740-747

Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(6): 740-747, 2007 2007, INSInet Publication

Corresponding Author: Shadia E, Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected]

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Chemical Composition of Ocimum americanum Essential Oil and Its Biological Effects Against, Agrotis ipsilon, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Shadia E, Abd El-Aziz, Elsayed A. Omer and Aly S. Sabra1 2 2

Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 1

Cultivation and Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, National 2

Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Abstract: The seeds of Ocimum americanum were introduced and cultivated in Egypt as a new sourceof the essential oil. The growth, yield and essential oil of O. americanum were studied during twosuccessive seasons. Chemical constituents of the essential oil were studied with (GLC). The mean valuesof the growth parameters of the second cut in both seasons were higher than those of the first cuts.Essential oil percentage ranged from 0.175% to 0.253% in both seasons, while the essential oil yieldranged from 27.8 to 41.69 liter per feddan. The total yield of the essential oil reached 60 and 76 liter perfeddan in the first and second season, respectively. Eugenol was identified as the major compound in theessential oil and accounted for 28.46 %. Methyl chavicol was found to be the second main compound andreached 17.34%. The insecticidal properties of the American basil essential oil and its major componentwere evaluated against the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon in laboratory and a semi field trail. There wasa positive correlation between the concentration and the percentage of larval mortality and malformedpupae and adult. Basil oil at 3% (conc.), only 35 % of the larvae reached the pupal stage with 67.16 %reduction than control and 13 % of the pupae were deformed. Eugenol caused 40 % larval mortality with36.84 % reduction in pupation % than control. Pupal weights were significantly lower than control. Insemi field experiment, basil oil was more effective on adult longevity than eugenol. Basil oil had repellenteffect on A.ipsilon moths with 66.42 and 35.95% repellency at (3 %) in case of basil oil and eugenol,respectively. The basil essential oil was more effective than its active component (eugenol) on theconcerned biological aspects of A.ipsilon.

Keywords: Ocimum americanum , essential oil, eugenol, GLC, black cutworm, A. ipsilon, repellency,insecticidal activity.

INTRODUCTION

The genus Ocimum family labiatae (lamiaceae) haslong been used as a medicinal and aromatic plant inmany countries, i.e. Egypt, India, Greece, Italy,Morocco and others. It contains between 50 to 150species of herbs and shrubs from tropical andsubtropical regions of Asia, Africa as well as centraland South America.

Ocimum americanum, L. (Syn. O.canum), hoarybasil or mosquito plant has three distinct chemo-types:floral-lemony, camphoraceous and spicy. From thepharmacological point of view, it was found that theessential oil obtained from O. americanum showedantibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,Streptomyces pyogenes, Escherechia coli andSalmonella typhosa. Antitubercular activity againstMycobacterium spp at 100 ppm concentration. Theessential oil from the leaves exhibited antibacterialactivity against Xanthomonas malvacearum , Bacilluls

mycoides, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, Vibrio cholerae,Staph. albus, Sal. paratyphi and Xanth. campestris.Also O. americanum oil showed antifungal activityagainst a great number of fungi which included somehuman pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of O.americanum oil was studied . [1]

The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon ( Huf.) is oneof the most severe insect pests in Egypt, this noctuidis polyphagous and attacks a large number of field andvegetable crops. The growers usually use theconventional insecticides, especially organophosphates,in controlling this pest. However, the use of pesticideshas resulted in environmental contamination[2]

negative effects on non target organisms .[3 ]

Plantderived extracts and phytochemicals have beenshown to possess insecticidal activity . The natural[4 ,5 ,6]

plant products showed also a strong disruptionof insect growth and development against a varietyof insect pests, e.g. Spodoptera exempta , S. littoralis[7]

( Boisd.) , Agrotis ipsilon ( Huf.) . [8] [9 ,10]

Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 3(6): 740-747, 2007

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Essential oils may have attractive or repellenteffects and in some cases they showed an insecticidalaction against insects. Essential oils isolated fromplants and consisting of cyclic and monocyclic mono-terpens are effective repellents against insects .[1 1 ]

Abd El-A ziz and El-Hawary reported that the[12]

percentage of adult emergence in the case of basil,garlic and cumin was 50, 70 and 97% as compared to95 % in the control. All female moths resulting fromlarvae fed on leaves treated with basil for 24 hrs weredeformed and all died before oviposition. Cavalcanti etal., reported that the essential oils of O. americanum[13]

and O. gratissimun had larvicidal activity against Aadesaegypti mosquito and caused 100% mortality at aconcentration of 100 ppm. O. americanum showedtoxicity to the hairy caterpillar, Euproctis fraternal .[14]

