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RD-RAL759 739 N IZLANT 81 VRTA REPORT.RESULTS OF AN OCEANOORAPHIC 1/1CRUISE TO THE GREENLAN.. (U) NAVAL POSTGRAOUATE SCHOOLMONTEREY CA R H BOURKE ET AL. AUG 85 NPS-6B-B5-626
UNCLASSIFIED FIG 8110 ML
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NPS 68-85-020
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMonterey, California
0')
DTIC
ELECTEOCT 4 S
OCT4 'A8
MIZLANT 81 DATA REPORT
RESULTS OF AN OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISETO THE GREENLAND SEA
OCTOBER - NOVEMBER 1981
BY
Robert H. BourkeO and.Robert G. Paquette
*- August 1985
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
Prepared for:Director, Arctic Submarine LaboratoryNaval Ocean Systems CenterSan Diego, CA 92152 ,, .. *, ., - ,
-,, -.',8 %u.. -. o '' *-. " .. - , . - . *.. .. . . ., . •' . . - - . - . * . .• .
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMonterey, CA 93943-5100
Rear Admiral R.H. Shumaker David A. ShradySuperintendent Provost
The work reported herein was supported in part by the Arctic SubmarineLaboratory, Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, CA under several WorkOrders, the latest of which is N 66001-84-WR00376.
Reproduction of all or part of this report is authorized.
This report was prepared by:
ROBERT H. BOURKE RIIAssoc. Prof. of Oceanography Prof. Oceanography
Rev e Released by:
.. HRITOPER N.KV. MOOYERS, Chariman UMH M9. DYFR
SDepartment of Oceanography Dean of Science and Engineering
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MSUMYV CLASSIICATION OFHIS_________Dom___eroOF Tullr PAGE.(Wlo. BaarEoNeO q"__s_______________________,__
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INsTRucINOSI. RUPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPICNT*S CATALOG NUMB4ER
NPS 68-85-0204. TITLE (gmodSebutle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOO COVERED
IZAWT 81 DA O EC, FES S CF AN OCEN- 1 OT 80 - 31 DC 81
OGRAPHIC CRnSE TO T G SEA, OCTOBER- 1_OCT_80_-_31_DEC_81
NOVEMBE1981. 4. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBERPS 68-85-020
7. AUTWOR@') 4. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERI(@)
ROBEM H. 3X]JE AD R G. PA EI'E N66001-8-WR-00376
9. PER1FORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROjECT, TASKNAVAL SCHOOL ARIA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
M3M , CA 93943-5100 63522N
11 .CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT OATS,
ARCTIC SUBMAR IAEA O AQGUS1 85CODE 54, BLDG. 371, NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEM CETE 13. NUMBER OF PAGES
SAN DIEM, CA 92152 7414 MONITORING AGENCY NAME & AOORESS(If different from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)
UNCLASSIFE
5., OCLASSIFICATION, OOWNGRADINGSCHEDULE
I. OISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)
APPROJVED FOR PUBLIC RMEAS; DISTRI=7I UNLfITW
17. OISTRIOUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from, Report)
1. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
It. KEY WORDS (Continue an rovere., *ide It nocooar mid Identify by block number)
EAST GRUNAND amRRe1 MIfZEXICEBREAKER EAST GREdMIAND POLAR FRONTNOrHWID MARGINAL ICE ZONEGREAND SEA
AMTAT(Contne an reverse ol@fn ery~ mid Identify by6'k breport presents p property pro' l" eFor each of the 122
oceanographic stations occupied by the U.S. Coast Guard Icebreaker. overthe continental shelf and slope waters off the east coast of Greenlandin October & November 1981. A Neil Brown Mark III CTO was used toobtain temperature and salinity profiles to the sea floor in shallowwater and at least to 600m in deeper water. In addition to temperatureand salinity profiles, plots of sound speed and density (sigma-t) areshown.
