7/1/19 newsreels, news footage, documentaries, home movies...

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Besser-City & Archiving

Newsreels,NewsFootage,Documentaries,HomeMovies,&CellphoneMoviesasCityMemory

Howard Besser, Founding DirectorMoving Image Archiving & Preservation Program

NYU’s Tisch School of the Artshttp://www.tisch.nyu.edu/preservationhttp://besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/howard/Talks/

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Newsreels,NewsFootage,Documentaries,HomeMovies,&CellphoneMoviesasCityMemory-

•  Valueoftheseworksinunderstandingpasthistory,culture,andsocialrelaEonsofcitylife

•  MypastaFemptstousedigitaltechnologytorepresentandunderstandacity’spast

•  NYUStudentProjects•  ProjectswithaCommunityFocus•  Today’sephemeralworks,andhowtodealwiththem:Personal

DigitalArchiving•  InteresEngsoluEonsandapproachestotheseproblems;Lessons

learned–  InterPARES–  PreservingDigitalPublicTelevision–  AcEvistArchivists&theOccupyMovement

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VALUEOFTHESEWORKSINUNDERSTANDINGPASTHISTORY,CULTURE,ANDSOCIALRELATIONSOFCITYLIFE 3Besser-City&Archiving

RecogniEonofimportanceofmovingimageworksnotdesignedtocirculate

amongcinemas

•  EphemeralFilms(RickPrelinger)•  OrphanFilmSymposium(DanStreible)•  IncreasingacademicworkfocusingonAmateurfilms

•  AddiEonofthesetypesoffilmstotheLibraryofCongress’veryselect“NaEonalFilmRegistry”


HongKongtoAmoy(1929studenttravelhomemovieinIowaStateUniversityLibrary)


ReverendHaroldAnderson’sBlackWallStreetFilm(Oklahoma1948-52)


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TheElephantwillNeverForget(1952)(BriEshTransportFilms)


HarryChuck—ChinatownAmateur


Thisweekend:50thanniversaryofStonewallUprising


REPRESENTINGHISTORY

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OpeningtheGatesof18thcenturyMontreal

•  1992•  Basedon20+yearsofresearchassemblingdatabasesofbirth/deathrecords,propertyownershiprecords,citydocumentsonbuildingplans,zoning,andpropertyuse


OpeningtheGatesof18thcenturyMontreal


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1992 Montréal “Gates” Project—3D fly-over (1:52 research-cannons, 2:30 fly-over)

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3D ground navigation


Plan view w/DB queries


Slices of time


1992 Gates Challenges (now easier)

•  Difficulties of joining together different text DBs—birth/death records, property ownership, plans & maps

•  Lack of mapping tools, geo-location standards •  Processing power •  Lack of visualization tools •  Poor touch-screen interfaces •  No serious preservation plan


NYUSTUDENTPROJECTSUSINGTHESEWORKS


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NYU Student Projects in Intro Class-

•  Historical context for 1920s/1930s Fox Newsreels being preserved and presented at Orphans Symposium (as well as other unidentified works)

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NewYorkStreetScenesout-takes



Fox Newsreels �NY Street Scenes & Noises

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Fox Newsreels (naming):�NY Street Scenes & Noises

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Fox Newsreels (background):�NY Street Scenes & Noises


Fox Newsreels (shot locations):�NY Street Scenes & Noises

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Fox Newsreels (dating):�NY Street Scenes & Noises


Fox Newsreels (then & now):�NY Street Scenes & Noises

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Fox Newsreels (then & now):�NY Street Scenes & Noises

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COMMUNITYFOCUS


CommunityFocus

•  EngageparEcularcommuniEes(ethnic,gendered,poliEcal,social)withimagesthatrepresenttheirownlives(pastandpresent)

•  Gettheminvolvedwitharchivingtheirownworksortheircommunity’sworks

•  Wherepossible,havethempartnerwitharchivesforlong-termpreservaEon/archiving


CommunityFocus-

•  VideoFreex•  ChinatownHomeVideoDay•  CenterforAsianAmericanMedia’s“MemoriestoLight”


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VideoFreex(Lanesville1972-77)

•  ReinventedthespiritofearlyiEnerantfilmmakers,butfocusedonasinglecommunity

•  BuiltongoingrelaEonshipstothatcommunity

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Pamela Smith Thesis Project:�

