforthemtobeconsidering
howactivitiescanbemademoreaccessibletomorepeople.
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit1:SettingThingsinMotion
Pop-Out1:EngineeringforEquity
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 5
4. Sincestudentswillbeworkingingroupstodotheirresearchandbrainstormasolution,werecommend
assigninggrouproles.Youmayusewhateverrolesyouprefer,butwerecommendtheuseofthe
Facilitator,MaterialsManager,Harmonizer,andRecorder.
o AsktheFacilitatortoreadthedirections,makesureeveryoneunderstandsthetask,andfacilitate
theresearchandbrainstormprocesses.
o AsktheMaterialsManagertohandleanyresourcesneededtocompletethetask,including
computersandassociatedcomputerapplications(ie.internetbrowser).
o AsktheHarmonizertomakesurethateveryonecontributestheirideasandthateveryone’svoice
isheard.
o AsktheRecordertomakesurethegroupisrecordingtheirresearchandideasintheirStudent
Guide.
Explain
1. InthisExplain,studentgroupshaveanopportunitytosharetheirsolutionwiththeirclassmates.
2. Givestudentgroupstime(approx.10minutes)toprepareacasual1-2-minutepresentation,usingthe
criteriaintheirStudentGuide.a. Theycanconveytheirideasinanumberofdifferentways(video,slides,poster,etc.),butwe
recommendnotspendingalotoftimeondevelopingthesepresentations.
3. Afterstudentspresent,werecommenddebriefingthepresentationsasaclassbydiscussinghowsomeof
thesesolutionsmightbeusedformanyofthedifferentactivities.
Elaborate1. Thusfar,manyofthesolutionsstudentsresearchedandpresentedwerelikelyengineeredtomakean
existingactivitymoreaccessibletopeoplewithdisabilities.Inthissectionofthetask,studentsthink
aboutanewapproachtoengineeringcalledUniversalDesign,inwhichthegoalistoengineerproducts
andenvironmentstobeusablebyallpeoplefromtheverybeginning.
2. Asaclass,projectthefollowingvideothatdescribesUniversalDesign:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVdPNWMGyZY.Youmaychoosetoshowtheentirevideo;
however,ifyouareshortontime,werecommendshowingthevideofrom5:05to10:10.
3. Inpartners,havestudentsdiscussthequestionsintheirStudentGuide.Werecommenddebriefingthese
inaclass-widediscussion,usingequitystickstopromotemoreequitableparticipation(See“HowToUse
ThisCurriculum”formoredetails).
o OtherexamplesofUniversalDesignthattheymaycomeupwithare:bumpsnearentrancesto
largestoreslikeSafewayorTargettoindicateapproachinganentrance/exit,videogameswithin-
gametutorialsor“novice”earlylevelsratherthaninstructionbooklets,droppedsidewalkcurbs
atstreetcorners.
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit1:SettingThingsinMotion
Pop-Out1:EngineeringforEquity
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 6
Evaluate1. Overthecourseofthistask,studentshaveseenexamplesofhowengineeringhasthecapacitytonot
onlypromoteequitybutalsojustice.ThisEvaluategivesstudentsthelanguageof“equality”,“equity”,and“justice”inordertoreflectonwhattheyhavelearnedinthistaskthroughthisparticularlens.
2. StudentsindependentlyworktoanswerthereflectionquestionsintheirStudentGuide.
o Ifstudentsarestrugglingtointerprettheimagesforequality,equity,andjustice,youmaychoose
todothefirstquestiontogetheringroupsorasaclass.However,wedoencouragestudentsto
completeatleastthelasttwoquestionsindividuallysotheyhaveachancetoindividuallyreflect.
3. Bringthewholeclasstogetherforagroupdiscussion,usingequitystickstopromotemoreequitable
participation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).UsethequestionsintheStudent
Guidetoguidethediscussion.
o Thereareno“correct”answers.Thegoalofthisdiscussionisforstudentstobegintoconsider
theworldfromasocialjusticeperspective,inthiscaseusingengineeringasamechanism.We
hopestudentsmayseetheadaptivetechnologyexamplesasengineeringthatpromotesequity
andtheUniversalDesignexamplesasengineeringthatpromotesjustice.
Assessment
1. Youmaycollectthestudentguidehandoutandassessusing:
o Criteriaofyourchoice.WerecommendfocusingonthereflectionquestionsfromtheEvaluatesectiontoprovideasenseofhowstudentsareconsideringengineeringthroughasocialjustice
perspective.
o Thiscanbeaformativetooltolookfortrendsinstudentdemonstrationsofskillsandpractices.
Youcanthenusethisformativedatatoinformfutureinstruction.
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit2:ExtremeLiving
Pop-Out2:EquityinSTEM
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 1
Pop-OutEssentialQuestion:IstherediversityinSTEMandwhydoesitmatter?IntroductionInUnit2,studentsdesignaproductthatmakesitmorecomfortableforpeopletoliveinregionswithextreme
climates.Indoingso,theyareengagingintheworkofengineers.InPop-Out1,studentsthoughtabouthow
engineeringcanbeusedasatoolforequityandjustice.However,withinthefieldofengineeringitself,thereare
someseriousequityissues.
InthisPop-Out,studentsexplorethelackofracialandgenderdiversityinSTEMfieldslikeengineering.Theybegin
thetaskbythinkingaboutwhydiversityisimportantandbeneficialforSTEMfields.Theythenexaminedatathat
showsthatdespitethesebenefits,thereisawoefulunderrepresentationofwomenandminoritiesinSTEM
majorsandjobs.Studentsthenreadanarticlethatposessomereasonsforthislackofdiversitysotheyareableto
brainstormsomestrategiestoaddresstheissue.
ThisPop-OutcanbeusedatanypointintheunitafterstudentshavebeenintroducedtotheirCulminatingProject
attheendoftheLift-OffTask.
AlignmentTable
Content● DiversityintheSTEMworkforceisimportantforbetterproblem-solvinginthefield,technological
advancementforoursociety,andmoreequitableincomesacrossraceandgenderlines.
● ThereisalackofdiversityintheSTEMfield,specificallyintermsofgenderandrace.
● Byidentifyingspecificpotentialcauses,targetedstrategiescanbeusedtoaddressthelackofdiversity
inSTEM.
UnderstandingsabouttheNatureofScience(fromNGSSAppendixH)● Scienceknowledgeiscumulativeandmanypeople,frommanygenerationsandnations,have
contributedtoscienceknowledge.
● Menandwomenfromdifferentsocial,cultural,andethnicbackgroundsworkasscientistsand
engineers.
● Scientistsandengineersrelyonhumanqualitiessuchaspersistence,precision,reasoning,logic,
imagination,andcreativity.
● Scientistsandengineersareguidedbyhabitsofmindsuchasintellectualhonesty,toleranceof
ambiguity,skepticism,andopennesstonewideas.
● Scientificknowledgeisconstrainedbyhumancapacity,technology,andmaterials.
Science,Technology,Society,andtheEnvironment(FromNGSSAppendixJ)● Theusesoftechnologiesaredrivenbypeople'sneeds,desiresandvalues;bythefindingsofscientific
research;andbydifferencesinfactorssuchasclimate,naturalresources,andeconomicconditions.
EquityandGroupwork● Worktogethertoanalyzeandinterpretdiversitydataandbrainstormstrategiestoaddressalackof
diversity.
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit2:ExtremeLiving
Pop-Out2:EquityinSTEM
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 2
● Respectfullydiscussvaryingopinionsandideaswithpeers.
● Considermultipleperspectiveswhendiscussingissuesofequityanddiversity.
Language● Communicateideasverballyinclassdiscussionsandsmallgroups.
● Useacademicvocabularyinwritingandoraldiscussions,suchasSTEM,diversity,minorities,gender,
andrace.
LearningGoalsInthisPop-Out,studentswillexaminedatashowingdiversityinSTEMfieldsandconsiderpotentialcausesand
solutions.Morespecifically,thepurposeisto:
● ConsiderwhydiversitymightbebeneficialtotheworkdoneinSTEMfields.
● ExaminedataongenderandracialdiversityinSTEMmajorsandjobs.
● DescribethelackofdiversityinSTEM,usingdataasevidence.
● Identifypotentialcausesforalackofdiversityandusecausestobrainstormsolutions.
● ReflectonwhydiversityinSTEMisanimportantissueandthebestideastoaddressthelackofdiversity.