The present study aimed to evaluate theinsecticidal properties of the American basil essentialoil and its major active component against the blackcutworm, Agrotis ipsilon in laboratory and a semi fieldtrail.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Materials:Plant Material: Seeds of American basil plant(Ocimum americanum L.) have been kindlyprovided from the Ornamental Plant Departmentof Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, througha scientific exchange. For propagation, the seedswere cultivated in 2003 and a flowering specimenwas prepared and sent to Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK for identification. Dr.Alan J. Paton kindly determined the specimen asOcimum americanum L. var. pilosum (Willd) A. J.Paton. Samples from the soil were taken beforecultivation and were subjected for physical andchemical analysis according to Jackson . The physical[15]

analysis indicated clearly that the texture of the soil issandy loam.

In both season, the soil was mechanicallyploughed and planked twice. During preparation ofthe soil for cultivation mixture of calcium super

2 5phosphate (15.5% P O ) as a source of phosphorus2and potassium sulfate (48% K O) as a source of

potassium was added at the rate of 200 and 100 kgper feddan, respectively and was mixed wellmanually with the soil. The nitrogen fertilization wasperformed with 80 kg nitrogen per feddan asammonium nitrate (33% nitrogen). The dose wasdivided into two portions.

American basil seeds were sown on 1st March,th

2004 and 2005 in the nursery. On 15 April 2004 andth

2005, the uniform healthy basil seedlings (10 cmlength) were transplanted into the field on rows 60 cm

apart and 30 cm between hills. Surface irrigation withNile water was used for irrigating plants as necessary.Weed control was carried out manually for the wholeduration of the growing season.

Selected 10 random plants of each plot were usedfor recording the vegetative growth parameters in eachcutting. The plants were harvested (cut) two timesduring each growing season and then the plants wereleft for seed setting. The first cut was done on July15 during the flowering stage, and the second cut onth

October 1 by cutting the vegetative parts of the plantsst

10 cm above the soil surface.Plant height (cm)., plant diameter (cm)., number of

branches/plant., fresh weight of herb (g/plant),.freshweight of leaves (g/plant), fresh weight ofinflorescences (g/plant), dry weight of herb (g/plant),dry weight of leaves (g/plant), dry weight ofinflorescences (g/plant), fresh yield of herb (ton/fed),dry yield of herb (ton/fed). Fresh yield of leaves(ton/fed), dry yield of leaves (ton/fed)., essential oil %on the basis of fresh weight., essential oil content(ml/plant)., essential oil yield (l/fed.) and the mainconstituents of the essential oil of each treatment wererecorded for each cut. Fresh weight was recordedimmediately after harvesting and the dry weight wasdetermined after an initial drying in the oven at 60Cto a constant weight. The yield of essential oilproduced per plant was calculated by multiplying theaverage of fresh herb weight of plant by the average ofoil percentage.

Essential Oil Extraction, Determination andAnalysis: The extraction of the essential oil wascarried out at the laboratory of Cultivation andProduction of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (NRC),Dokki, Cairo, while gas liquid chromatographic (GLC)analysis was carried out at the Central Laboratory ofNRC. To extract and quantify the volatile oil, a weightof 100 g of fresh herb of each cut in both seasons wasseparately subjected to hydro-distillation for over 3hours using a modified Clevenger apparatus accordingto Guenther . The volume of the extracted essential[16]oil was determined and recorded on the basis of theherb fresh weight.

The resulted oil was dehydrated over anhydroussodium sulfate and stored in glass vials at freezer inthe absence of light till used for gas liquidchromatographic (GLC) analysis. GLC analysis of theoil samples was carried out in the second season usingHewlett Packard gas chromatograph apparatus withspecifications indicated in (Table 1).

Main compounds of the essential oil wereidentified by matching their retention times with thoseof the authentic samples injected under the sameconditions. The relative percentage of each compoundwas calculated from the peak area of the peakcorresponding to each compound.


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Bioassay Procedure: Susceptible strains of the blackcutworm, Agrotis ipsilon were reared on castor oilplant leaves away from any insecticidal contaminationunder controlled laboratory conditions at 28 2C and65 5 % R.H.

The Basil oil and eugenol emulsions were preparedas follows: 5 drops of "Triton X-100 as emulsifier wasmixed thoroughly with 5ml of each tested oil, thenwater was added to obtain the desired concentrations(five concentrations for each) in percent of (v/w).Suspension of water with Triton was used as check.

