OfcviAT s\fifue

Stanford UniversityLibrariesDept. of Special Collections £7TitleCott

SeriesBoxFol. TulaFbl Fol. Tula

t

[60

SCIENCE, VOL.

163

through Ctenophora (McGraw-Hill, New Hill, New

York,

1952); subkingdom Agno- 97. Heteraxonia or Bilateria

of

B. Hatschek,York, 1940) in most respects. Some authors tozoa, Moore (9). Lehrbuch der Zoologie (Fischer,

Jena,

1888);[for example, R. E.

Blackwelder,

Classified- 94. Phylum Parazoa, W. J.

Sollas,

Quart. J. grade Bilateria of Hyman (92).lion of Ihe Animal Kingdom (Southern Illi- Microscop. Sci. 24, 603 (1884). 98. W. Schimkewitsch, Biol. Zentralhl. 11, 291nois University,

Carbondale,

1963)] divide 95- W- G- Kukenthal and T. Krumbach, Hand- (1891).the Aschelminthes into several phyla and buch der Zoologie (de Gruyter, Berlin, 99. T. H. Huxley, Quart. J. Microscop. Sci. 15,separate additional phyla

from

the Arthro- _, 192I92?-s}: „ „ _ . r , .„„ ;L2. (1?75) '

DOda

and

Cho

data Ammaha radiata of G. Cuvier, Le rigne 100. This is a contribution

from

the Departmentno

■>

!r w animal distribue d'apris son organisation of Population and Environmental Biology,93. Branch Mesozoa, Hyman (92); branch (Deterville & Crochard,

Paris,

1816) with University

of California,

Irvine. I thankAgnotozoa, R.

C. Moore,

C.

G. Lalicker,

narrowed content; grade

Radiata,

HymanA. G.

Fischer,

Invertebrate Fossils (McGraw- (92); phylum Coelenterata of authors.friends at Irvine and elsewhere

for

com-ments.

f- ,1 <

NEWS

AND

COMMENT

Rational Data Bank: Its AdvocatesTry To Erase "Big Brother" Image

The computer, for all its promiseand achievements as a tool of moderntechnology, is viewed with distrust bymany people who have considered itsimplications for personal privacy. Theyare uneasy at the possibility that some-day, perhaps well before 1984, therewill exist a master computer center, aBig Brother, with voluminous and in-stantly retrievable dataon every Ameri-can who has lived long enough to geta social security number, a traffic ticket,or even a birth

certificate,

or a reportcard from school. The fact that privatecredit-rating bureaus and insurance in-vestigators already have dossiers ontens of millions of Americans itselfgives substance to these fears and isbeginning to receive attention fromCongress. However, insofar as the com-puter and personal privacy is con-cerned, the question which has receivedthe most congressional attention todate is that of whether the United Statesgovernment should establish a statisti-cal data center or "national data bank."

Such a data center—first proposed in1965 by a committee of the Social Sci-

ence Research

Council,

a nongovern-mental group, and later endorsed by agovernment task foree—would be in-tended to serve, not investigators seek-ing information about individual per-sons, but, rather, scholars and otherusers of gross statistics. One of itsprincipal aims would be to help econ-omists, other social scientists, and gov-ernment specialists investigate majoreconomic and social problems, such as

those of persistent unemployment andsocial disorganization in the big-cityslums.

A score of federal agencies, such asthe Census Bureau, the Internal Reve-nue Service, and the Social SecurityAdministration, collect data of variouskinds. The national data center wouldstore the more statistically significantdatacollected by these agencies, and, asrequired for special studies, data fromtwo or more agencies would be matchedup and integrated. In a study of thecauses of poverty, for example, it mightbe useful to have census data inte-grated with data obtained from the so-cial security and internal revenue sys-tems. Most social scientists who usefederal statistics extensively probablysupport the data-bank concept, thoughthere now appears to be a general beliefthat special efforts must be made to safe-guard privacy.