DO , . 1473 EDITION Of I NOV 4 IS OBSOLETE UNCL-ASSIFDS'N 0102- L.0 14-6601 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (r1en Data Entered)
...........".,..-....-. ...-.......... "..-.............-....-.-.-.........-,.".-....-..-,. ..-..-- ,. .,,.. .- "...-.*- .- ."..., .'.."...-.. .- "
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. MORE DETAILS OF THE CRUISE 2
III. MEASUREMENTS 3
IV. REFERENCES 5
APPENDIX A 6
APPENDIX B 16
DISTRIBUTION 67
t
4
MIZLANT 81 DATA REPORT
RESULTS OF AN OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISE TO THE GREENLAND SEA
OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1981
by
Robert H. Bourke and Robert G. Paquette
I. INTRODUCTION
This report presents the oceanographic data acquired dur-
ing the cruise of the U. S. Coast Guard ice breaker
NORTHWIND (WAGB-282) to the northern part of the East
Greenalnd Polar Front (EGPF) in the Greenland Sea during
October and November 1981. This cruise has been desig-
nated Arctic East 1981 (AE81), but for continuity with
past cruises is also termed MIZLANT 81. The cruise had as
its primary objective a close examination of the EGPF
between about 750 and 80*N. This was one of the rare sets
of oceanographic observations in this area in autumn and
the first done with close-spaced stations and a modern,
high-resolution CTD. The NORTHWIND covered over 1600 km
of track within the survey area. One hundred twenty-two
CTD stations were occupied at spacings varying from 5 to
30 km. These stations were supplemented by 123 not-.always
successful XBT drops. The latter were used between sta-
tions and in the otherwise unsampled portion of the track
between 69*-27'N and the beginning of regular stations at
-1-
740-51.50N. These XBT results were sent to the NAVOCEANO
representative to COMSUBDEVRON TWELVE,. Naval Submarine
Base, New London, Groton, Connecticutt. A few XBT's were
used to extend CTD lines.
The EGPF was found strongly delineated by the Polar
Water-Atlantic Intermediate Water (PW-AIW) contrast. It
was made particularly striking by the Return Atlantic Cur-
rent (RAC), a core of warm southward-flowing AIW submerged
beneath the PW and penetrating, somewhat modified, onto
the shelf. The RAC contained considerable thermal fines-
tructure in most places. The eastern edge of the EGPF,
over the RAC, was marked by a strong geostrophic jet.
Previous reportings of cruise results were made by
Paquette (1982), Perdue (1982) and, in a scientific paper,
by Paquette, Bourke, Newton and Perdue (1985).
II. MORE DETAILS OF THE CRUISE
The scientific party boarded NORTHWIND between 9 and
10 October 1981 in Reykjavik, Iceland. The members of the
scientific party and their affiliations were:
Dr. M. Allan Beal, Arctic Submarine Laboratory,NOSC San Diego, California, Chief Scientist.
Dr. Robert H. Bourke, Naval Postgraduate School,at that time on sabbatical leave at Scott PolarResearch Institute, Cambridge University,Cambridge, England.
Dr. John L. Newton, Science Applications, Inc.,
La Jolla, California.
LT William F. Perdue, Graduate Student,
-2-
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.
Mr. Jerrold G. Norton, Naval Postgraduate School.
Mr. Kim 0. McCoy, Naval Postgraduate School.
The cruise track and locations of CTD stations are
indicated in Figure 1. Sampling commenced on 17 October
and terminated four weeks later on 14 November. A listing
of the locations of all CTD stations and ancillary clima-
tological data at each station is shown in Appendix A.
Wind speeds were generally low until 29 October, after
which they were generally above 15 knots, reaching 35
knots on 10-11 November. Thereafter they became moderate,
with some periods of speed below 10 knots. Air tempera-
tures were well below freezing, especially during the lat-
ter half of the cruise.
All of the sampling was done from the ship. Darkness
and poor visibility prevented using the ship's helicopters
for oceanographic measurements. Adequate visibility and
the need for helicopter-based sampling never coincided.
However, the helicopters were of considerable utility in
ice reconnaissance.
III. MEASUREMENTS
The primary oceanographic instrument was the Neil
Brown Instrument Systems (NBIS) Mark III CTD. Data were
collected, stored, and displayed using a Hewlett-Packard
-3-
b
9835B computer and 9872A x-y flat-bed plotter. As in the
past, an extension was bolted on to the protective frame
of the CTD; the lower part of the frame and the extension
were covered with coarse wire mesh to protect the sensors
from contact with the bottom and with ice. No apparent
deterioration in sensor accuracy or response have been
noted using this technique.
Some CTD difficulties were experienced during the cold-
est weather. It was not possible to keep the instrument
warm enough to prevent ice formation on the sensors and
occasional complete failure to operate. These problems
were cured by several minutes "soaking" and up-and-down
flushing of the instrument in the sea before each lower-
ing.
