(7) Kalahari Basin prehistory before the advent

of food production – Genetics – Selection and Khoisan “split”

Carina Schlebusch

carina.schlebusch@ebc.uu.se

Jakobsson Lab, Department of Evolutionary Biology

Evolutionary Biology Centre

Uppsala University, Sweden

Speaking (of) Khoisan, Leipzig 14-16 May 2015

West Africans East Africans ”Pygmy” Khoe-SanCentral Afr Southern Afr

Deep split

Khoe-San “split”

Signals of regional selection

High density dataset – Southern Africa

• Central San Mid-Way or “split” between northern (purple) and southern (red) group

• Questions – Split times – Admixture –Isolation by distance

14 generations

Bantu-sp with central San admixture Northern with Southenrn San admixture

Principle component analysis

Southern African datasetAfrican dataset

Principle component analysis - Procrustus

African datasetSouthern African dataset

Incl. Bantu-speakersSouthern African dataset

Excl. Bantu-speakers

(values

West Africans East Africans ”Pygmy” Khoe-SanCentral Afr Southern Afr

Deep split

Khoe-San “split”

Signals of regional selection

Chromosome 6 – Immunity – Southern San groups

Chromosome 10 – MYPN – Muscle growth and contaction – Ju’/hoansi

ACTN3

• two types of muscle fibers,

• slow twitch and fast twitch

• Slow twitch fibers more efficient in using oxygen to generate energy, fast twitch fibers are less efficient

• Fast twitch fibers fire more rapidly and generate more force.

ACTN3

• two types of muscle fibers,

• slow twitch and fast twitch

• Slow twitch fibers more efficient in using oxygen to generate energy, fast twitch fibers are less efficient

• Fast twitch fibers fire more rapidly and generate more force.

ACTN3

Acknowledgements

• San + Khoe + Coloured individuals

• South African San Council (SASC)

• Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA)

• Prof. Himla Soodyall and the HGDDRU lab – NHLS and University of the

Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

• Jakobsson group, Dept Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden

• Funding: Swedish Research Council, Wenner Gren Foundation

Genome-wide iHS Local zoom iHS Local zoom PBS

Lactase

Lactase Lactase

Lactase persistence - Maasai

East African LP-mutation (red) in high frequency in the Nama (Khoe) – lower in San groups

Macholdt et al 2014,

Current Biology 24:875–879