Fearing that establishment of such astatistical center might lead to abuses,the House Government Operations Com-mittee's Special Subcommittee on Inva-sion of Privacy held 3 days of hear-ings on the matter, in July 1966. Thesubcommittee, headedby RepresentativeCornelius Gallagher (D-N.J.), was con-cerned at someof the testimony of gov-ernment witnesses, who said the datacenter could not integrate or update datafrom the collecting agencies withoutknowing the identities of individual per-sons.

Last August, the Gallagher subcom-mittee issued a report recommending

that the "priority of privacy" be assertedin designing and setting up the databank. The subcommittee suggested,through a series of questions, that thedata center itself keep data largely inthe aggregate and keep none on identifi-able individuals. It recommended thatthe data bank not be set up in any exist-ing federal agency, but that it be placedunder its own supervisory commissionand removed as far as possible from thepolitical pressures of an incumbent ad-ministration.

These proposed safeguards reflectedfears expressed by the subcommittee'slead-off witness, Vance Packard, authorof The Naked Society, whom Gallaghercredits withbeing one of the first Ameri-cans to warn that the computer posesa threat to privacy. In Packard's judg-ment there is a real danger that the ef-ficiencies attainable through assemblingmore and more data in one place mayprove irresistible, with the result that adata center designed as an innocuoustool for statisticians would become akind of electronic Frankenstein's mon-ster. "My hunch," Packard said, "is thatBig Brother, if he ever comes to theseUnited

States,

may turn out to be not agreedy power seeker, but rather a relent-less bureaucrat obsessed with efficiency."

Although the Nixon administrationmight conceivably decide otherwise, theoutgoing Johnson administration hasconcluded that, in view of the wide-spread mistrust of the national data bankconcept, Congress should not be askedthis year for authority to establish thedata bank. According to Raymond T.Bowman, an assistant director of theBureau of the Budget who is responsiblefor coordinating all federal statisticalservices, the administration's decisionwas to continue the interagency reviewof tentative plans for a data bank andto have those plans reviewed also by anadvisory committee, its members to bemadeup of such people as constitutionallawyers, computer experts, businessmensuppliers of statistical data, and statisticsusers (Gallagher would also have the

t

33. C.

C. Dobell,

Arch. Prolistenk.

23,

269(1911); G.

S. Carter,

A General Zoology ofIhe Invertebrates (Sidgwick,

London,

cd.

3,

1951); L.

Moret,

Manuel de PaleontologieAnimate (Masson,

Paris,

cd. 3, 1953).34. R. Y.

Stanier

and C. B. van

Niel,

Arch.Mikrohiol.

42,

17 (1962).35. P. Echlin and I.

Morris,

Biol. Rev.

Cam-

bridge Phil.

Soc. 40,

143 (1965).36. R. M. Klein and A. Cronquist, Quart. Rev.

Biol.

42,

105 (1967).37. R. Y.

Stanier,

in The Bacteria: A Treatiseon

Structure

and

Function,

I. C.

Gunsalus

and R. Y.

Stanier,

Eds. (Academic

Press,

New York, 1964), vol. 5, p. 445.38. L. Sagan,

/.

Theor. Biol. 14, 225 (1967); ■

L. Margulis,

Science 161,

1020 (1968).39.

C.

Mereschkowsky, Biol. Zentralbl.

25,

593(1905); A.

Famintzin,

ibid.

Tl,

353(1907); H. Ris and W.

Plant, /. Cell

Biol.

13,

383 (1962); J. T. O. Kirk andR. A. E. Tilney-Bassett, The Plastids (Free-man,

San Francisco,

1967); M.

Edelman,

D.

Swinton,

J. A.

Schiff,

H. T. Epstein, B.

Zeldin,

Bacteriol. Rev.

31,

315 (1967); A.L. Lehninger, The Mitochondrion (Benja-

min,

New

York,

1964).40. G. F.

Atkinson,

Ann. Mycol. 7, 441 (1909).41. G. W.

Martin,

Bot. Gaz.

93,

421 (1932);D. H.

Scott

and F. T.

Brooks,

Flowerless

Plants,

revised by

C.

T. Ingold (Black,

London,

cd.

12,

1955).42. G. W. Martin, lowa Univ. Studies Natur.