Insecticidal Activity of Basil Oil and Eugenol on theDevelopmental Stages of A. Ipsilon: The insecticidaleffect of both basil essential oil and its majoringredient (eugenol) in baits was evaluated by feedingthe 4 larval instar of A.ipsilon for two days. Theth

control bait consisted of 1.0 gm molasses (as feedingstimulants) and 125 gm wheat bran moistened with 100ml water (as a carrier material). The baits were mixedwith botanical oils at 0.5 g of each, and used at therecommended rate. Twenty 4 instar larvae of A.th

ipsilon were feeding on treated bait with one of Basilor eugenol concentrations for 48 hrs.. Five replicates

Table 1: Hewlett Packard gas chrom atograph apparatus with thefollowing specifications

Instrument: (HP) 6890 Series Hewlett PakardColumn: HP (Carbwax 20M )

(25m length X 0.32 mm I.D)Film thickness: 0.3 M m

Sample size: 1mlOven Tem perature: 60C-190CProgram: 60C/2min, 8C/min, 190C/25 min. Injection port temperature : 240CCarrier gas: NitrogenDetector temperature (FID): 280C

2Flow rates: N 30 ml/min2H 30 ml/min

Air 300 ml/min

were used for each tested concentration. After feeding,the larvae were kept in clean glass jars provided withuntreated castor oil plant leaves till pupation. Larvalmortality %, pupation % and malformed pupae % werecalculated. Also, percentage of adult emergence,malformed adults % and egg hatchability % wererecorded.

Ovipostional Inhibition and Repellency Tests: Theefficiency of basil oil concentrations and its activeingredient (eugenol) were carried out in semi fieldexperiment at the farm of the National ResearchCentre, Dokki, Giza. Fifty pots (20 cm diam.) eachcontained 5 cotton seedling plants, Gossypiumbarbadense var.Giza-78, (30 days after sowing).

Five pots were sprayed with one of testedconcentrations (3& 2 %) of basil and eugenol by using

hand sprayer 1 liter capacity. Another 20 potswere sprayed with water and emulsifier asuntreated check. Pots (5 treated + 5 untreated inrandom) were placed in a wooden cage (100 X 100X 125 cm), covered with screen wire in choicetest. Thirty pairs of nearly emerged moths weretaken from the standard laboratory culture, introducedin the cage with the sprayed cotton potted plantsand control. Each test was replicated 3 times. Eggslaid on the potted plants inside the cage werecollected daily from each test. The number of eggsdeposited on treated or untreated plants was countedand the percent repellency values were calculatedaccording to the equation of Lwande et al., D = (1-[17 ]T/C) X 100, where T and C represent the meannumber of deposited eggs per female of the treated andcheck set, respectively. The male and femalelongevities were also determined.

Statistical Analysis: Was Adopted According toSnedecor and Cochran . [18]

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Growth Parameters: Results in (Table2) indicatedthat, the mean values of the growth parameters of thesecond cut in both seasons were higher than those ofthe first cuts, which could be attributed to the fact that,cutting stimulated branching and increased new shootswhich incorporate into more accumulation of drymatter. In addition, temperature seemed more favorablefor plant development.

Essential Oil Percentage and Yield: In Resultusin table (2) indicated that both seasons, oilpercentage was higher in the first cut (in July) thanthose of the second cut (in October). These differencescan probably be attributed to differences inenvironmental factors, i.e. temperature (air and soil),light levels and moisture conditions. The synthesisof secondary metabolites has been related to thecapture of light energy . The environmental factors[19 ,20]appear to expert a greater influence on theaccumulation of total oil rather than on the chemicalcomposition of basil plants . [21]

The mean value of oil yield (ml/plant) of thefirst cut was higher than that of the second cutby 15.7% in the first season. The opposite was truein the second season, in which the second cut washigher in the mean value of oil content by 20%.Although the oil percentage in the first cut of thesecond season was greater than the second cut, thetrend of the oil content (ml/plant) was the opposite.This may be attributed to the superiority of thesecond cut in producing highest herbage yield (g/plant).This means that, the increment in the oil percentagewas not able to overcome the differences in the freshweight between both cuts.