ContentBackgroundforTeachersDiversityinSTEMfieldshasthecapacitytocreateamoreequitablesocietyandincreaseinnovationbybringingin
morediverseperspectives.However,atpresentweseefarfewerwomenandunderrepresentedminorities(URM)
atboththecollegeandcareerlevel.Womenandunderrepresentedminoritiesfacehurdlesthathavenothingto
dowiththeirabilities.Becauseofbiasesinourculture,somemaybelesslikelytoseethemselvesinSTEMfields
andareoftennotencouragedtopursuethesefields.Dauntingentrybarriersandalackofacademicsupport
preventthosewithoutaspecificeducationbackgroundfrompursuingaSTEMdegree.Evenonceinthefield,
womenandunderrepresentedminoritiesfaceharshchallenges,suchasculturalstereotypes,discrimination,and
harassment.Tolearnmore,consulttheExploreResearchCardsandExplainArticle,aswellasthesourceslistedbelow,whichwereusedintheconstructionofthistask.
o https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/09/diversity-in-the-stem-workforce-varies-widely-across-
jobs/
o https://inside.collegefactual.com/stories/women-vs-men-in-stem-degrees
o https://www.sciencegenderequity.org.au/gender-equity-in-stem/
o https://blackengineeringphd.org/
o https://www.nae.edu/69743/Engineering-Diversity-Fixing-the-Educational-System-to-Promote-Equity
o https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02175-y
AcademicVocabulary
● Diversity
● STEM
● UnderrepresentedMinorities
● Gender
● Bias
● Harassment
● Representation
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit2:ExtremeLiving
Pop-Out2:EquityinSTEM
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 3
● Access
● Discrimination
TimeNeeded(Basedon45-MinutePeriods)3.5Days
● Engage:0.5period
● Explore:1.0period
● Explain:0.5period
● Elaborate:1.0period
● EvaluateandReflection:0.5period
Materials
● Unit2,Pop-OutStudentVersion
Explore
● 4ResearchCards(1SetPerGroupor2-3PerStation)
Elaborate
● Article,“WhyAreWeSeeingaLackofDiversityinSTEM?”(1perstudent)
● PosterandMarkersorWhiteboardSpace
InstructionsEngage
1. TointroducethePop-Out,werecommendreadingtheintroductionintheStudentGuidealoudtothe
class.Thishelpsthemtoseetheconnectiontotheunitaswellasorientthemtowhattheywillbedoing
inthistask.
o HerestudentsareintroducedtothetermSTEM—Science,Technology,Engineering,andMath—
whichtheyhavelikelyheardbefore.Makesurestudentsunderstandwhatthistermmeans
beforemovingforwardsinceitisusedfrequentlythroughoutthetask.
o ThisintroductionalsoincludesdataaboutSTEMjobgrowth(up79%inlast30years)andsalary
comparisontonon-STEMjobs.Thegoalisforstudentstoseewhymanypeoplemightwantto
workinSTEMprofessions.Youmaywanttocontinuetoreturntothispointthroughoutthetask
asstudentslearnwhichgroupsofpeoplearenotaccessingthesejobsandthesehighsalaries.
o Source:https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/09/diversity-in-the-stem-workforce-
varies-widely-across-jobs/
2. Beforestudentslookatanydata,wewantthemtothinkaboutwhydiversitymightbeimportantfor
STEMjobslikeengineeringinthefirstplace.Todothis,weengagetheirpriorknowledgeoftheir
experiencesasengineers.
o Havestudentsindividuallythinkabouttheirexperiencewhentheyhaveactedasanengineerthat
isdesigningasolutiontoaproblem.Toguidetheirreflection,theyfilloutthetwoquestionsin
theirStudentGuide.
o ThenhavestudentsdiscussinpartnerswhethertheythinkdiversityisimportantinSTEMand
why.
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit2:ExtremeLiving
Pop-Out2:EquityinSTEM
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 4
o Werecommendsharingoutopinionsinaclass-widediscussion,usingequitystickstopromote
moreequitableparticipation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).Whilethere
arenocorrectanswers,wehopethatmanystudentswillreflectthatworkingwithadiversegroup
ofpeopleoftencreatesbetterproductsinthedesignprocess.
3. Ifyouarelookingformorebackgroundinformationtoprepareyouforthisclassdiscussion,youmight
considerthefollowingthreesources.Allsourcesdiscusshowtheadvancementofoursocietydependson
adiverseSTEMworkforcebecausethisbringsmoretalentandmoreperspectivesforbetterproblem-
solvingandproducts.
o https://www.wired.com/brandlab/2015/05/5-numbers-explain-stem-diversity-matters-us/
o https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/diversity-in-stem-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters/
o https://www.talentlyft.com/en/blog/article/244/top-10-benefits-of-diversity-in-the-workplace-
infographic-included
Explore
1. NowthatstudentshavediscussedwaysinwhichdiversityisgoodforSTEM,theycanexplorehowdiverse
STEMfieldsactuallyare.
2. StudentswillneedaccesstothefourResearchCardsforthissectionofthetask.Youmaychooseto
provideeachgroupofstudentswithasetofResearchCardsoryoucouldsetupresearchstationsforeachResearchCardforstudentstomovebetween.Ifyoudochoosetodoresearchstations,werecommend
providing1-2copiesofeachResearchCardatastationanddependingonyourclasssize,makingmultiple
stationsforthesameResearchCard.
3. Ingroups,studentswillanalyzeeachResearchCard.EachResearchCardhasagraphofdatathatshowsgenderorracialrepresentationinSTEMmajorsorjobs.
o OneachResearchCard,wehaveprovidedgraphanalysisquestions.Encouragestudentstodiscussthesetohelpthemunderstandthegraphs.
o Asstudentsanalyzethegraphs,theyshouldrecordtheirnotesinthetableintheirStudentGuide.
Theyshouldbedescribingwhattheythinkeachgraphisaboutaswellasansweringafew
discussionquestionsthathelpthempulloutthekeyconclusionsfromeachgraph.
o YoumaywanttomodelthisgraphanalysisprocessusingResearchCard1.o Optional:Conductaclass-widediscussiontosharekeytakeawaysfromeachResearchCard,using
equitystickstopromotemoreequitableparticipation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”for
moredetails).
4. Sincestudentswillbeworkingingroups,werecommendassigninggrouproles.Youmayusewhatever
rolesyouprefer,butwerecommendtheuseoftheFacilitator,MaterialsManager,Harmonizer,and
Recorder.
o AsktheFacilitatortoreadthedirectionsandmakesureeveryoneunderstandsthetask.
o AsktheMaterialsManagertohandleanyresourcesneededtocompletethetask,including
ResearchCards.o AsktheHarmonizertomakesurethateveryonecontributestheirideasandthateveryone’svoice
isheard.
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit2:ExtremeLiving
Pop-Out2:EquityinSTEM
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 5
o AsktheRecordertomakesurethegroupisrecordingtheirnotesintheirStudentGuide.
Explain
1. InthisExplain,studentsaretaskedwithindividuallyexplainingtheamountofdiversityinSTEMtoanother
person.Toscaffoldthisexplanation,agraphicorganizerisprovidedintheirStudentGuides.Thisgraphic
organizerasksthemtomakeaclaimandsupporttheirclaimwithevidenceofgenderdiversity(Graphs1
and2)andevidenceofracialdiversity(Graphs3and4).Encouragestudentstolookbackattheirgraphic
organizerintheExploreasaresourcefortherowsofevidence.
2. Astudentsampleexplanationisprovidedbelow:
ClaimAbout
Diversityin
STEM
Accordingtodata,thereisalackofbothgenderandracialdiversityinSTEM.
Evidenceof
Gender
Diversity
(Describewhat
yousawin
Graphs1and2)
ResearchCards1and2showthatthereisnotmuchgenderdiversityinSTEM.InResearchCard1,Ilearnedthattherearemanymoremen(63%)thanwomen(37%)withaSTEMcollegemajor.Thisisunlikenon-STEMmajorswheretherearemorewomenthanmen.InResearchCard2,IlearnedthatacrossalleducationlevelsinSTEM,therearemoremalesthanfemales.ThegapgetsbiggerathigherlevelsofSTEM,likeLevelE,whichis87%maleand13%female.
Evidenceof
RacialDiversity
(Describewhat
yousawin
Graphs3and4)
ResearchCards3and4showthatthereisnotmuchracialdiversityinSTEM.ResearchCard3showedthat69%ofSTEMjobsareheldbywhitepeopleandthatacrossallSTEMjobs,BlacksandHispanicsareunderrepresented.ResearchCard4showedthatinEngineering,thereisahighpercentageofwhiteprofessorsandaverylowpercentageofAfrican-AmericanandHispanicprofessors.ThisgetsworseasyougoupinProfessorRank.