Hist.

18,

(1), 1 (1940); cd.

2,

ibid. 18(suppl.), 1 (1941).

43.

■

, Mycologia

47,

779 (1955).44. P. Dangeard, Bolaniste

6,

1 (1899); D. P.Rogers, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 75, 442(1948).

45. M. Langeron and R. Vanbreuseghem, Precisde Mycologie (Masson,

Paris,

cd.

2,

1952).46. N. Pringsheim, Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.

1,

284(1858); C. E. Bessey, Mycologia 34. 355(1942); Morphology and Taxonomy of Fungi(Blakiston, Philadelphia, 1950); C. E. Bessey,in A Century of Progress in the Natural

Sci-

ences,

1853-1953,

E. L.

Kessel,

Ed. (Cali-fornia Academy

of Sciences, San Francisco,

1955), p.

225;

B.

O.

Dodge, Bull. TorreyBot. Club

41,

157 (1914); H. S.

Jackson,

Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.

Sect.

V

38,

1 (1944).47. C. E. Bessey, Nebr. Univ.

Studies

7 (4), 1(1907); ibid. 14 (1), 1 (1914).

48. F.

Cavers,

New Phytologist

14,

94 (1915);A.

Scherffel,

Arch. Prolistenk.

52,

1 (1925);W. R. Ivimey

Cook,

New Phytologist

27,

230(1928); D. H.

Linder,

Mycologia

32,

419(1940); D. B.

O. Savile,

Can. J. Botany

33,

60 (1955).49. F. K. Sparrow, Aquatic Phycomycetes, Ex-

clusive of the Saprolegniaceae and Pythium(University

of

Michigan

Press,

Ann

Arbor,

1943); Aquatic Phycomycetes (University

of

Michigan

Press,

Ann

Arbor,

cd.

2,

1960).50. G. M.

Smith,

Cryptogamic Botany (Mc-Graw-Hill, New

York,

1938), vol.

1; ibid.,

cd. 2 (1955).51. E. P. Odum and H. T.

Odum,

Funda-mentals of Ecology (Saunders, Philadelphia,cd.

2,

1959).52. W.

Rothmaler,

Biol. Zentralbl.

67,

242(1948).

53. F. A. Barkley. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Me-dellin

Colombia 10,

83 (1949).54. F. K. Sparrow, Mycologia

50,

797 (1958).55. F.

Moreau,

Les Champignons (Lechevalier,

Paris,

1954), vol. 2.56. C. J. Alexopoulos, Introductory Mycology

(Wiley, New

York,

1952);

ibid.,

cd.

2,

(1962).57. E. A.

Gaumann,

Die

Pilze,

Griindziige HirerEntwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologic,(Birkhauser, Basel & Stuttgart, cd.

2,

1964).58. H. J. Vogel, Amer. Natur.

98,

435 (1964).59. E.

C. Cantino,

Quart. Rev. Biol.

25,

269(1950); ibid.

30,

138 (1955).60. A.

Pascher,

Ber. Dent. Bot.

Ges. 32,

136(1914); Botan. Centralbl. Beth., Abt. 2,

48, 317 (1931); F. E.

Fritsch,

The

Struc-

ture and Reproduction of the Algae, (Mac-millan. New

York,

1935), vol. 1; Bot. Rev.10, 233 (1944); G. M. Smith, The Fresh-Water Algae of the United

States

(McGraw-Hill, New York, 1933); in Manual ofPhycotogy,

G.

M.

Smith,

Ed. (ChronicaBotanica,

Waltham, Mass.,

1951), p. 13.61.

G.

F. Papenfuss, in A Century of Progressin the Natural

Sciences, 1853-1953,

E. L.

10 JANUARY 1969

Kessel Ed. (California Academy of

Sciences,

San Francisco,

1955), p. 115.62.

O.

Tippo,

Chron.

Bot. 7, 203 (1942).63. H. J. Fuller and

O.

Tippo, College Botany(Holt, New

York,

cd.

2,

1954).64. H. C. Bold, Morphology of Plants (Harper,

New

York,

1957).65. E. A.