Videofreex--early 1970s experimental community broadcast television

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Videofreex (Pamela Smith)


Videofreex (Pamela Smith)

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HomeVideoDay—NYCChinatown

•  2014•  OrganizedbyNYUMIAPstudents•  CooperaEveeffortwithChinatowngroups;heldinChinatownvenue




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CenterforAsianAmericanMediaCAAMchannel“MemoriestoLight”

•  “HomemoviesoccupyauniqueplaceinAmericanculture.ThoughgenerallydismissedfortheiramateurqualiEes,homemoviesprovideuswithexceedinglyauthenEcandhonestmovingimages.Premisedonthehistoric,cultural,andarEsEcvalueofthehomemovie,MemoriestoLight:AsianAmericanHomeMoviesisanaEonalparEcipatoryartsprojectthatcollecEvelyandaestheEcallyconstructssharedsocial,cultural,andpoliEcalrepresentaEonsofAsianAmericadirectlyfromthecommunityitself.SincethemainstreammediahasgivenussofewauthenEcimagesoftheAsianAmericanexperience,homevideosbecomethemostrealwaytoseehowourgrandparents,mothers,fathers,auntsanduncleslivedtheirlives.”


MemoriestoLight


MemoriestoLight-Outreach


TODAY’SEPHEMERALWORKS,ANDHOWTODEALWITHTHEM:PERSONALDIGITALARCHIVING


PDACoversborn-digital•  Correspondence/email•  Personalphotos/moviesandgroupcollecEons•  Manuscriptdrans,cameraoriginalfootage,roughcuts•  Personaldocuments•  Diaries•  Homemovies•  AnythingrecordedwithamobilephoneAndhasbeenextendedtoencompass:•  Familyhistory•  Community/Ethnichistory&Movements•  Genealogy•  DigitalhumaniEes


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InwhatenvironmentsdowefindPDAmaterial?

•  ArchivesandLibrarySpecialCollecEons•  CollecEonsdocumenEngacommunity•  CollecEonsdocumenEnganethnicgroup•  CollecEonsdocumenEngasocialmovement•  CollecEonsdocumenEngtheworkofanyothertypeofgroup(agroupofArchitects,asetoflaw-makers,etc.)


Wheredopeoplekeeptoday’sephermeralfilms?

•  Wherecanwefindtoday’sequivalentofthese?•  onYouTube,Vimeo,Facebook,WhatsApp,email…•  onpersonalcellphones,tablets,computers

•  Archivingthiswillrequire–  newintervenEons(likechangingcreators’workflow,savingEDLs,orinterveninginemailhandlingsonware)

–  Newtools(likeforanalyzingemail)–  Newmethodsforgeqngindividualstocontributetoarchives–  Newwaysofindexingandprovidingaccesstothehugenumberofvideoscreated

–  newapproacheslikedigitalarcheology,forensics


Stagesoftheproblem

•  Stage#1:Peoplerecordondigitalmediainsteadofanalog

•  Stage#2:Peoplenolongerstoretheirdigitalworksinplacesoverwhichtheyhaveabsolutecontrol– Emailservices(gmail,yahoo)– Cloudstoragefordocuments(googledocs)– Socialnetworkservices(Vimeo,YouTube,Instagram)


OurChangingEnvironment


OurChangingEnvironment

•  RiseofOnlineServicesandSocialMediaischangingwherethiscontentresides(andisimposingrestricEonsthatgobeyondtherightsholder)


CoreMulE-locaEonProblems

•  It’sdifficultenoughwhensomeone’sphotosormoviesarespreadthroughouttheirharddisk.Buttodaysomeimagesthere,butothersontheirphone(s),YouTube,Vimeo,Instagram,Flickr,Facebook,inTweets,etc.

•  Similarproblemsplagueemail•  MostSocialNetworkTOSpoliciesprohibittheownerfromgivingtheirpasswordtoanyoneelse(evenLibrary)


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AndhowdowehandledonaEonsaneranimportantpersondies?


AndtheseissuesarealsotrueforCommunityGrps&Assns

•  w/SocialMedia,groupacEvityismoreimportantthanever

•  Buteachpersoninthegroupisanindividualcollector.AndfrequentlyasetofindividualcollecEonsformsthegroupcollecEon.