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Table 2: Growth, yield and essential oil of Ocimum americanum grown in Egypt in two seasons. Plant Character First season Second season

------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------1 cut 2 cut M ean 1 cut 2 cut M eanst nd st nd

Plant Height (cm) 63.31 68.50 65.90 62.00 64.77 63.38----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Plant diameter (cm) 48.00 52.75 50.36 47.02 49.77 48.39----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Number of branches 13.91 15.20 14.55 13.76 16.06 14.90----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fresh weight (g/plant) 670.1 834.5 752.3 767.3 984.4 875.8----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------leaves fresh weight (g/plant) 161.6 172.2 166.9 198.2 206.0 202.1----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Inflorescences fresh weight (g/plant) 107.6 133.2 120.4 123.8 146.4 135.1----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Herb dry weight (g/plant) 143.1 168.8 155.9 168.5 199.0 183.7----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Leaves dry weight (g/plant) 27.01 31.13 29.08 31.87 34.07 32.97----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Inflorescences dry weight (g/plant) 32.57 38.10 35.33 36.77 35.52 36.14----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Herb fresh yield (ton/fed) 12.66 15.76 Total 14.49 18.59 Total

28.42 33.09----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Herb dry yield (ton/fed) 2.705 3.216 Total 3.184 3.775 Total

5.921 6.960----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Leaves fresh yield (ton/fed) 3.053 3.255 Total 3.747 3.892 Total

6.309 7.639----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Leaves dry yield (ton/fed) 0.510 0.588 Total 0.602 0.643 Total

1.098 1.245----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Essential oil percentage 0.253 0.175 0.214 0.237 0.222 0.229----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Essential oil content (ml/plant) 1.69 1.46 Total 1.82 2.20 Total

3.16 4.02----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Essential oil yield (l/fed) 32.15 27.80 Total 34.49 41.69 Total

59.95 76.18

Essential Oil Composition: Data Tabled in Table (3)revealed that Eugenol was identified as the majorcompound and reached for 28.46%. Methyl chavicolwas found to be the second main compound andaccounted for 17.34% in the essential oil. Terpineolwas identified as the third main constituent in theessential oil and its relative percentage accounted forca. 15%. Farnesene was identified as the mainsesquiterpene with 9.2% while -Bisabolene wasidentified as the second sesquiterpene in the essentialoil and reached 4.5 %. The same trend observed withfarnesene was observed with -bisabolene. 1, 8-Cineoleand limonene followed farnesene in the relativepercentage and all treatments showed round figure of7.0 % of either cineole or limonene. It is of interest tomention that, the percentage of linalool or camphordidnt exceed more than 2% in the essential oil.

This meant that O. americanum is a dualbiosynthetic pathway, in which two biosyntheticpathways can be thought of functioning eitherindependently or simultaneously. One of them starts

with shikimic acid via phenylalanine to produce methylchavicol and eugenol. The second starts with mevalonicacid via geranyl pyrophosphate to produce linalool,then eugenol.

The total amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbonsaccounted for 19.0 while the oxygenated compoundsreached 76% in the identified compounds.

Insecticidal Activity of Basil Oil and Eugenol on theDevelopmental Stages of A. Ipsilon: The data inTables (4&5) indicated that, the basil essential oil wasmore effective than its active component (eugenol) onthe concerned biological aspects of A.ipsilon. Therewas a positive correlation between the concentrationand the percentage of larval mortality and malformedpupae and adult. On the other hand, there was anegative correlation between the concentration andpupal weight, pupation, adult emergence and egghatchability. The effect was more pronounced at thehigher tested concentration. Basil oil at 3% (conc.),only 35 % of the larvae reached the pupal stage with


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Table 3: The relative percentage of the main constituents of the essential oil of Ocimum americanum, L as analyzed with GLC. Components RRt Relative Percentage M olecular weight Chemical formula

10 16-pinene 0.110 0.486 136 C H----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 16-pinene 0.128 0.755 136 C H----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 16M yrcene 0.150 0.995 136 C H----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 16-Terpinene 0.178 0.261 136 C H----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 16Limonene 0.216 7.530 136 C H----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 181,8 Cineole 0.244 7.347 154 C H O----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 16Camphor 0.528 1.712 152 C H O----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 18Linalool 0.539 1.827 154 C H O----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 18Linalyl acetate 0.579 0.711 196 C H O----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15 24Farnesene 0.606 9.149 204 C H----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15 24-Bisabolene 0.637 4.526 204 C H----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 12M ethyl chavicol 0.658 17.338 148 C H O----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 18Terpineol 0.697 14.997 154 C H O----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11 14 2M ethyl eugenol 0.881 0.365 178 C H O----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 12 2Eugenol 1.000 28.460 164 C H O----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 12 2Iso eugenol 1.026 1.180 164 C H O----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15 26Farnesol 1.137 0.490 222 C H O----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Non-oxygenated compounds % 19.00----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Oxygenated compounds % 76.00----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identified compounds % 95.00----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Non-identified compounds % 5.00

