70 years of nuclear physics at notre dame 1937 - 2007 · pdf file70 years of nuclear physics...
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70 years of Nuclear Physics at Notre Dame
1937 - 2007
A history of
5 accelerator generations
~10 student generations
~ 4 faculty generations
in Nuclear structure,Nuclear reaction,
Nuclear astrophysics
Michael Wiescher
Founding of the Department of Physics: 1920
Service department for teaching undergraduatesof the Engineering & Mathematics Departments
Rev. Henry Bolger, CSC Department Head 1936 – 1963
Reorganization & Reorientation of Department:1. Hiring of new young or internationally
recognized scientists 1936 – 19382. University Funding and Construction of
Accelerator Laboratory 1935 – 19373. Introduction of Graduate Program 1938 – 1942
Pre-Accelerator History
Pre-Nuclear Evolution of DepartmentArthur Haas1884-1941Professor for Theoretical Physics University Leipzig 1913-1923University Wien, 1923 – 1935Bowdoin College, 1936University of Notre Dame 1936-1941
First correlation between h and atomic radius:a “carnival joke,” a “daring hypothesis”
Letter of Albert Einstein to Rev. John O’HaraMay, 20. 1936(Father O’Hara, President 1933-1939)
From Quantum- to Astrophysics“The Size of the Universe and the Fundamental Constants of Physics”: A. Haas, Science, 84, 578 (1936)
“A Relation between the Average Mass of the Fixed Stars and the Cosmic Constants”: A. Haas, Science, 87, 195 (1938)
Eugen Guth1905-1990
Privatdozent University Leipzig 1930-1931University Wien, 1932 – 1937
University of Notre Dame 1937-1941University of Notre Dame 1941-1955Oak Ridge National Lab. 1956-1971
Theoretical interpretation of firstNotre Dame accelerator experiments
Rubber & Polymer Physics during and after the war
Nuclear reaction theory with experimental group
Theory of Electrodisintegration of Beryllium, E. Guth ,Phys. Rev. 55, 411 (1939)
Theory of the retraction of Stressed RubberH. M. James, E. Guth , Phys. Rev. 66, 33 (1944)
Accelerator History
1930 Cockroft Walton (Cavendish Laboratory)
1931 Converted X-ray tube (Caltech) (C.C. Lauritsen)
1932 Cyclotron (UC Berkeley) (T.H. Lawrence)
1933 Cockroft Walton (Carnegie Institute) (M.A. Tuve)
1935 Van de Graaff (Wisconsin) (R.G. Herb)
1936 Electrostatic Generator (Notre Dame)
New Research opportunities1933 Cushing Hall Insistence of research space & opportunity by faculty
Resistance by Dean & Administration –research takes time from teaching
Two rooms were granted!
First accelerator at ND build at Cushing Hall onthe suggestion of Harold "Doc" Edgerton (UCBerkeley, MIT EG&G) in 1934 following theaccelerator design of the Carnegie InstituteEd Coomes (1927) and George Collins (1933)!
“Upon recommendation of Father Steiner, the Department of Physics was grantedan appropriation of $900.00 to purchase a high voltage generator to be used forexperimental purposes in the room set aside for this in the Engineering Building.”
New Plans in 1940Plans for a new accelerator emerged: To reach higher energies Better stability Less humidity dependence
Scholastic September 20. 1940
University Funding was providedthrough support by Father O’Harafor building and for accelerator.
War Effort & Manhattan ProjectNew accelerator commissioned for war effortthrough the University of Chicago MetallurgicalCenter, became part of the Manhattan Project!
Wisconsin: neutron production to test material fissibility
Notre Dame: high energy electron beamto test radiation hardness
George Collins moved to MIT, Bernie Waldman stayed on for local efforts.Daily users from Chicago by South-Shore and Tram from campus to campus
Trinity & HiroshimaDevelopment of guidance system 1943-44Development of recording system 1944-45LA-8819 Report UC-34
509th Composite Group
Back to normal and new beginning
Nieuwland Hall being build in 1952-1953
Graduate Student Life in the Forties
Now $72.11 on Amazon ٭ ٭ ٭ ٭ ٭
The new generation, the last electron accelerator (4 MV) at Notre Dame
Through $30,000 funding from AEC
Research Fields in 1956-1960Photon & electron induced reactions: W. Miller & B. Waldman (ND)Nuclear Structure and β- : J. Mihelich (BNL) and γ-spectroscopy: E. Funk (Michigan)Nuclear reactions, magnetic systems: C. Brown (MIT)Nuclear reactions, in-beam γ-spectroscopy: P. Chagnon (Michigan)Polarized Beam Physics: S. Darden (Wisconsin)
paving the path for the future
The proposal was funded with about $2.5 million in Dec.1965, the largest research grant Notre Dame had everreceived. The accelerator itself, a so-called FN tandemmachine was purchased for from High Voltage Engineering.The construction started in 1966, the building was completein 1967 with the accelerator moved in by railroad in 1968.