3. Optional:providesentenceframestohelpstudentsconstructtheirexplanation.Forexample:
o Accordingtodata,thereis____ofdiversityinSTEM.
o ResearchCards__and__showthatthereis________(alot/notalot–pickone)ofgender
diversityinSTEMfields.
o ResearchCards__and__showthatthereis________(alot/notalot–pickone)ofracialdiversity
inSTEMfields.
o InResearchCard__,Ilearnedthat
o ResearchCard___showedthat
o Thisiscomparedto…
o Thedifferencegetslarger…
4. WerecommendconductingaquickclassdebriefbeforemovingontotheElaboratetomakesure
everyonehascometothesameconclusionaboutgenderandracialdiversityinSTEM.Again,useequity
stickstopromotemoreequitableparticipation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit2:ExtremeLiving
Pop-Out2:EquityinSTEM
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 6
Elaborate1. StudentscannowseethatdiversityinSTEMisanissue,butinordertothinkaboutstrategiestoaddress
this,theyneedtobetterunderstandsomeofthefactorsthatmaybecausingthisphenomenon.
2. Passoutthearticle,“WhyAreWeSeeingaLackofDiversityinSTEM?”.Studentsshouldreadand
annotatethisarticleusingwhateverstrategyyoutypicallyuseinyourclassroom.
3. Withapartner,studentsfilloutthetableintheirStudentGuideinwhichtheydescribethethreepossible
reasonsforthelackofdiversityidentifiedinthearticle.Theythenbrainstormatleastonestrategyto
addresseachofthesefactors.Astudentsamplechartisprovidedbelow.Thesearejustsomeexample
strategiesstudentsmaycomeupwith,buttherearemanymore.
ReasonsForthe
LackofGenderand
RacialDiversityin
STEM
Notseeingthemselvesasscientistsandengineersbecauseofmessagesandexamplestheygetgrowingup.
NotaccessingthenecessarycoursesinhighschooltoqualifyforaSTEMmajorincollege.
DiscriminationinSTEMworkplaces.
StrategiestoBring
MoreWomenand
Underrepresented
Minoritiesintothe
STEMField
-ProvidingmoreexamplesoffemalesandpeopleofcolorinSTEM-ProgramsforgirlsandchildrenofcolortoparticipateinSTEMactivities(ie.STEMclubs,scienceandengineeringcamps).-STEMtoysthatappealtofemales
-CounselorstrainedtoencouragegirlsandstudentsofcolortotakecoursesthatpreparethemforSTEMmajors-MathandsciencetutoringorsupportclassesinK-12andcollegeforfemalesandstudentsofcolor-HighschoolinfosessionsonSTEMpathway-Summercollegeprepcamps
-ActivelyrecruitingmorefemalesandpeopleofcolorforSTEMmajorsandSTEMfacultypositions-Clearcompanypoliciesondiscriminationandharassment-Biggerconsequencesforharassmentanddiscrimination-PeersupportgroupsforwomenandpeopleofcolorinSTEM
4. Shareideasoutasaclass,usingequitystickstopromotemoreequitableparticipation(See“HowToUse
ThisCurriculum”formoredetails).Createaposterofpotentialstrategiestheycomeupwithtoaddress
thisissue.
5. Ifstudentswanttoknowmoreaboutstrategiesthatareactuallybeingused,herearesomeresources:
o https://engineering.stanford.edu/students-academics/equity-and-inclusion-initiatives/about-
equity-and-inclusion-initiatives
o https://engineering.berkeley.edu/about/equity-and-inclusion/
o https://www.nae.edu/69743/Engineering-Diversity-Fixing-the-Educational-System-to-Promote-
Equity
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit2:ExtremeLiving
Pop-Out2:EquityinSTEM
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 7
o https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/11/how-umbc-got-minority-students-stick-
stem/602635/
EvaluateandReflect1. Overthecourseofthistask,studentshaveexploredthelackofdiversityinSTEM.ThisEvaluategives
studentsachancetoreflectonwhythismatters,whatshouldbedoneaboutit,andhowthismight
personallyaffectthem.
2. StudentsindependentlyworktoanswerthereflectionquestionsintheirStudentGuide.
3. Bringthewholeclasstogetherforagroupdiscussion,usingequitystickstopromotemoreequitable
participation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).UsethequestionsintheStudentGuide
toguidethediscussion.
o Thereareno“correct”answers.However,wehopethatstudentsseewhyalackofdiversityin
STEMisaproblemforbothequityandthesuccessofthefield.Byendingwithquestionsabout
potentialstrategiestoaddresstheissueandthesupporttheymightpersonallyneed,weaimto
leavethistaskwithasolutions-orientedmindset.
Assessment
1. YoumaycollecttheStudentGuidehandoutandassessusing:
o Criteriaofyourchoice.WerecommendfocusingontheExplaingraphicorganizer,theElaboratetable,ortheEvaluateandReflectquestionstounderstandhowstudentsaremakingsenseofthe
significanceofthelackofdiversityinSTEM,includingcausesandpotentialstrategiestoaddressit.
o Thiscanbeaformativetooltolookfortrendsinstudentdemonstrationsofskillsandpractices.
Youcanthenusethisformativedatatoinformfutureinstruction.
Pop-Out2ResearchCard1:WomenandMenWithaCollegeMajorinSTEMvs.Non-STEMFields
GraphAnalysisQuestions:
1. Inthegraph:whatcolorrepresentswomen?Whatcolorrepresentsmen?2. Comparethepercentagesoftheblueandredsections:Isthereahigherfemale-to-maleratioin
non-STEMorSTEMfields?3. IntheSTEMbar,comparetheblueandredsections:Aretheremorewomenormenmajoringin
STEMfields?Source:https://inside.collegefactual.com/stories/women-vs-men-in-stem-degrees
Pop-Out2
ResearchCard2:FemalesandMalesatDifferentLevelsinSTEMEducation
GenderdistributionofstudentcompletionsandacademicstaffinSTEMfields(excludingMedicalSciencesandHealth).BachelorPassandBachelorHons=UndergraduateDegreesandPhD=DoctorateDegree.LevelA=JuniorAcademicandLevelE=SeniorProfessorwithagradientoflevelsinbetween(LevelsB–D).
GraphAnalysisQuestions:
1. Inthisgraph:whatisthelowestlevelofSTEMeducationonthex-axis?WhatisthehighestlevelofSTEMeducationonthex-axis?
2. Inthisgraph:whatcolorlinerepresentsfemales?Whatcolorlinerepresentsmales?3. Comparetheyellowandorangelinesacrossalleducationlevels:Aretheremorefemalesor
malesineachSTEMeducationlevel?4. Lookatwheretheyellowlineisatthelowestpercentageandtheorangelineisatthehighest
percentage:AtwhatlevelofSTEMeducationistherethemostdifferencebetweenthepercentageoffemalesandmales?
Source:https://www.sciencegenderequity.org.au/gender-equity-in-stem/
Pop-Out2
ResearchCard3:RaceRepresentationinSTEMProfessions
GraphAnalysisQuestions:1. Inthisgraph:whatcolorbarrepresentseachracialgroup?2. Lookatthe“STEMjobs”bar:
a. WhichracialgroupholdsthelargestpercentageofSTEMjobs?b. WhichracialgroupholdsthelowestpercentageofSTEMjobs?c. Isitabigdifference?
3. LookatthebarsthatrelatetospecificSTEMjobs:a. WhichSTEMfieldhasthemostWhitepeople?b. WhichSTEMfieldhasthefewestunderrepresentedminorities(BlackandHispanic
people)?Source:https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/09/diversity-in-the-stem-workforce-varies-widely-across-jobs/
Pop-Out2
ResearchCard4:RaceRepresentationofEngineeringProfessorRanks
DescriptionofProfessorRanks:AssistantProfessor=entry-levelandoftentemporaryposition;AssociateProfessor=mid-level,permanentposition;FullProfessor=highest-level,permanentpositionathighestlevelofpromotionGraphAnalysisQuestions:
1. Inthisgraph:whatisthelowestlevelofProfessorRankonthey-axis?WhatisthehighestlevelofProfessorRankonthey-axis?
2. Inthisgraph:whatcolorbarrepresentseachracialgroup?3. LookatthesizeofeachcolorbarateachProfessorRanklevel:
a. Whichracialgroupismostrepresented(largestbar)ateachlevel?b. Whichracialgroupisleastrepresented(smallestbar)ateachlevel?c. Isthereabigdifference?
