70 years of radioactive risks in america and japan
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70 Years of Radioactive Risks in America and Japan. Kevin Kamps Beyond Nuclear Medical and Ecological Consequences of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident New York Academy of Medicine March 11-12, 2013. Hiroshima to Fukushima. March 10, 2011. Days later. Aftermath. Unit 2, 3, 4. Unit 3. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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70 Years of Radioactive Risksin America and Japan
Kevin KampsBeyond Nuclear
Medical and Ecological Consequences of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
New York Academy of MedicineMarch 11-12, 2013
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Hiroshima to Fukushima
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March 10, 2011
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Days later
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Aftermath
Unit 2, 3, 4 Unit 3
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Dec. 2, 1942
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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FalloutOppenheimer and Groves at “Trinity” test blast site, July 1945
Destroyed Nagasaki Buddhist temple, with flattened city in background, August 1945
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“Atoms for Peace”
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Anti-nuclear groundswell in Japan
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CIA deployed to Japan
Lewis Strauss Shoriki Matsutaro
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Japan’s infamous “Nuclear Village” is born
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Atomic America
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Atomic Japan
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Workers over-exposed
Tsuruga NPP, 1981 Bruce NGS, Nov., 2009
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Sodium fires
Monju, Dec. 8, 1995 Fermi 1, May 20, 2008
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Reprocessing plant fire and explosion
Tokaimura, March 1997 West Valley, NY, 1966-1972
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Nuclear fuel loading mishaps
Fukui Prefecture, 1999 San Onofre, CA, Aug. 20, 1980
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Inadvertent criticality
Tokaimura, Sept. 30, 1999 Fermi 2, 1985
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Safety cover-ups
TEPCO, 1989-2000, 2002 Davis-Besse, 2002
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Deadly steam explosions
Mihama-3, Aug. 9, 2004 Surry NPP, VA, 1972, 1986
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Radioactive steam releases
Fukushima Daiichi, 2006 San Onofre, CA, Jan. 2012
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EarthquakesKashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant, July 16, 2007 Indian Point, NY
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Additional Risks: RPV Embrittlement
Genkai-1, Palisades, MI
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Additional Risks: High-Level Radioactive Waste
Storage Pools
• Fukushima Daiichi Unit 4 on brink of collapse
• U.S. pools contain much more HLRW than Japanese pools
• Many warnings about risk of catastrophic pool fires
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Additional Risks:High-Level Radioactive Waste Leaks
Hanford underground tanks Indian Point HLRW storage pools
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Shutdowns
Oi, Fukui Prefecture, July 2012 Kewaunee, WI, June 2013
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Showdowns
Tokyo, 2011-2012 Indian Point, 2011-2012
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Early Warnings“Recent events have highlighted the safety disadvantages of pressure-suppression containments…What are the safety advantages of pressure suppression, apart from the cost saving?...I recommend that the AEC adopt a policy of discouraging further use of pressure-suppression containments, and that such designs not be accepted for construction permits filed after a date to be decided.
Contained in a memo to his boss by AEC Safety Officer, Stephen Hanauer, 20 Sept.1972
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Early Warnings, Ignored
“The acceptance of pressure suppression containment concepts by all elements of the nuclear field…is firmly embedded in the conventional wisdom. Reversal of this hallowed policy, particularly at this time, could well be the end of nuclear power. It would throw into question the continued operation of licensed plants…and would generally create more turmoil than I can stand thinking about.”
Contained in a response by AEC Safety Head, Joseph Hendrie, 25 September 1972
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GE 3 blow the whistleIn 1976 Gregory C. Minor, Richard B. Hubbard, and Dale G. Bridenbaugh blew the whistle on safety problems with nuclear reactors designed by General Electric. The three resigned from their jobs after becoming increasingly convinced that the nuclear reactor design they were reviewing — the Mark 1 — was so flawed it could lead to a devastating accident.
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Post-Chernobyl soul searching• In 1986, Harold Denton,
then the NRC's top safety official, told an industry trade group that the "Mark I containment, especially being smaller with lower design pressure, in spite of the suppression pool, if you look at the WASH 1400 safety study, you'll find something like a 90% probability of that containment failing.”
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Freeze Our FukushimasThere are 32 still operating GE Mark I and II BWRs in U.S.:
Mark Is (23 units): Browns Ferry 1, 2 and 3, Decatur, AL -- Brunswick 1 & 2, Southport, NC – Cooper, Brownville, NE -- Dresden 2 & 3, Morris, IL -- Duane Arnold, Palo, IA --Edwin Hatch 1 & 2, Baxley, GA -- Fermi 2, Monroe, MI -- Hope Creek, Artificial Island, NJ – Fitzpatrick, Scriba, NY – Monticello, Monticello, MN -- Nine Mile Point Unit 1, Scriba, NY -- Oyster Creek, Lacey Township, NJ -- Peach Bottom 2 & 3, Delta, PA -- Pilgrim 1, Plymouth, MA -- Quad Cities 1 & 2, Cordova, IL -- Vermont Yankee, Vernon, VT.
Mark IIs (8): LaSalle 1 & 2, Ottawa, IL -- Nine Mile Point 2, Scriba, NY -- Limerick 1 & 2, Pottstown, PA -- Susquehanna 1 & 2, Salem Twp., PA -- Columbia Generating Station, Richland, WA.
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Collusion
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Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, Fukushima, Where Next?!