DocumenEngProtests

-photofromAcEvistsGuidetoArchivingVideo


Whenaggregated,manydifferentpersonalcollecEonsformanimportant

pictureof:

•  Anethnicgroup•  Acommunity•  Asocialmovement•  Asetofarchitects•  Asetoflaw-makers

•  Whatisimportanttothem,howtheygoabouttheirbusiness,…


AndweknowfrompastworksthataggregaEonscreatenewmeanings

•  AggregaEngallthephotosandhomemoviesoftheDigitalDiasporaishugelymoremeaningfulthanasinglephoto

•  OnetweetsaysveryliFle,butthousandsoftweetscanshowtrendsordepictaparEculareventorday


ButinthePDAworld,aggregaEngitemscausessignificantproblems

•  VastquanEtyofuser-contributedmaterial•  RightsIssues•  Noeasywaytocontrolforquality,fileformat,metadata(notevenanyconsistencyforanyofthese)-


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EveryImageCollectorhasaDifferentApproach

•  Differentfile-namingconvenEons•  Differentfileformats•  Differentcompressionschemes•  Differentmetadata•  Storedindifferentarrangements/hierarchies•  Storedindifferentplaces(cellphone,personalharddisk,YouTube,Vimeo,Facebook,…)


PersonalDigitalArchiving2015hFp://personaldigitalarchiving.com/


PDA:WhoAFends&Presents

•  CiEzenArchivists–  Peoplewhowanttostepinandrescuecontentinperil–  Peoplewholiketocreatesonware/Apps/Guidelinestohelpothersfacingsimilarproblems

•  CommunityorEthnicgroupsandacEvistswanEngtosaveporEonsoftheirheritage

•  Professionallibrarians&archivists(andtheirprogrammingsupportstaff)

•  Regularsonwaredevelopers•  Researchers(bothacademicandcomputerindustry)


PDAGoals—Sharingknowledge

•  Whatworkedandwhatdidn’t;whatpartsturnedouttobemoredifficultthananEcipated

•  Newanddifferenttypesofcontenttocollect•  Guidelines,procedures,workflows,methodologies

•  Sonware


SOMEKEYIDEASFROMINTERPARES,PDPTV,ACTIVISTARCHIVISTS(HTTP://ACTIVIST-ARCHIVISTS.ORG/)


WhatIknowfrommypriorworkwithothertypesofDigitalContent

•  InterPARES—Ifwehopetopreserveelectronicrecords,archivistsneedtobeinvolvedearlyinthelife-cycleofthatrecord,longbeforetherecordentersthearchive

•  PreservingDigitalPublicTelevision—PushingmetadatagatheringupstreamintotheproducEoncycle-


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Preserving Digital Public Television Workflow in Production Process-

•  Site Visits to productions •  Interview Production staff •  Diagrams of Workflow-

Besser-City&Archiving

Pushing Metadata Gathering Upstream: The Problem

TRADITIONALLY… •  Very little metadata required for preservation

accompanies an object to a repository. •  Archives, libraries and other repositories must

create (or re-create) most of the necessary metadata.

•  This requires many manual hours, and significant resources - both time and money.

IN THE DIGITAL WORLD… •  This doesn’t scale up. Repositories will be

unable to continue in this manner, as more metadata than ever is required.


But much of the necessary metadata has already been gathered during production

•  For each element/clip, production team usually notes source, date, place, people, and other descriptive info

•  But this is treated as internal information, and often various parts of the info are distributed among the personal notebooks of different production assistants

•  There is seldom a central location for this info, and the info is seldom turned over to the archive (which later tries to recreate much of it)


When the Archive tries to re-create this info, it is seldom successful

Producers know much more about the content of their productions than the archivists do. Archivists wanting accurate info must go back to the production staff (often years later) to start brainstoriming over the info

“Once the (television) program is finished, it is passed on to the archive or library for safe keeping. Librarians will catalog and classify the content, possibly using a proxy copy, and enter the resulting informative metadata in their database so they can retrieve it in the future. However, rarely if ever is the metadata from the rest of the process passed onto them, except, perhaps, for the title, tape number, and basic technical information about recording formats. It has to be re-created, with all the associated risk of errors and lack of accuracy--not to mention the work and time involved.” - Cox, Tadic, and Mulder, Descriptive Metadata for Television (2006)


We need to find ways to push metadata access upstream

•  Digital requires even more metadata than Analog –  As the workflow becomes file-based, the need for robust and accurate

metadata will become critical. File relationships, video codecs, bit rates, and rights information must be explicit, accurate, and immediately accessible. This will require a much deeper level of metadata than is currently captured in tape-based archives.