4. Lookatwherethepinkbaristhelargestandtheothercolorbarsarethesmallest:AtwhichProfessorRankistherethemostdifferencebetweenwhiterepresentationandrepresentationofotherraces?
Source:https://blackengineeringphd.org/
Pop-Out2
Article:WhyAreWeSeeingaLackofDiversityinSTEM?
ThedatamakesitclearthatthemajorityofpeoplestudyingSTEMmajorsincollegeandpursuingSTEMjobsarewhiteandmale.WhyisthereaseriousunderrepresentationofwomenandminoritiesinSTEM?Representation:First,weneedtothinkaboutwhoislikelytoseethemselvesasascientistorengineer.Canyouimagineanadultsayingthatbuildingarobotorbuildingacarare“boy’sactivities”?Howoftendoyouseerobottoysnexttodollsinthegirl’stoyaisleatTarget?Younggirlsgetthesekindsofmessagesallthetime,somanyhaveahardtimepicturingthemselvesdoingSTEMjobsliketheselaterinlife.Also,ifchildrengrowuprarelyseeingexamplesoffemale,black,orHispanicscientistsandengineers,itisharderforthemtoenvisionitasafutureforthemselves.ThismayleadtomorewhiteandmalechildrenandfewerfemaleandminoritychildrenbeinginterestedinpursuingSTEMcareers.Access:ThesecondanswertothisquestionliesinthepathwaytoenteringtheSTEMfield,whichstartsinschoolsjustlikeyours.MostSTEMmajorsrequirerigorousmathandsciencecoursesinhighschool.Unfortunatelyfemalesandunderrepresentedminoritiesarelesslikelytotakethesecourses.Thismaybebecauseabiasagainsttheirraceorgenderkeepsadultsfromencouragingstudentstotakethesecourses.Someschoolsdon’tevenofferthesecourses.Ifthesefemaleandminoritystudentsdonotgettotaketheseclasses,theyhavefeweropportunitiestobecomeaSTEMmajorincollege.ThisleadstofewerwomenandminoritieswithSTEMjobsinthefuture.Discrimination:EvenforthosethatdomakeitintoaSTEMmajororaSTEMjob,womenandminoritiescanstillfacesomemajorchallenges.ManywomenandminoritiesinSTEMexperiencediscriminationbecauseoftheirgenderorrace.Theymightearnalowersalary,getpassedoverforajoborpromotion,orbetreatedasiftheyarelesscompetentorcapable.Addedtothat,womenalsooftenexperiencesexualharassment.Allthesefactorsoftendiscouragesomepeoplefromenteringorstayinginthefield.NowthatwehavethreepotentialreasonsforthelackofgenderandracialdiversityinSTEM,whatcanwedoaboutit?
AdaptedFromtheFollowingSources:
o https://www.nae.edu/69743/Engineering-Diversity-Fixing-the-Educational-System-to-Promote-Equity
o https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02175-y
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit3:NatureViaNurture
Pop-Out3:GeneticTesting–AccessDenied
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 1
Pop-OutEssentialQuestion:Howisgenetictestingimportantforourhealthandwhohasaccesstoit?IntroductionInTask3,studentscollectevidencerelatedtothenaturevs.nurturedebate,allowingthemtodiscoverthatitisnotaneither-orquestion.Bothgeneticsandenvironmentareoftenatplay.Intheunitproject,studentsareapplyingthisconcepttoalgae.However,thisideaisrelevanttohumanstoo.Toexplorethegeneticvariationsthatleadtodifferenttraitsanddiseases,scientistsandmedicalprofessionalsusegenetictesting.InthisPop-Out,studentsexploretheprocessofgenetictesting,whichhasbeenaroundfordecadesbuthasbeenontheriseinrecentyears.First,studentsobservecasestudiesofvariouspatientstoseewhatgenetictestingcandoandwhyitisimportantforhealthoutcomes.Oncetheyunderstandtheimportanceofgenetictesting,theythenlearnthatdespitethebenefits,therearesomepopulationsthatarelesslikelytoreceivegenetictesting.Indoingso,theyareabletoconsiderhowthismightfurthercontributetowideninghealthdisparitiesinoursociety.WerecommendintroducingthisPop-OutafterstudentshavecompletedTask3ofthisunitsinceitbuildsontheirunderstandingofgeneticandenvironmentalinfluences.AlignmentTable
Content● Genetictestingisimportantforhealthoutcomesbyhelpingdoctorstoprevent,diagnose,andtreat
morediseases.● Minorityandlow-incomepopulationsaremuchlesslikelytoreceivegenetictesting.● Genetictestingthreatenstoincreasehealthdisparitiesasaccesstotheseexpensivetestsfurther
widensthegap.
UnderstandingsabouttheNatureofScience(fromNGSSAppendixH)● Advancesintechnologyinfluencetheprogressofscienceandsciencehasinfluencedadvancesin
technology.● Scienceknowledgecandescribeconsequencesofactionsbutisnotresponsibleforsociety’sdecisions.
Science,Technology,Society,andtheEnvironment(FromNGSSAppendixJ)● Engineeringadvanceshaveledtoimportantdiscoveriesinvirtuallyeveryfieldofscienceandscientific
discoverieshaveledtothedevelopmentofentireindustriesandengineeredsystems.● Scienceandtechnologydriveeachotherforward.● Theusesoftechnologiesaredrivenbypeople'sneeds,desiresandvalues;bythefindingsofscientific
research;andbydifferencesinfactorssuchasclimate,naturalresources,andeconomicconditions.
EquityandGroupwork● Worktogethertoanalyzepatientstoriesandcreateapresentation.● Respectfullydiscussvaryingopinionsandideaswithpeers.● Considermultipleperspectivesasyoudiscussissuesofequity.
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit3:NatureViaNurture
Pop-Out3:GeneticTesting–AccessDenied
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 2
Language● Pulloutrelevantinformationfromavideopatientstory.● Communicateideasorallyinapresentation,classdiscussions,andsmallgroups.● Readandannotateanarticle.● Usenewacademicvocabularyinwritingandoraldiscussions,suchasgenetictesting,access,health
disparities,low-income,andminority.
LearningGoalsInthisPop-Out,studentswillexploretheimportanceofgenetictestingforhealthoutcomesandexaminehowitthreatenstowidenhealthdisparities.Morespecifically,thepurposeisto:
● Engagewiththeexampleofperfectpitchtothinkaboutwhyknowingone’sgeneticmakeupmightbehelpful.
● Explorepatientstoriestolearnmoreaboutwhatgenetictestingcandoforhealthoutcomes.● Presentpatientstoriestoshareandlearnaboutthedifferentbenefitsofgenetictesting.● Learnaboutwhohasaccesstogenetictestingandconsiderwhatthismeansforhealthdisparities.● Reflectonhowgenetictestingcanbebeneficialbutcanalsoresultinincreasedhealthdisparities.
ContentBackgroundforTeachersGenetictestinghasbeenontheriseinrecentyears,helpingmedicalprofessionalstoprevent,diagnose,andtreatcertaindiseases.However,researchhasshownthatphysiciansarelesslikelytoprovidegenetictestingforlow-incomeandminoritygroups.Why?Researchershavefoundthatthereareseveralcontributingfactorstothisphenomenon.Genetictestingisanextremelyexpensivetestandevenprivateinsurancecompaniesrequirepatientstomeetveryspecificcriteriatoprovideanycoverage.Thisrestrictsaccesstoalargenumberoflow-incomeandminorityindividuals.Regardlessofcost,researchalsoshowsthatminorityandlow-incomegroupsarelesslikelytoreceiveinformationaboutgenetictestingfromtheirphysiciansorbereferredforgenetictesting.Thereisalsooftenamuchhigherdistrustinthemedicalsystemthatpreventsmanyfromusinggenetictesting.Thisdecreasedaccesstogenetictestingthreatenstowidenthealreadylargehealthdisparitiesthatcurrentlyexist.Tolearnmore,consultthepatientstoriesintheExploreandthearticleintheExplain,aswellasthesourceslistedbelow,whichwereusedintheconstructionofthistask.