Giiumann,

Comparative Morphology otFungi (McGraw-Hill, New

York,

1928).66. G. W.

Martin,

Bot. Rev.

6,

356 (1940);J. T.

Bonner,

The Cellular

Slime

Molds(Princeton University Press,

Princeton,

N.J.,cd.

2,

1967).67.

G. C.

Stephens, personal

communication;

onunicellular

forms

see W. F.

Danforth,

inPhysiology and Biochemistry of Algae, R. A.

Lewin,

Ed. (Academic

Press,

New

York,

1962), p.

99;

M. R. Droop,

ibid.,

p.

141;

B. B. North and G. C. Stephens, Biol. Bull.

133,

391 (1967).68. G. G. Simpson, Amer. Museum Nat. Hist.

Bull.

85,

1 (1945).69.

G. G.

Simpson, Principles of Animal Tax-

onomy

(Columbia University

Press,

New

York,

1961); P. H. Davis and V. H. Hey-

wood,

Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy(Van

Nostrand, Princeton,

N.J., 1963).70.

Stamm Moneres,

Haeckel (29) Monera (30,31), Kingdom

Monera,

Copeland (/);Kingdom Mychota, G.

Enderlein,

Bakterien-Cyklogenie (de Gruyter,

Berlin,

1925); andCopeland (2, 3).

71. Branch Myxomonera and Mastigomoneraare new designations

for

divisions

of

theKingdom Monera as

indicated;

the divisions(but not the designations) following E.

G.

Pringsheim, Bacteriol. Rev.

13,

47 (1949);Stanier (12), and Hutchinson (75). E.

C.

Dougherty, J. Protozool. 4 (suppl.) 14(1957) has termed these two

groups

phylumSchizophyta. F.

Cohn,

Beitr. Biol. Pflanz.

1,3,

201 (1875); R. yon

Wettstein,

Handhuchder systematischen Botanik (Deuticke, Leipzig&

Wien,

1901-1908), and phylum Archephyta(29), but the

suffix

-phyta seems inappro-priate

for

bacterial

groups.

72. In addition to the Cyanophyta (= Myxo-phyta), widely accepted as a phylum, threemajor bacterial

groups,

the classes Eubac-

teriae,

Myxobacteriae, and Spirochaetae

of

Stanier and van Niel (7, 19) are givenphylum status. The mycelial bacteria [ac-tinomycetes as defined by

Stanier

et al. (19)]are regarded as also deserving phylum statusas the Actinomycota, despite the occurrence

among

them (as in certain phyla

of

truefungi)

of

nonmycelial

forms

and the difficul-ty of the boundary between them and thegram-positive eubacteria.

73. Kingdom

Protista,

Haeckel (29-32) andothers (33,

20,

5, 14); Kingdom

Protozoa,Owen

(27).74. The phyla

of

the Protista

form

a spectrum

from

primarily photosynthetic (Protophyta),through primarily absorptive and spore-form-ing (which

may

be designated Protomycota),to primarily ingestive or otherwise animal-like (Protozoa). The evolutionary continu-ities and overlap in nutritive adaptations

of

the phyla discourage suggestion of subking-doms or branches. An intermediate treatmentof protist phyla has been sought. The algalphyla

follow

the pattern set by

Conard

(6),Tippo (62), and others (17, 60). Chadefaud(//), F. E.

Round,

Brit. Phycol. Bull.

2,

224 (1963), and T.

Christensen,

Alger(Munksgaard, Copenhagen,

1962,

1966)

group

the Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta, and Phaeophytainto the phylum (or superphylum)

Chromo-

phycophyta or Chromophyta, and

group

theEuglenophyta, Chlorophyta, and Charophytainto the phylum Chlorophycophyta or

Chloro-

phyta s. 1.

Some

other authors [C. J. Alexo-poulos and H.

