7.2 complex patterns of...
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7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! 7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
SC.912.L.16.2 • Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by
various modes of inheritance, including dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles
• Scenarios that refer to codominance & incomplete dominance
• Evaluate polygenic traits and the effect of environmental factors on phenotype
7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! Dominant and Recessive Alleles
• Dominant Alleles code for specific proteins
• Recessive Alleles code for variations (differences) of a protein with little or no effect.
Don’t forget: genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. 2 Major steps (1) transcription (DNA-RNA (2) translation (RNA-Protein)
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7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! Incomplete Dominance
• When two traits are not completely dominant over each other • Heterozygous phenotype between 2 homologous phenotypes • BLENDING of 2 traits • Both alleles are expressed (combined phenotype) • Example 4 O’ Clock flowers (open at 4PM daily)
7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! Four O’ Clock Plants
• R = red flower • W = white flower • Neither allele is
dominant or recessive Genotype & Phenotype • RR = red flowers • WW = white flowers • RW = pink flowers
(blend) • Ratio both 1:2:1
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7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! Example: Incomplete Dominance. Draw a Punnett Square. List the genotype & phenotype
1. In certain species of fish, blue scales and yellow scales are incompletely dominant. Predict the outcome of two heterozygous fish. Hint: 1st create a key, 2nd determine the parents
7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! Answer example #1
Key BB = Blue yy = yellow By = green
B y
B
y
BB
By
By
yy
Genotype Phenotype 25% BB BB = blue 50% By By = green 25% yy yy = yellow
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7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! Look at figure 7.5. How can you tell that the 2 color alleles show incomplete dominance? (Pause ) • Answer: The color of the heterozygote
(royal blue) is a combination of blue and green
7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! Phenotype can depend on interactions of alleles.
– Heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes
– Homozygous parental phenotypes not seen in F1 offspring
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7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! Codominance
• When two traits are both equally dominant • Both alleles are dominate at the same time
FBFB = black feathers
FWFW = white feathers FBFW = black & white spotted/speakled feathers
7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! In some species of frog green skin and purple skin are codominant. Predict the outcome between two heterozygous frogs.
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7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! In some species of frogs, green skin & purple skin are codominant. Predict the outcome between two heterozygous frogs.
7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Human ABO blood types result from codominant alleles Blood Types: IA = type A codominant IB = type B codominant O = type O recessive
Genotype/phenotype: IAIA & IAO = type A IBIB & IBO = type B IAIB = type AB (universal donor) codominant OO = type O universal donor) homozygous recessive Karl Landsteiner-Dr. who developed ABO system
Antigen – marker proteins on the surface of RBC
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7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Multiple Alleles
• More than 2 alleles for the trait
• Example rabbit fur
7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Polygenic Traits
• Traits produced by 2 or more genes
• Several genes must interact together to create the trait
• Examples: human skin color, eye color
• More dominate = darker skin
• More recessive = lighter skin
Order of dominance: brown > green > blue
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7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
! How the environment interacts with genotype?.
• Height is an example of a phenotype strongly affected by the environment.
• The sex of sea turtles depends on both genes and the environment
• Eggs in warmer area develop into females. In cooler areas develop into males.
• Phenotype is a combination of genotype and environment. • Food, temperature, living conditions