• https://www.nature.com/articles/gim200997• https://www.healthcaredive.com/news/genetic-testing-threatens-to-widen-health-disparities/424144/
AcademicVocabulary
● GeneticTesting● HealthOutcomes● Minority● Low-Income● Access● HealthDisparities
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit3:NatureViaNurture
Pop-Out3:GeneticTesting–AccessDenied
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 3
TimeNeeded(Basedon45-MinutePeriods)3Days
● Engage:0.5period● Explore:0.5period● Explain:1.0period● Elaborate:0.5period● EvaluateandReflection:0.5period
Materials
● Unit3,Pop-OutStudentVersionExplore
● ComputersorTabletsw/AudioExplain
● OptionalPresentationMaterialsInstructionsEngage
1. TointroducethePop-Out,werecommendreadingtheintroductionintheStudentGuidealoudtotheclass.Thishelpsthemtoseetheconnectiontotheunitaswellasorientthemtowhattheywillbedoinginthistask.
2. Beforestudentsexploremoreseriouscasestudiesthatshowcasethebenefitsofgenetictesting,wewant
toengagethemwithalighterscenario–thehereditaryandenvironmentalinfluencesonperfectpitch.o IntroducestudentstothisphenomenonbyreadingthefirsttwoparagraphsoftheEngageintheir
StudentGuides.
3. HavestudentsdiscussandrespondtothequestionsintheirStudentGuideinpairs.o Thefirstquestionallowsthemtoconnecttotheirpriorknowledgefromtheunitbyidentifying
thisasanaturevianurtureexample.o Thesecondquestionbeginstogetthemthinkingabouthowthisexampleshowsamotivationto
knowmoreaboutyourgeneticmakeup(ie.Wouldn’titbegreattoknowyourchildhasthisgenevariationsotheycouldmakesuretheygetearlymusicaltrainingtoreachtheirfullpotential?).
o Thethirdquestionintroducesthemtogenetictestingasatestthatissoexpensive,onlysomepeoplemayhaveaccess.Thisisanimportantideatheywillreturntothroughoutthetask.
o Werecommendsharingouttheseideasinaclass-widediscussion,usingequitystickstopromotemoreequitableparticipation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).
4. Sources:
o https://www.ucsf.edu/news/5879/genetically-set-perfect-pitch-you-might-be-without-early-training-d
o https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/debate.html
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit3:NatureViaNurture
Pop-Out3:GeneticTesting–AccessDenied
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 4
Explore1. Whileknowingwhetheryouhavethegeneticvariationforperfectpitchmaynotseemlikethebiggest
priority,therearemanyotherscenariosinwhichknowingyourgeneticmakeupcanbeveryimportantforhealthoutcomes.Tofindoutaboutourgeneticmakeup,weusegenetictesting.
o Asaclass,reviewthedefinitionforgenetictestingintheirStudentGuides:GenetictestingisamedicaltestthatlooksforanydifferencesinyourDNAcodethatcancauseyoutodevelopand/orpassoncertaindiseases.
2. Ingroups,studentswillpickfromthelistoffivepatientsintheirStudentGuidesandwatchthevideoto
learnmoreaboutwhatgenetictestingcando.Thegoalofthisexerciseisforstudentstoseetheimportanceofgenetictestingforhealthoutcomes.
o Distributeacomputerortablettoeachgroup.o Asstudentswatchtheirvideo,theyshouldtakenotesintheboxintheirStudentGuide.Theywill
usethesenotestoprepareapresentationthattheywillsharewiththeclass.Youmaywanttoreviewtherequirementsfortheirpresentationsostudentsknowwhattolookforintheirvideos.
3. Sincestudentswillbeworkingingroups,werecommendassigninggrouproles.Youmayusewhatever
rolesyouprefer,butwerecommendtheuseoftheFacilitator,MaterialsManager,Harmonizer,andRecorder.
o AsktheFacilitatortoreadthedirectionsandmakesureeveryoneunderstandsthetask.o AsktheMaterialsManagertohandleanyresourcesneededtocompletethetask,includingthe
computer/tablet.o AsktheHarmonizertomakesurethateveryonecontributestheirideasandthateveryone’svoice
isheard.o AsktheRecordertomakesurethegroupisrecordingtheirnotesintheirStudentGuide.
Explain
1. Genetictestingisimportantformanydifferentpurposes.Sincegroupsanalyzeddifferentpatientstories,theycanlearnaboutsomeofthesedifferentpurposesfromeachother.
2. Asaclass,reviewthepresentationrequirementsfortheirpatientstorypresentations.Thengivestudents
timetopreparetheirpresentation.Keepinmindtheseshouldbebriefandinformal.Youmayprovideanyparametersforpresentationformatandmaterialsthatyouprefer.
o Sincestudentswillbeworkingingroupsagain,werecommendassigninggrouprolesandchangingupassignmentsfromtheExplore.
3. Youmayhaveeachgrouppresentorselectfivegroupsthatcovertherangeofall5patientstories.
4. Afterhearingpresentationsonallthepatients’stories,conductadiscussionusingthefollowing
facilitatingquestions:Whatarethedifferentbenefitsofgenetictesting?Whyisgenetictestingimportantforhealthoutcomes?
o Werecommendfirstgivingtimeforstudentstodiscussasagroupandthenusingequitystickstoshareoutinaclass-widediscussion(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit3:NatureViaNurture
Pop-Out3:GeneticTesting–AccessDenied
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 5
o Studentsshoulddiscussthattherearemanybenefitstogenetictesting,suchasdiagnosingdiseases,informingtreatmentdecisions,tailoringprescriptionregimensthatworkbest,andidentifyingrisktoeitherpreventormitigatedisease.
Elaborate
1. Studentshaveseenthatgenetictestingcanplayanimportantroleinpeople’shealth.Thissectionofthetasklooksatgenetictestingthroughanequitylens.Sincegenetictestingissobeneficial,itseemslikegenetictestingshouldbeavailabletoeveryone.Butisitinpractice?
2. HavestudentsindividualreadandannotatethearticleintheirStudentGuides,“WhoHasAccessto
GeneticTesting?”.Studentsshouldannotatethisarticleusingwhateverstrategyyoutypicallyuseinyourclassroom.
3. Withapartner,studentsthendiscussthearticleandanswerthequestionsintheirStudentGuide.
4. Shareideasoutasaclass,usingequitystickstopromotemoreequitableparticipation(See“HowToUse
ThisCurriculum”formoredetails).YoumayusethequestionsintheirStudentGuidetofacilitatethisdiscussion.
o Fromthearticle,studentsshouldbeabletopullouttheinformationthatminorityandlow-incomegroupsarelesslikelytoreceivegenetictestingduetoafewcontributingfactors.Wehopethatthediscussionquestionshelpthemtomaketheconnectionthatifcertaingroupsarenotaccessinggenetictesting,thiscanleadtoworsehealthoutcomesforthosegroups,whichisaseriousequityissue.
EvaluateandReflect
1. Overthecourseofthistask,studentshaveexploredbenefitsofgenetictestingandwhohasaccesstothesebenefits.ThisEvaluategivesstudentsachancetoreflectonhowgenetictestinghasthepotentialtohaveapositiveandalsonegativeimpactonoursociety.
2. StudentsindependentlyworktoanswerthereflectionquestionsintheirStudentGuide.
3. Bringthewholeclasstogetherforagroupdiscussion,usingequitystickstopromotemoreequitable
participation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).UsethequestionsintheStudentGuidetoguidethediscussion.
o Thereareno“correct”answers.However,wehopethatstudentsseethatwhilegenetictestinghasgreatbenefitsforhealthoutcomes,thedifferenceinaccessfordifferentgroupshasthepotentialtoincreasealreadylargehealthdisparitiesinoursociety.
4. Thelastquestionasksstudentstoendwithamoresolutionsmindsetbybeginningtoconsiderhow
genetictestingcanbeusedinamorefairway.Ifyouwouldlikestudentstoleavethistaskwithsomeconcretesolutions,werecommendreadingandadaptingthefollowingarticle:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5100696/.
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit3:NatureViaNurture
Pop-Out3:GeneticTesting–AccessDenied
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 6
Assessment1. YoumaycollecttheStudentGuidehandoutandassessusing:
o Criteriaofyourchoice.WerecommendfocusingontheElaborateclassdiscussionortheEvaluateandReflectquestionstounderstandhowstudentsaremakingsenseofthepotentialforgenetictestingtowidenhealthdisparities.
o Thiscanbeaformativetooltolookfortrendsinstudentdemonstrationsofskillsandpractices.Youcanthenusethisformativedatatoinformfutureinstruction.
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit4:AWarmerWorld
Pop-Out4:ACallforEquityinClimateAction
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 1
Pop-OutEssentialQuestion:WhydoesGretaThunbergcallforequityinclimateaction?