–  We can’t continue to supply this metadata at ingest; that won’t scale •  Obtaining the necessary metadata at the end of production and

broadcast life cycle is not feasible. Metadata will need to be systematically gathered during the production lifecycle and submitted with the programs to the preservation repository.


Examined Potential Points of Metadata Capture


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Examined Potential Points for Metadata Capture •  Much of the necessary metadata for preservation is already

generated by the production unit, but discarded after their internal use. This needs to be captured throughout the workflow.

•  “Those in the production unit are the creators and have first

hand knowledge of who, what, where, when, and why the content was created.” -- Mary Ide and Leah Weisse, WGBH Archivists.


Proposed Solutions…?

•  Preservation becoming a shared responsibility between content

creators, distributors, curators, and preservationists.

•  Partnerships are needed to come to unified solutions.

•  Preservationists seek reliable metadata back upstream in the production workflow...


WorldFocus •  Nightly news program begun Oct 2008 •  We began working with Workflows six months before program

began •  Had ability to engineer metadata gathering into the creation/

production process


AcEvistArchivistshFp://acEvist-archivists.org/(useWaybackMachine)

hFps://www.facebook.com/AcEvistArchivists/

•  NYUMIAPstudentsandgradsoriginallyworkingonarchivingmediafromtheOccupymovement

•  GuidelinesbothacEvistcreatorsandarchives•  Developednewerlow-impactmethods


HowOccupymaterialresembleswhatwe’llbefacinginthefuture

•  VastquanEtyofuser-contributedmaterial•  Noeasywaytocontrolforquality,fileformat,metadata–  noenforcingguidelinesaswithorganizaEonalrecords–  nosemi-consistencyasinasingleindividual’spersonalrecords

•  MuchofthematerialcanmosteasilybefoundonSocialNetworks

•  …weneedtofindsmartwaystoharvestmetadataandanalyzefiles,aswellastoinfluencebehaviorofpotenEalcontributors


AcEvistArchivistWebsite


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AcEvistArchivistsProjects-

•  “WhyArchive”postcard&video•  7TipstoEnsureYourVideoIsUsableintheLongTerm

•  Studyofmetadatalossthroughuploadingtoservices•  BestPracEcesforCreators/Collectors•  “Toolkit”forOccupyarchiving•  CoordinaEngdiscussionsamongvariousgroupsarchivingdifferentpartsofOccupy

•  ExploringmethodsforobscuringidenEEes


LessonsLearnedforArchivists-

•  CommunicatewellwithyourfutureContributors•  DevelopCooperaEveRelaEonships•  Makeiteasyforfuturecontributorstocreate“archival-friendly”works

•  ForCooperaEveProjects,allowforinstrucEonsnotbeingfollowed

•  FindsmartwaystodealwithScale•  HandlePrivacy&Securityresponsibly


CommunicatewellwithyourfutureContributors-

•  Learntospeaktheirlanguage•  Helpthemtorealizetheimportanceofarchiving


“WhyArchive”video


“WhyArchive”postcard•  ACCOUNTABILITY.Archivescollectevidencethatcanholdthoseinpower

accountable.•  SELF-DETERMINATION.Wedefineourownmovement.Weneedto

createandmaintainourownhistoricalrecord.•  SHARE.Archivesareapointofentrytoourmovement’srichrecord.We

canusethemtoensuretransparency,generatediscussion,andenabledirectacEon.

•  EDUCATE.Today’svideos,flyers,web-pages,andsignsarematerialfortomorrow’sskill-shares,classes,andmobilizaEons.

•  CONTINUITY.Justaspastmovementsinspireus,newacEvistswilllearnfromtheexperienceswedocument.

•  RECORD&COLLECTwhat’shappeningaroundyou.•  PRESERVEtherecord.