Table 4: Latent biological effects of Basil oil when (4 instar A.ipsilon larvae) fed on treated baits for (2days). th

Egg Hatchability Adult M alformation Adult Emergency M alformed Pupal weight + Pupation Larval M ortality conc.(%)* (%) (%) * Pupae (%) S.E.(mg) (range) (%) * (%) (%)45 11 22 13 289.7+ 2.28 35 65 3(54.08) (76.84) (280 300) f (63.16)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62 7 43 10 315.5+ 1.29 53 47 2(36.74) (54.74) (310 321) e (44.21)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70 3 75 10 325.3+ 1.35 65 35 1(28.57) (21.05) (319 331) d (31.58)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91 0.0 79 3 338.4+ 1.27 82 18 0.5(7.14) (16.84) (333 345) c (13.68)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------97 0.0 95 0.0 350.6+ 1.02 95 5 0.25(1.02) (0.0) (345 355) b (0.0)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------98 0.0 95 0.0 358.2+ 1.62 95 5 Control--- --- (350 367) a --M eans followed by the same letter are not significantly different ANOVA(LSD ) p>0.05 * Numbers between brackets represent percent reduction than control


745

67.16 % reduction than control and 13 % of the pupaewere deformed. Eugenol caused 40 % larval mortality(Table 5) with 36.84 % reduction in pupation % thancontrol. Pupal weights were significantly lower thancontrol and there were significantly differences betweenall tested concentrations and control in case of basil oiland eugenol. The reduction in percentage of adultemergence at 3 % and 2 % of basil reached 76.84 and54.74 %, respectively. The deformities among adultreached 11% and 7 % at 3 and 2 % basil, respectively.Abd El-Aziz and El Hawary reported that the[12]

percentage of adult emergence in the case of basil (O.basilicum), garlic and cumin were 50, 70 and 97% ascompared to 95 % in the control. All female mothsresulting from larvae fed on leaves treated with basilfor 24 hrs were deformed and all died beforeoviposition. The reduction in egg hatchability %(Table 4) was significantly high (54.08 and 36.74 %)in case of 3 and 2 % concentration, respectively.This reduction in egg hatchability may be due tophysiological disturbance in the hormonal system ofadult when fed as larvae ( 4 instar ) on treated leaves.th

Results indicated that the essential oil of basilpossesses both behavioural effects and post digestivetoxicity. Abd El-Aziz and El Hawary mentioned that[12]

basil, O. basilicum showed an insecticidal actionagainst S.littoralis larvae (80% larval mortality).Extracts of basil were screened for juvenile hormonelike activity and showed an active effect againstDysdercus cingulatus (F.) .[24]

Ovipostional Inhibition and Repellency Tests: Insemi field experiment, data in Table (6) showed thatthe longevity of exposed male and female of A.ipsilonmoths was considerably affected by the tested basil oilas well as its active component (eugenol). The adult

male lived longer than adult female. The adultlongevities were greatly reduced in case of basil oilcompared with eugenol and control. Basil oil was moreeffec t ive o n adult longevity than eugeno l .Schmutterer who found that, the adult longevity of[25]

many insect species was shortened after application ofhigher concentrations of neem extracts or ofazadirachtin. The effect was more pronounced at thehigher concentrations.Abd El-Rady and Osman[26]

mentioned that Neemix reduced the adult longevities ofA.ipsilon compared with control and this may be dueto the reduction in their weights and inhibition ofproteins, lipids and carbohydrates. It is clearly evidentthat the fecundity of A.ipsilon females was moreaffected by basil oil than eugenol (Table 4). Basil oilhad repellent effect on A.ipsilon moths with 66.42 and61.12 % repellency at 3 and 2 %, respectively. Abd ElAziz and El Hawary reported that basil; O. basilicum[12]

gave 94.34% repellency to S. littoralis moths. In caseof basil oil (3 % conc.) the number of deposited eggsper female was 450 and 1340 eggs / & on treated anduntreated cotton plants, respectively with 66.42 %repellency. While in case of eugenol (3%), the numberof deposited eggs per female was 850 and 1327eggs / & on treated and untreated cottonplants,respectively. AboelGhar et al., found that,[27]

acetone and ethanol extracts of zanzalakht causeddecrease in number of eggs / & and % of egg hatchingof A. ipsilon.