C. Bold,

Algae and Fungi(Macmillan, New

York,

1967)] divide some

of

the algal phyla given into additionalphyla. Despite the continuities

of

the Zoo-mastigina and Sarcodina with one anotherand protophyte

groups,

recognition

of

thesetwo polyphyletic form-phyla

of

protozoanshas been preferred to combining them withthe Chrysophytes into the

very

diverse

group

Sarcomastigophora or Rhizoflagellata (75);B. M. Honigberg et

al.,

J. Protozool.

11,

7 (1964).75. New designations at the level

of

the phylum

for

class Hyphochytridiomycetes or order

Hyphochytridiales and class Plasmodiophoro-mycetes or order Plasmodiophorales.

76. Linnaeus (25); subkingdom Metaphyta,Haeckel (29-32); kingdom Phytalia, Conard(6);

Plantae,

Simpson (20); Whittaker (5).77. New subkingdom designations, phylum

Rhodophycophyta and Phaeophycophyta,Papenfuss (67); phyla and subkingdomsRhodophyta and Phaeophyta, Whittaker (5).

78. New designation, Whittaker (5), equalsphylum Chlorophyta of Conard (6); king-dom Plantae

of

Copeland (l-3~).79. With the phylum Chlorophyta defined to

exclude the Charophyta, the term

Chloro-

phycophyta, Pappenfuss (67), Chadefaud(11) [Phycophyta,

Conard,

(6)], has beenapplied to the branch comprising both.

80. Haeckel (29-32), narrowed in content toinclude the land plants as

indicated,

thusnarrowed equals Embryophyta; A. Engler,Das Pflanzenreich (Engelmann,

Weinheim,

1900), vol.

1; Conard

(6), Tippo (62), andCormophyta; S. Endlicher.

Genera

plantarumsecundum ordines naturales disposita (Beck,

Vienna,

1836-1840).81. H.

C. Bold,

Morphology of Plants (Harper,New

York,

1957), separates the liverwortsand hornworts

from

the Bryophyta as phylumHepatophyta.

82. Division of the tracheophytes into severalphyla is preferred by some botanists (17,81).

83.

Order

Fungi,

C. Linnaeus,

Species plantarum(Salvius,

Stockholm,

1753), vol.

2;

phylumFungi, Martin (42); kingdom Fungi, Jahnand Jahn (8); Whittaker (5); Regnum My-

cetoideum,

E.

Fries,

Systema mycologicum(Mauritii,

Lund,

1821-32); Kingdom Myce-

talia, Conard

(6).84. New designation; subkingdom Myxomycota,

Whittaker (5); division Myxomycota, Bold(81); Mycetozoen, A. de Bary, Bot. Zeitung,

16,

357 (1858) and Z. Wiss. Zool. 10, 88(1859); Myxomycetes

of

Haeckel (29) and

others;

division Myxothallophyta,Engler (80);phylum Myxomycophyta, Tippo (62).

85. New designations at phylum level

for

classesor orders

of

slime molds (56,

66,

81). A

fourth group

of slime molds have been de-scribed as the Protostelida [L.

S.

Olive,

Mycologia

59,

1 (1967)]. The

group

multinu-from strictly unicellular to simply multinu-cleate in both vegetative and spore-formingstages; nutrition is ingestive. I interpret theseas protists most closely allied to the Gym-nomycota (in parallel with the relation

of

the hyphochytrids and plasmodiophores tothe Eumycota), best placed in phylum

Sar-

codina.86. New designation, Biflagellatae

of

Sparrow(49), phylum Dimastigomycetes of Moreau(55).

87. Equal classes Oomycetes, Zygomycetes,Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes

of authors;

the last two are divisions Ascomycota andBasidiomycota in Bold (81).

88. New designation;

group

Eumycetes, A. W.

Eichler,

Syllabus der Vorlesungen iiberspecielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutischeBotanik (Borntraeger,

Berlin,

cd. 4, 1886),phylum Eumycophyta, Tippo (62), and sub-kingdom Eumycota, Whittaker (5), minus theDimastigomycota.