Introduction
Inthisunit,studentsareexploringwhatcausesglobalwarmingandwhatitmeansforthewayshumansareimpactingenvironmentsandorganismsaroundtheglobe.ThisPop-Outasksstudentstoconsiderthebroadercategoryofclimatechange,includingwhothelargestcontributorsare,whoarethemostvulnerabletotheimpacts,andhowthesefactorsshouldaffecthowwemoveforwardwithclimateaction.InthisPop-Out,studentsareintroducedtoayoungenvironmentalactivisttheyhavelikelyheardofbefore—GretaThunberg.GretaThunbergmentionsequityalmosteverytimeshespeaksaboutclimateaction.Inthistask,itisyourstudents’jobtoexaminedataintheformofaninteractivemaptodecideforthemselveswhethertheythinkequityshouldbeakeycomponenttoclimateactionandwhy.Theythenlearnthatcountriesaroundtheworldattemptedtocollaborateonclimateactioninthe2015ParisClimateAgreement,buttheUShassincemadeplanstowithdrawfromtheagreement.Inresponse,theyconsiderwhethertheyagreewiththisdecisionandwhattheymightincludeintheirownclimateagreementtomakesureitisfairandequitable.WerecommendintroducingthisPop-OutafterstudentshavecompletedTask3sincethisPop-Outbuildsonstudents’knowledgeofboththecausesandimpactsofglobalwarming.
AlignmentTable
Content
● Climateactionisamassiveundertakingthatwillrequirethesupportandcooperationofallcountriesaroundtheworld.
● Equityshouldbeconsideredinanyclimateactionplantoaccountforhistoricalresponsibilityandcurrentcapacity.
UnderstandingsabouttheNatureofScience(fromNGSSAppendixH)
● Scienceknowledgecandescribeconsequencesofactionsbutisnotresponsibleforsociety’sdecisions.
Science,Technology,Society,andtheEnvironment(FromNGSSAppendixJ)
● Allhumanactivitydrawsonnaturalresourcesandhasbothshortandlong-termconsequences,positiveaswellasnegative,forthehealthofpeopleandthenaturalenvironment.
● Theusesoftechnologiesaredrivenbypeople'sneeds,desiresandvalues;bythefindingsofscientificresearch;andbydifferencesinfactorssuchasclimate,naturalresources,andeconomicconditions.
● Technologyusevariesovertimeandfromregiontoregion.
EquityandGroupwork
● Worktogethertoanalyzedataanddrawconclusionsfromaninteractivemap.● Respectfullydiscussvaryingopinionsandideaswithpeers.● Considermultipleperspectivesasyoudiscussissuesofequity.
Language● UsepriorknowledgefromotherPop-Outstocometoconsensusonadefinitionfor“equity”.
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit4:AWarmerWorld
Pop-Out4:ACallforEquityinClimateAction
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 2
● Pulloutrelevantinformationfrommultipleformats(audio,visual,etc.).● Usedataandreasoningtosupportandcommunicateclaims.● Readandannotateanarticle(Optional).● Communicateideasorallyinpartners,classdiscussions,andsmallgroups.● Usenewacademicvocabularyinwritingandoraldiscussions,suchasclimateaction,equity,emissions,
consumption,atrisk,vulnerable,andresponsibility.
LearningGoals
InthisPop-Out,studentswillexaminedatatodeterminewhythereisacallforequityinclimateactionandwhatthismeans.Morespecifically,thepurposeisto:
● Engageinterestintheclimatecrisisandintroduceclimatejusticeusingaspeechbyyouthactivist,GretaThunberg.
● Exploreaninteractivemaptodiscoverwhoismostresponsibleforclimatechangeandwhoismostvulnerabletotheimpacts.
● Voteonwhetherequityshouldbeconsideredinclimateaction.● LearnabouttheParisClimateAgreementandwhatUSwithdrawalmeansforglobalclimateaction.● Reflectonwhetherequityshouldbeconsideredinclimateaction,beststrategies,andwhatastudent’s
personalrolecanbe.
ContentBackgroundforTeachers
Climatechangeisthedefiningcrisisofourtimeandinrecentyearshasbeenrecognizedasthebiggestpolicyissueourworldfaces.Becauseitishappeningatsucharapidrate,actionneedstobeswiftandrigorous,andthisrequireshugelevelsofcooperationamongstglobalpowers.Inclimatenegotiations,onetopicthathasarisenistheissueofequity—whatexactlydoesthismeanwhenitisappliedtoaddressingclimatechange?Climatejusticeadvocatesarguethatresponsibilityshouldbeassignedinafairwaybetweenrichandpoorcountriesandbetweentherichandpoorinthosecountries.Inotherwords,thosethatcausedmostoftheclimateproblemmustdothemosttofixitandprovidethemostsupporttothosemostimpactedbyit.SomecountriesintheUnitedFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCC)thinkequityshouldfocusmoreoncapabilities,orthecapacitycountriesnowhavetodealwithclimatechange.ThisisanuancedissuemadeevenmorecomplicatedwhenoneconsiderstheargumentthatcountriesoftheGlobalNorthoweaclimatedebttocountriesoftheGlobalSouthfromthecenturiesofeconomicexploitationthatallowedthemtodevelop.Tolearnmore,consultthemapinteractiveintheExplore,theoptionalarticleintheExplain,aswellasthesourceslistedbelow,whichwereusedintheconstructionofthistask.
• https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/10/02/greta-thunbergs-call-equity-mean/• https://www.wri.org/blog/2012/12/what-equity-context-climate-negotiations
AcademicVocabulary● ClimateAction● EquityorClimateJustice● Emissions● Consumption● AtRisk● Vulnerability
StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum6thGradeScienceUnit4:AWarmerWorld
Pop-Out4:ACallforEquityinClimateAction
TeacherVersion StanfordNGSSIntegratedCurriculum2018 3
TimeNeeded(Basedon45-MinutePeriods)
3Days● Engage:0.5period● Explore:1period● Explain:0.5period(add0.5periodifusingoptionalarticle)● Elaborate:0.5period● EvaluateandReflection:0.5period
Materials● Unit4,Pop-OutStudentVersion
Engage● ProjectorandSpeaker
Explore● ComputersorTabletsw/Audio(makesureinteractivemapworksontablets)
Explain● Optional:Article,WhatDoesGretaThunberg’sCallforEquityMean?
Elaborate● ProjectorandSpeaker
Instructions
Engage
1. TointroducethePop-Out,werecommendreadingtheintroductionintheStudentGuidealoudtotheclass.Thishelpsstudentstoseetheconnectiontotheunitaswellasorientthemtowhattheywillbedoinginthistask.
2. StudentshavelikelyheardthenameGretaThunbergbeforeinthenewsorsocialmedia.Sheoffersa
greatwaytoengagestudentswiththistopicsincesheisnotonlyaknowledgeableenvironmentalactivist,butsheisalsonotmucholderthanyourstudents.
3. ShowstudentsavideoofoneofGreta’sspeeches:
https://www.ted.com/talks/greta_thunberg_the_disarming_case_to_act_right_now_on_climate_changeo Wehighlyrecommendshowingtheentirevideooncewithoutstudentstakinganynotes,sothey
haveachancetosimplyabsorbtheinformationinthevideo.Afterthisfirstshowing,youmaywantthemtoanswerthefirstdiscussionquestionintheirStudentGuidesastheyreflectontheirfirstimpressions.
o Thenshowthevideoasecondtime.YoucanpausethevideoatstrategicpointssostudentsareabletodiscussandrespondtothequestionsintheirStudentGuides.Forexample,pauseat3:10forstudentstodiscussQuestion2b,pauseat5:30forstudentstodiscussQuestion2c,andpauseat7:20forstudentstodiscussQuestion2d.
o Atranscriptisalsoavailableonthewebsiteasanoptionalscaffold.o Studentsshoulddiscussthesequestionsfirstinpartnersandthenasaclass.Whensharingout
theseideasinaclass-widediscussion,useequitystickstopromotemoreequitableparticipation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).
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Explore
1. InGretaThunberg’sspeech,shetalkedaboutaneedforequityorclimatejusticeinorderforclimateactiontoworkonaglobalscale.Manyclimateactivistssayequityisthekeytoclimateaction.Inthisactivity,itisstudents’jobtousedatafromaninteractivemaptofigureoutwhy.