DevelopCooperaVveRelaVonships-

•  TrytobeFerunderstandwhattheiraimsare;getinvolvedintheiracEviEes

•  DeveloppartneringrelaEonships


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parEcipatedinSelf-helpacEviEes:Skill-sharesforOccupiers


Self-helpacEviEes:

OtherArchiveShare-DayandHackathonacEviEes

•  BatchdownloadfromFLICKRwithselectedaFributes(#OWS,CreaEveCommons,EXIFmetadata,tagged-textmetadata)

•  Re-mixingofolderfootage•  CreaEngavisualEmeline•  Miningmaterialfordata(eg.numberofco-locaEonsofanofficer’snamewith“pepperspray”)


Makeiteasyforfuturecontributorstocreate“archival-friendly”works-

•  Low-hangingfruit•  EasyinstrucEonalmaterialthatappealstowhattheythinkisimportant

•  InstrucEonsforredundantmetadatacollecEon(tomakesurethatitiscaptured)


Low-Hangingfruit

•  TurnGPSon•  DevelopstrategiesforautomaEngaprofileanduploads(ouridealApp)


7TipstoEnsureYourVideoIsUsableintheLongTerm

•  Collectdetailswhilefilming•  Keepyouroriginalrawfootage,unaltered•  Makeyourvideodiscoverable•  Contextualizeit•  Makeitverifiable•  Allowotherstocollectandarchive•  Orarchiveityourself


BestPracEcesforContentCreators

•  Security–  Hiddencameralaws,parEes’consentlaws

•  CapturingContent–  Highestquality,setdateandEme-stamps,notelocaEon

•  OffloadingContent–  Rawfilesdirectlyontocomputer,keepmaterialorganized

•  UploadingContent–  Importanceoftagging,reviewofdiffservices

•  DeposiEngwithanArchive•  Copyright


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OccupyArchivingKit•  WhyArchive?•  Whatisan“archive”?HowdoIcreateanarchive?•  CreaEngarchiving-friendlycontent•  HowcanIcollectmaterialsforthearchive?•  WhatshouldIsave?•  HowshouldIorganizemymaterials?HowdoIgetitintothearchive?•  DescripEon/Metadata•  MediaManagement•  Storage&PreservaEon•  Access•  ExhibiEonandPresentaEon/Outreach•  RightsandRe-Use


WITNESS:AcEvists’GuidetoArchivingVideo,YvonneNg

hFp://archiveguide.witness.org/


CollecEng–ThinkTank


ThinkTankmetadataredundancies•  GuidelinessEpulatethatpersonholdingrecordingdevicewillchecktoseethatEmeanddatestamparecorrectbeforebeginningrecording(mostlydidn’thappen)

•  GuidelinessEpulatethatascriptbereadverbaEmatthebeginningoftherecording,withdate,Eme,proposedsubject,etc.(andwouldeventuallyallowvoice-recogniEonsonwaretocreateappropriatemetadata).ScriptalsostatedthatallparEcipantsagreedtoCreaEveCommonslicensingoftherecording

•  Guidelinesrequestedthatdate/Emebeembeddedintheappliedfile-name


FindsmartwaystodealwithScale-


TamimentYouTubecollecEng

•  TamimentArchivewasselecEvelybrowsingthroughYouTubeOccupyvideos,tryingtochoosewhichonestokeep,thencatalogingthemwith–  Title,Creator,CreaEonDate,UploadDate,DescripEon,URL,YoutubeUsername,License,Format,Codec,SourceMedia,OnInternetArchive,CCLicensetype

•  Buttheydidn’trealizethatthiswouldn’tscale!


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March24,2012YouTubestats(just6monthsanerstartofmovement)

•  “#Occupy”169,000•  “OccupyWallStreet”98,400•  “OccupyProtest”70,500•  “OccupyMovement”54,800•  “#OWS”50,300•  “OccupyOakland”13,400•  “ZucoqPark”6,690


AlternaEveapproachtoYouTubeSelecEonprocess

•  DevelopcategoriesofimportantYouTubevideos– Celebrityvisits,Internalworkings(library,kitchen,media),ConfrontaEonswithpolice,Labor,Housing,etc.