89. The phylum or class Phycomycetes, A. deBary, Vergleichende Morphologic und Bio-logic der

Pilze,

Mycetozoen und Bakterien(Engelmann, Leipzig, 1884) has been dividedinto

five

phyla, and given new designationson this level: The primitive Hyphochytridio-mycota and Plasmodiophoromycota, trans-

ferred

to the kingdom

Protista,

the advancedZygomycota,

transferred

to the branch Amas-tigomycota, the intermediate Oomycota,transferred to the subkingdom Dimastigomy-cota, and the Chytridiomycota. The branchcomprising only the last

of

these is heredesignated the Opisthomastigomycota [Uni-flagellatae, Sparrow (49); phylum Opistho-mastigomycetes, Moreau (55); phylumOpisthokonta, Copeland (3); class Chytri-diomycetes, Alexopoulos (56)].

90. New branch designation; phylum Carpomy-cetes, Bessey (47), plus Zygomycetes; phylumInophyta, Haeckel (29), Copeland (3).

91. Linnaeus (25), Metazoa of Haeckel (29-32),and others.

92. Division

of

the animal kingdom

follows

L.H. Hyman, The Invertebrates: Protozoa

159

Congress represented on the committee).Until recently, Bowman has felt that

expecting the data center to carry outits mission without knowing the identi-ties of individuals contained in its fileswouldbe unrealistic and unnecessary. Inhis view, the Census Bureau's excellentrecord of respecting the confidentialityof its data (by law, the Census Bureaucannot release data about individuals,even to the FBI) should itself be reas-suring to those who worry about BigBrother. There is no reason, he sug-gested, why a national data center, gov-erned by appropriate laws and regula-tions, could not be expected to do aswell as the Census Bureau has done.(Rules of confidentiality now vary fromagency to agency, however; the InternalRevenue Service, for example,allows in-vestigators from the Department of Jus-tice and certain other agencies to ex-amine an individual's tax return.)

NEWS IN BRIEF" LAIRD NAMES SEAMANS: De-fense Secretary-designate Melvin Lairdthis week named Robert S. Seamans,Jr., to be Secretary of the Air Force inthe Nixon Administration.

Seamans,

aprofessor of aeronautics at Massachu-setts Institute of Technology sinceMarch 1968, served as deputy adminis-trator of the National Aeronautics andSpace Administration (NASA) fromDecember 1965 to January 1968. Sea-mans, whowas, in effect, NASA's gen-eral manager {Science, 27 Sept.), hadjoined NASA in 1960. As Secretary ofthe Air Force, Seamans succeeds Har-old Brown, recently named president ofCalifornia Institute of Technology.

ning programs and questions the safetyof the oral contraceptive. The Sovietreport indicates the Russian govern-ment plans to begin mass production oflUD's because a series of tests haveshown them to be superior to the pill.

" SCIENCE WRITING AWARDS:Prizes of

$1000

were awarded at theAAAS Dallas meeting to the threewin-ners of the 1968 AAAS-WestinghouseScience Writing Awards. Walter Sulli-van, science editor of the New YorkTimes, won the award for science writ-ing in newspapers with over 100,000daily circulation for a series of tenarticles on pulsars. John Hanchctte, re-porter for the Niagara Falls Gazette,won the award for newspapers with acirculation under 100,000 for a serieson air pollution, and Tom Alexander,a Fortune associate editor, won in themagazine category for two articles onresearch on the nature of matter.

"SOVIET TIDAL POWER STATION:Further, Bowman has said that pri-

vacy would be protected by excludingcertain information from the center al-together. The categories excluded wouldcover such material as personnel records(letters of reference, test scores, and per-formance ratings, for instance), medicalrecords, and dossiers compiled by theFBI. Moreover, according to Bowman,even the temptation to compile individ-ual dossiers would be largely avoided byrestricting data kept by the center tosamples, although the center would beallowed to draw on more complete datain the files of other agencies.

The Soviet Union has announced theoperation of its first experimentalpilottidalpower station on theArctic Oceanand its intention to build additional,more extensive tidalpower plants in thefuture. The pilot station, which nowhas a 400-kilowatt turbine to generatepower, is located on the Barents

Sea,

50 miles from Murmansk nearFinland." FAMILY PLANNING: MedicalHandbook, the standard clinical refer-ence book of the International PlannedParenthoodFederation (IPPF) on worldfamily planning programs, contracep-tive devices, medical clinical practices,and a bibliography of family planningpublications, may be obtained for

$2.50

(postpaid) from IPPF, 18-20 LowerRe-gent, London,

S.W.I,

England.