1968 Tandem Accelerator
Director of the Notre Dame Nuclear Structure Laboratory
A pioneer in mass measurementsand nuclear level structure studies
days of crisis: 19761992
For 30 years 1968 - 1998
From nuclear spectroscopy to nuclearastrophysics & radioactive beam physics.
Bernie Waldman, DeanWalt Miller, Chair
James J. Kolata, BNL, 1976Umesh Garg, Texas A&M, 1982Michael Wiescher, Mainz, 1986Ani Aprahamian, LLNL, 1989Alejandro Garcia, UoW, 1992
Nuclear Spectroscopy from plates to Ge-detectors (Mihelich & Funk)
Conversion electrons recorded with electron spectrometer & photo-plates
From Ge-detector to Gammasphere
Umesh Garg joined faculty in 1983 to strengthen thespectroscopy group! Participation in the developmentof the ANL-Notre Dame array and in Gammasphere.
ANL - Notre Dame Ge-BGO detector array
To Gammasphere multi-array spectroscopy
From Ge-detector to Gammasphere
Umesh Garg joined faculty in 1983 to strengthen thespectroscopy group! Participation in the developmentof the ANL-Notre Dame array and in Gammasphere.
ANL - Notre Dame Ge-BGO detector array
From Ge-detector to Gammasphere
Umesh Garg joined faculty in 1983 to strengthen thespectroscopy group! Participation in the developmentof the ANL-Notre Dame array and in Gammasphere.
ANL - Notre Dame Ge-BGO detector array
Magnetic Spectroscopy
Development of the high resolution“Browne-Buechner Spectrograph”
as standard research instrument for magnetic spectroscopy!
Cornelius P. BrownePhD 1951 University of WisconsinResearch Associate at MIT 1951-1956
From Spectrograph to St. George
New spectrometer generations have been developed and are now used by Notre Dame faculty and graduate students worldwide
S800 NSCL/MSU
Grand RaidenRCNP/Osaka
Radioactive beam physicsRadioactive beams have been a long term goal in the community! First attempts at OSU & LLNL failed, J.J. Kolata from Notre Dame and F. Becchetti from U. Michigan have been successful.
Radioactive beams used by J.J. Kolata & A. Aprahamian
Radioactive beam physicsRadioactive beams have been a long term goal in the community! First attempts at OSU & LLNL failed, J.J. Kolata from Notre Dame and F. Becchetti from U. Michigan have been successful.
Radioactive beams used by J.J. Kolata & A. Aprahamian
The future of radioactive beam physics
High Intensity Radioactive Beam Accelerator Facility
to be build in 2011ND group has key position in science planning and R&D
at ANL
at MSU
EOS & nuclear incompressibility
D. Page
Giant Resonances—”breathing” +”squeezing” modes
Incompressibility of nuclear matter derivesdirect from these modes of nuclear excitation!
Neutron Star
Exotic Quantal ModesCertain nuclear configurations donot confirm the Chirality concept:Left-handed & right handed nuclei
tidal waves and vibrationmodes of deformed nuclei.
Nuclear Astrophysics
Nuclear structure innuclear astrophysics
M. Wiescher, 1986 A. Aprahamian, 1989
Low energy nuclear reactionsin stars and stellar explosions
Simulation and modeling of stellar & explosive nucleosynthesis processes
Several low energy accelerators
Efforts go towards a future
underground laboratory
New Plans in Nuclear Astrophysics
New Accelerator plans for Notre Dame Nuclear Group:low energy machine in background free salt mine WIPP,complemented by a heavy ion accelerator at the NSL.
Move down instead of up!
- Future Plans @ ND -the next generation accelerator with high
intensity low and heavy ion beam capability
Total costs $5M including building; funding options are presently being explored
A 6 MV Pelletronwith cold cathodesource in terminal.
Plans by university architects
Cornelius P. Browne
George CollinsEd CoonBernie WaldmanCharlie MullinWalt MillerJohn MihelichCorney BrowneBud DardenEmerson FunkPaul Chagnon
Jim KolataUmesh GargM.W.Ani AprahamianPhilippe CollonXiadong TangJim KaiserJoachim GörresLarry LammEd StechWanpeng Tan
Brad MulderJerry LingleMark Suhovecky
And the many generations of grad students,
a total of 200 between 1937-2007
1923-2005