Essential oils isolated from plants andconsisting of cyclic and monocyclic mono-terpensare effective repellents against insects . The ideal[11]

essential oil insecticide would consist of compoundsthat are active against pest arthropods, while beingharmless to beneficial and safe for humans and theenvironment.

Table 5: Latent biological effects of eugenol when (4 instar A. ipsilon larvae) fed on treated baits for (2days). th

Egg Hatchability M alformed Adult Emergency M alformed Pupal weight + Pupation Larval M ortality Conc.(%) * Adult (%) (%) * Pupae (%) S.E.(mg) (range) (%) * (%) (%)75 5 53 7 300.5+ 1.71 60 40 3(23.47) (44.21) (294 310) e (36.84)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80 2 65 5 322.7 +2.44 70 30 2(18.37) (31.58) (310335) d (26.32)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88 1 74 4 333.5+2.41 78 22 1(10.20) (22.11) (320 345) c (17.89)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91 0.0 90 0.0 346.7 + 2.76 90 10 0.5(7.14) (5.26) (335 360) b (5.26)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------97 0.0 95 0.0 355.7+ 3.2 1 95 5 0.25(1.02) (0.0) (330 368 ) ab (0.0)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------98 0.0 95 0.0 358.2+ 1.62 95 5 C o n t ro l --- --- (350 367) a ---M eans followed by the same letter are not significantly different ANOVA(LSD ) p>0.05 * Numbers between brackets represent percent reduction than control


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Table 6: Oviposition inhibitory effects of Basil oil and eugenol against A. ipsilon moths on cotton seedlings in sem ifield trial (Choice test).Tested oil OIL CONCS.( % ) Longevity days S.E. (range) M ean No. of eggs/female S.E.(range) Repellency %

------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------Female M ale Treated Control

Basil 3 3.0 0.71 4.2 0.44 450 7.91 1340 3.54 66.42(1- 5 ) (2 -6 ) (435 - 480) (1330 - 1350)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Basil 2 4.6 0.51 6.8 0.39 512 6.04 1317 4.90 61.12

(3 -5) (4 8) ( 495 525 ) (1300 1330)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Eugenol 3 8.8 0.66 10.0 0.37 850 7.08 1327 3.74 35.95

(7 11) (7 12 ) (830 870) (1320 1340)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Eugenol 2 9.2 0.88 10.0 0.47 1034 16.31 1334 5.09 23.49

(7 12) (8 12) (990 1070) (1320 1340)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Control 10.4 0.51 11.2 0.56(9 12) (9 14 )

The foregoing results indicate that the basilessential oil has properties which cause larval mortality,retardation in the developmental stages, pupal and adultmorphogenesis, reduction in fecundity and viability andrepellency of A.ipsilon and this may be correlated tothe chemical constituents of this oil (Table3). Forinstance, the effect of tannins in growth inhibition oflepidopterous larvae was reported by Klock andChan . Sesquiterpene lactones isolated from a number[28]

of species of the family Asteraceae proved to beexcellent feeding deterrents for pest insects. In cottonvarieties of Gossypium hirsutum L.), family Malvaceaein addition to gossypol, other related terpenoids,condensed tannins and certain monomeric flavonoidsalso provide resistance to several pest insects .[29]

The monoterpene 1, 8-cineole reduced oviposition rateof Thrips tabaci, by about 30% . Essential oils[30]

isolated from plants and consisting of cyclic andmonocyclic mono-terpens are effective repellentsagainst insects .[11]

Assessment of the biological activity of O.americanum volatile oil constituents against A.ipsilon will contribute to the development oftoxicity, retardation in the developmental stagesand oviposition repellent for use in both biologicaland integrated pest management strategies ofcotton plants.

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7. Tanzubil, P.B. and A.R. McCaffery, 1990. Effectsof azadrachtin and aqueous neem seed extracts onsurvival, growth and development of the Africanarmyworm, Spodoptera exempta. Crop Protection,9: 383-386.

8. Abd El-Aziz Shadia E, and E.A. Omer, 1995.Bioevaluation of dodonaea, Dodonaea viscosa L.Jacq. Extracts on the cotton leafworm, Spodopteralittoralis (Boisd.) as indicated by life tableparameters. Annals Agric Sci Ain Shams Univ.Cairo, 40: 891-900.

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