" COLUMBIA HOUSING: Teacher'sCollege at Columbia University has an-nounced plans for a

$59-million

build-ing program, including a housing devel-opment which will include poor familiesfrom the neighboringcommunity. Dur-ing university disruptions last spring,student critics charged the universitywith purchasing residential buildings forexpansion and relocating poor familiesin unsatisfactoryhousingin distant areasof the city. College officials say thatnot less than 200 of some 1000 apart-ments in a 40-story tower will be re-served for community residents whowill be charged low rents. The Collegeplans to house graduate students andfaculty in the remaining units. A li-brary and new academic and researchfacilities are also included in the

$59-

-million expansion project. Teacher'sCollege, which has 5500 graduate stu-dents, has separate financing, but isaffiliated with Columbia University.

Bowman and his associates insist thatall or most of the foregoing safeguardswould have, as a matter of course, fig-ured in plans for a computer center,even if the Gallagher subcommittee hadnot made such a point of the privacyissue. Now, however, Bowman finallyhas come around to accepting the ad-ditional safeguard which the subcom-mittee has regarded as of critical impor-tance—to deny the data center knowl-edge of the identities of individuals inits files. Although its capabilities wouldbe limited somewhat by this safeguard,the center would be able to accomplishmost of its objectives, Bowman believes.He would have the Census Bureau andother agencies match up and consolidatedata for the data center. A weakness inthis is that these agencies would them-selves be functioning as data centers,but, inasmuch as it would mean lesscentralized control, the Gallagher sub-committee believes the safeguard wouldbe meaningful.

" MED SCHOOL HOPEFULS: Asharp rise in the number of medicalschool applicants is attributed to thechange in draft requirements, whichnow limit first-year graduate schooldeferments to students in the medicalhealth sciences. The number of medicalschool applicants for next year is about26,000 compared with 22,288 last year,an increase of 16.7 percent. There areapproximately 9700 places available infirst-year classes. The American Asso-ciation of Medical Colleges (AAMC)reports that the number of medicalschool applicants has risen steadilysince draft deferments have becometighter. In 1968 the number of appli-cants rose to 22,288 from 19,706 in1967, an increase of 13 percent. TheAAMC says that in the years 1965-67there was an increase of less than 1percent in medical school applicants.The 1968 total enrollment in medicalschools is about 35,700 students.

" FDA INTEREST IN SOVIET PILLREPORT: The Food and Drug Admin-istration is attempting to obtain aSoviet public health service report,which endorses the use of intrauterinedevices (lUD's) in Soviet family plan-Chairman Gallagher, though reserving

10 JANUARY 1969 161

SCIENCE,

VOL. 163162

final judgment until he sees the Bureau well identified withprivacy issues. (Gal- eluding the Internal Revenue Serviceof the Budget's proposals, told Science lagher, though accused by Life magazine and the FBI.recently that he was "encouraged" by last August of having ties with mobsters Indeed, as Congress's Joint Eco-thebureau's rethinking of the safeguards —charges which Gallagher has denied nomic Committee's statistics subcommit-question. He still believes that an inde- and which are yet to lead to a grand tee, which favors the data-bank idea,pendent commission should be set up to jury indictment or any official censure observed in a 1967 report, establishmentsupervise the data bank continuously, —was reelected by his New Jersey con- of the data center would "force a more

instead of merely conducting periodic stituents in November by a 63-percent explicit consideration of these pressingreviews of its operations and observance majority.) [privacy] issues [and] might cause us to

of safeguards, which is the role the Bu- Accordingly, if the subcommittee goes move from the present ad hoc systemreau of the Budget has in mind for such along with the data-bank concept as to one of uniform and far-reachingprin-a commission. now revised, this might brighten pos- ciples." The Bureau of the Budget's posi-

The Gallagher subcommittee is a sibilities of Congress's authorizing a data tive response to the Gallagher subcom-small, three-man group which in itself center. Establishment of such a center mittee's demand for greater safeguardshas little power; but it has been highly under a system of privacy safeguards indicates that congressional considera-vocal, and, through its data-bank in- would be particularly significant if it led tion of the privacy issue has had aquiry and its earlier investigationof per- to a thorough review of the practices of significant impact already.