2. Beforestudentsengagewiththeinteractivemap,youwillwanttomakesuretheyhaveacommon
understandingoftheterm“equity”.StudentshavebeenusingthistermthroughoutthepreviousthreePop-Outs,sotoleveragethatpriorknowledge,havegroupsofstudentsreflectonwhattheylearnedinthesePop-Outsanddiscusswhattheythinkequitymeans.TheycanrecordideasoracommondefinitionintheboxintheirStudentGuide.
o Atthispoint,youmaywanttobringtheclasstogethertoshareideasandcometoconsensusonadefinitionforequity.Thereisnoperfectdefinitionbutwehopethatstudentswillsharethatequityisn’tnecessarilyaboutequaltreatmentbutaboutdifferentiatedtreatmenttoachievefairoutcomes.Inotherwords,somewillgetmoreorless,beresponsibleformoreorless,sothateveryonehastheopportunitytogettoasimilarplace.Tofacilitatethisdiscussion,youmaywanttobringupexamplesfrompriorPop-Outstoprompttheirthinking.
3. Ingroups,studentswilluseanonlineinteractiveCarbonMaptohelpthemdecideforthemselveswhat
mightbefairinaclimateactionplan.o Distributeacomputerortablettoeachgroup.
4. Studentsshouldtypecarbonmap.orgintotheirwebbrowsertoaccesstheinteractivemap.Theyfirst
watchandlistentoabriefintroductionvideothatdescribeshowtheinteractiveworksandthensummarizewhattheylearnfromtheintroductionintheirStudentGuide.Youmaywanttodothisasaclasssostudentsareabletodiscussideasandquestionsbeforedoingtheirownexplorationingroups.
5. Inthenextstep,studentsstarttoengagewiththeothermapsintheinteractivebylookingatthe
“Population”Mapandthe“Wealth”Map.ThisisapivotalmomentinthePop-Outasstudentsfirstwrestlewiththisissueofinequalitywhentheyseethatpopulationsizedoesnotalignwithwealth.Thiswillbethebasisforthemunderstandingwhysomeoftheothermapsarethewaytheyare.
o WehighlyrecommenddoingthissteptogetherinaThink-Pair-Shareformatsoyoureallytakethetimetoestablishthisfoundationwithstudents.
o Tosupportthisdiscussion,youmayconsiderusingthefollowingfacilitatingprompts:§ “LookatthePopulationmap.Wheredoesitgrowbiggest?Whatpartsoftheworld,which
continentsorcountries,seemtogrowbiggerthantherest?Whydoyouthinkthismightbe?”
§ “NowswitchtotheWealthmap.Whichplacesbecomelargernow?Howcoulditbethatthepartsoftheworldwiththemostpeoplearen’talsotheplaceswiththemostwealthormoney?Iftherearemorepeople,shouldn’ttherebemoremoney?Whydoyouthinkthisisn’ttrue?”
§ “InotherPop-Outs,you’vetalkedalotaboutthisword‘equity’…doesthewealthmapshowequityorinequityinthewaywealthisdistributedaroundtheworld?Whenone
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placeorgroupofpeoplehasmorewealththanexpectedorthanaverage,wesaytheyhaveadisproportionateamountofwealth.Doyouthinkthisisfair?”
6. TherestoftheMapswillhelpstudentsdeterminewhichcontinentsaremostresponsibleforclimate
changeandwhicharemostvulnerabletotheimpacts.Ingroups,studentsfollowthedirectionsintheirStudentGuidetoanalyzetheinteractivemap.TheyshouldrecorddataanddiscusstheQuestionstoConsiderinthegraphicorganizer.
o Optional:youmaywanttomodeltheprocessusingthefirstmaptype,sostudentscanseehowtheyshouldbecomparingeachmaptothe“Population”map,usingthe“ThisMap”boxforadditionalinformation,discussingtheQuestiontoConsider,andfillingouttheirgraphicorganizer.
7. Sincestudentswillbeworkingingroups,werecommendassigninggrouproles.Youmayusewhateverrolesyouprefer,butwerecommendtheuseoftheFacilitator,MaterialsManager,Harmonizer,andRecorder.
o AsktheFacilitatortoreadthedirections,makesureeveryoneunderstandsthetask,andfacilitateusingtheQuestionstoConsider.
o AsktheMaterialsManagertohandleanyresourcesneededtocompletethetask,includingtheinteractivemaponthetablet/computer.
o AsktheHarmonizertomakesurethateveryonecontributestheirideasandthateveryone’svoiceisheard.
o AsktheRecordertomakesurethegroupisrecordingtheirnotesintheirStudentGuide.
8. Belowisasamplestudenttableforreference:Responsibility
Map
TypeWhichcontinentsare
largerthantheir
“Population”mapsize?
Whichcontinentsare
smallerthantheir
“Population”mapsize?
QuestionstoConsider
Emissions NorthAmerica,Europe SouthAmerica,Africa,
OceaniaComparedtotheirpopulationsize,whichcontinentscontributemoretocarbonemissionsthanyouwouldexpect?NorthAmericaandEurope
Consumption NorthAmerica,Europe SouthAmerica,Africa,
Oceania,AsiaComparedtotheirpopulationsize,whichcontinentscontributemoretocarbonemissionsfromconsumptionthanyouwouldexpect?NorthAmericaandEurope
Historical NorthAmerica,Europe SouthAmerica,Africa,
OceaniaWhichtwocontinentshavecontributedthemostcarbonemissionsinthepast?NorthAmericaandEurope
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VulnerabilityPeopleAt
Risk
Asia NorthAmerica,Europe,
SouthAmerica,Africa,
Oceania
Whichcontinenthasthemostpeopleatriskoffeelingtheeffectsofclimatechangeinthefuture?Asia
SeaLevel Asia NorthAmerica,Europe,
SouthAmerica,Africa,
Oceania
Whichcontinentismostindangerofsealevelrise(aresultofclimatechange)?Asia
Poverty Africa,Asia NorthAmerica,Europe,
SouthAmerica,OceaniaWhichcontinentsaremostvulnerabletotheimpactsofclimatechangebecauseofpoverty?AfricaandAsia
Explain
1. NowthattheyhaveseenthedataforthemselvesanddiscussedusingtheQuestionstoConsidertoguidethem,studentsshouldbereadytotakeastance:dotheythinkweneedequityinclimateaction?Shouldeveryonehaveequalresponsibilityindealingwithclimatechangeorshouldsomecountrieshavemoreresponsibility?
2. Asagroup,studentswillprepareforaclassdiscussioninwhichtheywilla)voteonwhethertheythinkequityshouldbeconsideredinclimateaction,b)usemapdatatojustifywhytheythinkequityshouldorshouldn’tbeanessentialpieceofclimateaction,andc)explainwhattheythinkitwouldmeantohaveequityinclimateaction
o Emphasizetostudentsthateverypersonintheirgroupshouldbepreparedtoshareinthisdiscussion.
3. Whenfacilitatingthisclassdiscussion,wehighlyrecommendusingequitystickstocallonstudentssoyou
haveequitableparticipation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).o Belowaresomebasicpromptsyoumightusetofacilitateinitialdiscussion:
o Let’svote:Doyouthinkequityshouldbeconsideredinclimateaction?o Whydoyouthinkequityshouldbeconsideredinclimateaction?ORWhydon’tyouthink
equityshouldbeconsideredinclimateaction?o Whatdatafromthemaphelpedyoucometoyourdecision?o Whatdoyouthinkitwouldmeantohaveequityinclimateaction?Whatwouldmore
responsibilityandlessresponsibilityactuallylooklikeinclimateaction?o Ifstudentsneedalittlemoresupportthanthesebasicprompts,herearesomeotherfacilitating
questionsyoumightuse:o Accordingtothemap,whichcontinentshavethemostwealthandcouldaffordtopayfor
alotoftheplanstoreducecarbonemissions?o Whichcontinentsaremostresponsibleforcarbonemissions,bothnowandinthepast?
Shouldthesecontinentsberequiredtotakegreaterclimateaction?
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o Whichcontinentsarethemostvulnerabletoclimatechangeimpacts?Arethesethesamecountriesthatcausedmostofclimatechange?Ifnot,whatwouldbeafairrouteforward?o Eveniftheywereresponsiblefortheimpactstheywillsuffer,isitethicaltoleave
themtodealwithalltheseimpactsthemselves?
4. Ifyou’dliketogivestudentsmoredetailonwhythereneedstobeequityinclimateaction,whatithaslookedlikesofar,andwhatitcouldlooklikeinthefuture,youmaychoosetohavestudentsreadandannotatetheoptionalarticleattheendofthisTeacherVersion:WhatDoesGretaThunberg’sCallforEquityMean?ThisgreatarticlebyNathanThankihasbeenheavilyadaptedtomakeitmoreaccessiblefor6th-gradersandtokeepitrelevanttothistask.Fortheoriginalversion,visit:https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/10/02/greta-thunbergs-call-equity-mean/
Elaborate
1. Ifclimateactionisgoingtobetrulyequitable,thisisgoingtorequirealotofglobalcooperation.InthisElaborate,studentsareintroducedtotheParisClimateAgreement,whichaimedtoestablishthissortofcooperationin2015.