The temperature and conductivity sensors of the NBIS
CTD were calibrated at NPS prior to the cruise. The cali-
brated pressure sensor had a 1600 dbar range. The sam-
pling rate of the CTD was set to about 0.4 m of depth per
sample. Checking of the temperature and conductivity sen-
sors during the cruise was done by means of a single Nan-
sen bottle and reversing thermometers placed immediately
above the CTD. Sample salinities were determined with a
deck salinometer. Because of breakage of all but 4 vials
of standard water only 17 of the salinity comparisons were
reliable. The average deviations of the CTD from revers-
ing bottle results were approximately +0.004*C and 0.006
-4-
o/oo in salinity, about the limit of error for such
measurements; therefore, no corrections were applied.
The plots of properties shown in Appendix B are from
data which has been edited, despiked and smoothed with a
centered 5-point running mean.
IV. REFERENCES
Paquette, Robert G., Cruise Report, USCGC NORTHWIND 1981,October- November 1981, Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey, California, Informal Report, 12 February1982, 13 pp.
Perdue, William F., Oceanographic Investigation of theEast Greenland Polar Front in Autumn, Master's The-sis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California,March 1982, 80 pp.
Paquette, Robert G., Robert H. Bourke, John L. Newton andWilliam F. Perdue, The East Greenland. Polar Front inAutumn, J. Geophys. Res. 90 (C3), 4866-4882 (May 20,1985).
-5-
N .* . * .. .,*** *
APPENDIX A
Explanation of Heading Codes
The heading of the printed output uses the coding from
NODC Publication M-2, August 1964, with a few exceptions.
Heading entries which are not self-explanatory are as
follows: MSQ is the Marsden square, and DPTH is the water
depth in meters. Wave source direction (WVD) is in tens
of degrees, but the direction 00 indicates calm seas due
to ice dampening. The significant wave height is coded by
Table 10 (code - 2 = height in meters). Wind speed, V, is
coded as Beaufort force, Table 17. The barometer is in
millibars, less 1000 if more than 3 digits; wet and dry
bulb temperatures are in degrees C. The present weather
is from Table 21 with cloud type and amount from Tables 25
and 26, respectively. The combination 4 X 9 indicates
that clouds cannot be observed usually because of fog
conditions. The visibility is from Table 27 which is
roughly in powers of two with code 4 = 1-2 km. The ice
concentration, ICE, is in tenths; amounts less than one
tenth are preceded by a minus sign and indicate
concentrations in powers of ten, e.g., 1 0 - =-4
The entry, NAV, is a code to identify the accuracy of
each station position based upon the navigation system
used. Code 1 indicates a position determined by visual
sightings, radar or by navigation satellite; Code 2 a
position determined by Omega or Loran; and Code 3 a
-6 -
position determined by dead reckoning.
The heading data are listed sequentially with
increasing station number. Because of data recovery
problems five stations are out of order: 12, 21, 27, 48
and 71. These are listed at the end.
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APPENDIX B
Property Profiles For MIZLANT 81 Stations
This section contains plots of temperature, salinity,
sound speed, and sigma-t for the 122 stations of MIZLANT
81 which were recovered from the cassette tapes of the
data-logging system. Both down and up traces were
obtained at each station; however, the up trace was
recorded only on about half of the stations. To
illustrate the change in property profile with time, a
sampling of both down and up traces is included between
Stations 86 and 102. Where this is done the down trace is
on the left.
Temperature has a small range for stations well within
the ice pack whereas, east of the ice, the temperature has
a moderate range and the salinity a small range. In order
to show the property variations with maximum resolution
the property scales have been expanded. This has the
concomitant result that the scales must vary from page to
page. In some cases, the same stations have been plotted
on two different scales.
The stations are plotted four per page. To assist in
distinguishing between curves the temperature profile has
been darkened three times while the salinity trace only
twice. The curves are also labeled: T for temperature, S
16
• %%
for salinity, SV for sound velocity, and ST for sigma-t.
The plots of Station 86 may appear confusing. The first
plot is for 86-Down; computer memory was used up before
the lowering was completed and a short section of the
continuation of this lowering to greater depth was
recorded as 86-2-D and is shown in the next frame.
Finally, the up trace, starting at the deepest depth of
86-2-D, is shown at the right, failing to reach the
surface before the memory was full.
17
-. . . . . . . . ..-.. - . '-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
* A F '..-.. .. S-** P . .. *-*:r- . . .* . . . . . . . . . . .
! * * ~ ~ *
Nl.r Lo Q Lo
zuo M IZLPRNT8 1 OUT.D. STRTIONS
co UCr
.c r rNI co I I
200
4. . . . . .. . - - . . . .. . . . .
LD~ N. . .
mmo-MIZLPNT81 O.T.D. STPTIONS
. Cn . p .
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k-.
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