•  HaveOccupiersfillinanonlineformlisEngthe5mostimportantvideosineachcategory


AdvantagesofYouTubeCollaboraEveFilteringSelecEonProcess

•  Scalableandmanageable•  ConsistentwithOccupyideasofinclusivenessandofmanagingownstory

•  TamimentcansEllchoosetobeselecEveincollecEngonlyaporEonofwhatisvotedin,butthetotalsetforreviewisamanageablescale


HandlePrivacy&Securityresponsibly-


“Inaneffortto

todevelopmethodologyandanapproachandwillredacttheemailaddressesorotherpersonallyidenEfiableinformaEonfrombroadpublicpresentaEon.”Formoreseelibrary.ucla.edu/service/scl/rights-toolkit

UCLADeedofGintemplate


PromoEngPrivacyProtecEonExamplefromWITNESS

•  “ObscuraCamisavisualprivacyappforphotoandvideo,thatgivesyouthepowertobeFerprotecttheidenEtyofthosecapturesinyourphotos,beforeyoupostthemonline”

•  DevelopedbyGuardianProjectinconjuncEonw/HumanRightsgroupWITNESS-


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ObscuraCam


DiscussissuesaroundcommercialserviceswithCreators/Recorders-

•  DisappearanceofembeddedmetadatafromYouTube&Vimeo

•  GivearchivestheIPrighttodownload


DocumenEngtheNowhFps://www.docnow.io/

•  Archivingsocialmediaofcontemporarymovements/events

•  Focuson“theethicalcollecEon,use,andpreservaEonofsocialmediacontent”


Studyofmetadatalossthroughuploadingtoservices


YouTubeUserAgreement

•  5B“YoushallnotdownloadanyContentunlessyouseea‘download’orsimilarlinkdisplayedbyYouTubeontheServiceforthatContent.”


CreaEveCommonsGuidance•  CreaEveCommonsletsyoumix-and-matchfourdifferent

condiEons:–  AFribuEon:Youletotherscopy,re-useanddistributeyourvideo,butthey

mustcredityou.–  Share-Alike:Youletotherscopy,re-useanddistributeyourvideo,onlyifthey

dothesamewiththeworktheycreate.–  Non-Commercial:Youletotherscopy,re-useanddistributeyourvideofor

non-commercialpurposesonly.–  NoDerivaEveWorks:Youletotherscopyanddistributeyourvideo,butnotto

createnewworksusingit.•  YoucanusethesecondiEonsindifferentcombinaEonstoshareyourwork

inacontrolledway.CreaEveCommonslicensesarelegaltoolsthatdependonpre-exisEngcopyrightlaws.HavingaCreaEveCommonslicenseonyourworkmaygiveyoulegalrecourse,butitmaynotactuallypreventpeoplefromdownloadingandre-usingyourvideoillegally.


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MarkingCreaEveCommonslicenses•  ThereareafewwaystomarkyourvideowithaCreaEveCommons

license.OnewayistoincludeaCreaEveCommons“bumper”ortextcardinyourvideo.CreaEveCommonshascreatedsomewithgraphicsthatyoucandownloadfromtheirwebsite.Thismethodisusefulifyourvideoisgoingtobesharedoffline(e.g.onDVD,livescreenings),asthelicenseinformaEonisaFachedtothevideoitself.

•  AnotherwaytomarkyourvideowithaCreaEveCommonslicenseistopublishyourvideoonpla{ormsthatareCreaEveCommons-enabled,suchasYouTube,Vimeo,orInternetArchive.Thesepla{ormsallowyoutoeasilyselectalicenseduringtheuploadprocess.Thismethodisusefulbecausethelicenseismachine-readable.Asearchengine,forexample,candetectthelicense.


TipsforArchivistsonOutreachtoCommuniEes

•  Buildtrust•  Speakintheirlanguage(notarchive-speak)•  IdenEfywaysyoucanmeetneedstheyalreadyperceive

•  ApproachprojectsascollaboraEonwheneverpossible

•  Don’tonlyfocusoncontentandmetadata,butalsorightsthatcanbeanimpedimenttopreservaEon


•  hFp://besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/howard/Talks•  hFp://digital.library.ucla.edu/•  hFp://acEvist-archivists.org/(useWayback)•  hFps://www.facebook.com/AcEvistArchivists/•  hFps://archive.org/details/personaldigitalarchiving•  hFp://www.docnow.io/•  hFp://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservaEon/2015/08/report-on-the-personal-digital-

archiving-2015-conference/

Newsreels,NewsFootage,Documentaries,HomeMovies,&CellphoneMoviesasCity

Memory


7/1/19 newsreels, news footage, documentaries, home movies...

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