2. TolearnmoreaboutwheretheUSstandswiththeParisClimateAgreementnow,showstudentsthe
followingclip:https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/01/climate/us-paris-accord-what-happens-next.htmlorhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRCRiMNg_kM
3. ThenconductaclassdiscussionusingthequestionsintheirStudentGuide,aswellasequitysticksto
promotemoreequitableparticipation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).ThesequestionshelpstudentsanalyzethevideobythinkingaboutthegoalsoftheParisClimateAgreementandwhatitmeansthatPresidentTrumphaspulledoutoftheagreement.Theycanthendiscusstheiropinionsaboutthisdecision.
4. Lastly,havestudentsdiscusstheseparatequestionintheirStudentGuide.Herestudentsbringthefocus
backtoequitybythinkingaboutwhattheywouldincludeintheirownclimateagreementtomakesureitisfairandequitable.Werecommendstudentsshareingroupsandthenasaclass.
EvaluateandReflect
1. Overthecourseofthistask,studentshaveexamineddatatodecideforthemselveswhetherequityshouldbeakeyfocusinclimateaction.ThisEvaluategivesstudentsachancetoreflectonwhyequityissoimportantasweaddressclimatechangeandwhatthebestwaysmightbetoachieveit.
2. StudentsindependentlyworktoanswerthereflectionquestionsintheirStudentGuide.
3. Bringthewholeclasstogetherforagroupdiscussion,usingequitystickstopromotemoreequitable
participation(See“HowToUseThisCurriculum”formoredetails).UsethequestionsintheStudentGuidetoguidethediscussion.
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o Thereareno“correct”answers.However,wehopethatstudentsseethatequityinclimateactionisessentialnotonlyforthesuccessofclimateactionoverallbutalsotoholdcertaincountriesaccountablefortheircontributions.
4. Thelastquestionasksstudentstoendbythinkingaboutwhattheycanpersonallydo.Wehopethatby
usingtheexampleofsuchasuccessfulyoungactivistlikeGreta,studentswillalsoseetheirpotentialtobeagentsofchangedespitetheirage.
Assessment1. YoumaycollecttheStudentGuidehandoutandassessusing:
o Criteriaofyourchoice.WerecommendfocusingontheExplainandElaborateclassdiscussionsortheEvaluateandReflectquestionstounderstandhowstudentsaremakingsenseoftheneedforequityinclimateaction.
o Thiscanbeaformativetooltolookfortrendsinstudentdemonstrationsofskillsandpractices.Youcanthenusethisformativedatatoinformfutureinstruction.
Pop-Out4
WhatDoesGretaThunberg’sCallForEquityMean?byNathanThanki,2/10/2019
GretaThunberghassomememorablequotesthatnowadornthousandsofprotestplacardsand
Instagramposts.However,onewordthatshehasmentionedconsistentlyinherspeecheshasbeen
givenlittletonoattention,despitebeingthekeytoclimateaction.Thatword?Equity.Toputitas
simplyaspossible,equityisaboutfairness.
WhoIsResponsibleForMostoftheCarbonEmissions?
Youmayhaveheardthat100companiesareresponsiblefor71%ofemissions.Anotherwayoflooking
atitisthattheworld’srichest10%hold52%oftheworld’swealthandareresponsiblefor50%of
emissions;thepoorest50%haveonly8%oftheworld’swealthandareresponsiblefor10%of
emissions.
EventhoughtheUSonlymakesup4%oftheworldpopulation,itisstillresponsibleforaround15%of
allcurrentemissions.Broadlyspeaking,thecountriesoftheGlobalNorth(thehigh-incomecountriesin
EuropeandNorthAmerica)haveacombined20%oftheglobalpopulation,butareresponsiblefor
around80%ofallemissions,ever.
Summary:
WhyisEquityNecessaryinClimateAction?
ThesecountriesoftheGlobalNorthhavegrownrichandpowerfulbecausetheyhavetakenadvantage
oforstolenfromtheGlobalSouth(thelowandmiddle-incomecountriesinAsia,Africa,LatinAmerica,
andtheCaribbean)overcenturies.Thishasbeenaccomplishedthroughslaveryandotherkindsof
economicexploitation,inwhichcountriesoftheGlobalNorthhavecontrolledandusedcountriesofthe
GlobalSouthunfairlytomakeaprofit.
Thisimmense“historicalresponsibility”isthebasisforwhatclimatejusticemovementshavecometo
call“climatedebt”.TheNortherncountriesowemoneytotheseSoutherncountriesfordenyingthem
developmentopportunitiesandfortheunfairimpactstheysufferasaresultofthewarmingcausedby
Northerncountries.
Summary:
Pop-Out4
HasThereBeenEquityinClimateAction?
Now,asGretaoftenremindsus,weneedtogetasclosetozeroemissionsaspossible,assoonas
possible.
Ourquestionofcourseishowtodothis?Climatejusticemovementshavelongtalkedaboutwhatafair
responsetothecrisislookslike,andhavemaintainedthatresponsibilityshouldbeassignedinafairway
betweenrichandpoorcountries,andbetweenrichandpoorpeoplewithincountries.Ifwewanttobe
fair,wecouldsaythatthewealthiestpeople(andcompanies)inthewealthiestcountrieshavecaused
mostoftheclimateproblemandthereforemustdothemosttofixit.Thosewhohavedonetheleast,
butwhowillbemostaffectedbyit,mustbegivenmorehelp.
TheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)alsomakesclearthatall
countriesmustcontributetoclimateactionbasedonboththeirhistoricalresponsibilityandwhatthey
cancurrentlyafford.Thesearewhatwerefertoasequityprinciples.But,theUnitedStateswasnever
veryexcitedaboutthisagreementandbeganignoringitsresponsibilitysincetheConventionbeganin
1994.GeorgeBushSr.bestexpressedthisattitudewhenhesaid,“theAmericanwayoflifeisnotupfor
negotiation”.
WhennegotiationsbeganfortheParisClimateAgreementin2015,evenObama’sspecialclimate
diplomat,ToddStern,wasalsoveryclear—hesaid,“ifequityisin,we’reout”.Thus,whilethe
Agreementdoesmentionequity,itlacksaclearsystemtodeterminewhatisfairandequitablebetween
richandpoorcountries—insteadleavingeachtodecideontheirown.Theresultintermsofclimateis
thatwe’reontrackfor3–4degreesCelsiusofmorewarming.
Summary:
WhatCouldEquityinClimateActionLookLike?
Itispossibletodeterminewhatafairassignmentofresponsibilitywouldbe.Abroadcoalitionhas
developeda“fairshares”methodologybasedonequityprinciples.Thereisahelpfulonline
calculatordevelopedbytheClimateEquityReferenceProject,whichallowstheusertomeasureeach
country’shistoricalresponsibilityaswellastheircapacitytoreducetheemissionsitwillputintothe
atmospherefromnowon.Thisisdonebyconsideringincomesacrossthepopulation;incomesofpeople
whocanonlycoverbasicneedsarenotcounted,sothisaccountsforalargepartofthepopulationsin
poorcountries.
Whenyourunthenumbersitquicklybecomesapparentthatafairassignmentofemissionsreductions
globallyrequireshigh-incomecountriesto1)reducetheiremissionstoasnearaspossibletorealzeroas
quicklyaspossible,and2)tosimultaneouslymakeitpossibleforpoorcountriestoavoidemissionswhile
theydevelop(e.g.buildrenewableenergysystems,hospitals,schools,environmentallyfriendly
industriesetc.).
Pop-Out4
Whenwetalkaboutequity,we’retalkingabouttherighttoadignifiedlife.Arighttofood,water,land,
energy,decentworkindecentconditions.Thesearebasicrights.Ifwe’renotinsistentonanequitable
approachtoclimateaction,weareessentiallytellingmillionsofpeoplethattheirlivesdon’tmatteras
muchasourlifestyles.
Gretaputsitevenmoreclearlywhenshecondemnedasysteminwhich“thesufferingofthemanypays
fortheluxuryofthefew.”
Summary:
AdaptedFrom:https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/10/02/greta-thunbergs-call-equity-mean/