—Luther J. Cartersonality testing, the subcommitteeis now all federal data-gathering agencies, in-

Most of the research has been of alimited, applied nature. With a numberof exceptions (Suppes's work in com-puter-assisted instruction is one), itenjoyed a scarcely towering reputationin the scientific community. Again withsome notable exceptions, educationalresearchers have tended to talk only toeach other and to

OE,

while OE hasfailed to build links with the most im-

Education Research: AcademyCooperates in New Venture

The National Academy of Sciences Funds available for the new program portant fields of fundamental research.(NAS) and the Office of Education amount to about

$1

million. The source Consequently, few scientists have looked(OE) are collaboratingin a new pro- of the money is the approximately

$20

to OE as a likely source of funds orgram of basic research in education million earmarked for project support as a place of significant research action,which, despite the stringencies of this in nearly

$90

million budgeted for OE's "We're hoping to draw to educationyear's budget, makes federal grant Bureau of Research. as a site of inquiry the talents of afunds available to a broader research At this point the new committee is much wider array of disciplines thanconstituency. inviting researchers from a wide variety has been possible so

far,"

explained

OE,

which until now has had little of disciplines to submit proposals for Norman Boyan, who was named toconnection with the underwriting of projects that "will contribute to funda- head up OE's Bureau of Research abasic research, is the new funding mental knowledge and will deepen in- few months ago. Boyan readily con-source. At OE's request,

NAS,

through sight into critical problems in educa- cedes that OE does not have the ex-its action arm, the National Research tional theory, policy and practice." pertise to ride herd on such a program.Council (NRC), in conjunction with These disciplinesrange through the bio- "We see the NAS-NAE committee asthe new National Academy of Educa- logical, behavioral, and social sciences an effective screening group and as ation (NAE), has established in its be- to such nonscientific fields as history way of providing sensible interactionhavioral sciences division a 13-member and philosophy. between the various disciplines."Committeeon Basic Research in Educa- Emergence of the new program Suppes summed up his committee'stion. The chairman is Patrick Suppes,* hardly means that OE has excess money purpose this way: "Until now there hasdirectorof the Institute for Mathemati- to spend. Like all federal agencies con- not been a close relationship among thecal Studies in the Social Sciences at cerned with R&D and social welfare people who could conduct basic re-Stanford University. programs, it is feeling the budgetary search in education. You have this

pinch this year as seldom before. The kind of relationship in the health sci-, „.. . c.. ... T c explanation for the shift in priorities ences, and NIH performs a key role*

Other

members of the committee are James S. v r ' ....

Coleman

(vice chairman), Johns Hopkins Univer- lies in the peculiaritiesof the education- there. What we'd like to do is stimulatetVSTc^Wu£E3& LawetrA: al research field and the inclination of something similar in the education

Cremin,

Teachers College,

Columbia;

Bruce K. federal officials in recent years to move field, to developa broad base of support

Eckland,

University

of

North

Carolina;

John 1. . TT ... , , ... £ , , . j

Goodiad, UCLA;

Wayne H.

Hoitzman,

University in new directions. Up until now, edu- and activity for basic research in edu-

of Texas;

Fritz Machiup, Princeton University; cational research has been largely the cation."Arthur W.

Melton,

University

of

Michigan; Julius . ,. " , ■

,"

Richmond,

Medical School, state University

of

province of the professional educator, OE s willingness to go m this direc-New York Syracuse; a. Kimball Romney Uni- with a helping hand from the educat ion began developing about 2 yearsversity of

California, Irvine;

Edgar H.

Schem,

r o o , ,m.i.t. tionalpsychologists and the statisticians. ago under the leadership of Boyan s