7th asia pacific structural engineering and construction ... · pdf...
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7th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference&
2nd European Asian Civil Engineering Forum (APSEC / EACEF 2009)
LIST OF PAPERS
VOLUME 1
Keynote papers
Optimization of heavy trafficJuergen Hothan
PDF 1
Precast concrete framed structures for IBSKim S. Elliott
PDF 7
Ultra-high performance concrete-research and applications in Germany and around the worldMichael Schmidt
PDF 15
Opportunities for innovation or refuge for the reluctant David A. Nethercot
PDF 21
Types of models of service life of reinforcement: The case of the resistivityCarmen Andrade
PDF 30
Life engineering and maintainability: key features to enhancing sustainable developmentKribanandan Gurusamy Naidu
PDF 36
SECTION A: INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEMS
Applicability of Industrialized Floor Systems in MalaysiaA. Idrus, N. Rahmanand C. Utomo
PDF 47
Industrialization of Construction Technology Innovation in Indonesia.K. Mochtar
PDF 52
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The Application of Profiled Steel Sheeting Dry Board (PSSDB) Industrialized Building SystemH. Awang, N. Nordin and W. Wan Badaruzzaman
PDF 58
Simulation of industrialised building system formation for housing construction.A.Mohammadpour, A. Zainal Abidin, A. Marsano and M. Mad Tap
PDF 63
Performance of IBS precast concrete beam-column connections under earthquake effectsA. Adnan, P. Tiong, A. Mirasa and A. Rahman
PDF 70
SECTION B: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Human-Related Problems in Quality Management Implementation in building construction projectsCK. Tan and H. Abdul Rahman
PDF 78
Risk Analysis of Pipelines MaintenanceSilvianita, N. Shafiq, M. Khamidi and A. Shadiq
PDF 87
Agent-based Negotiation for Building system selection (External wall system)C. Utomo, A. Idrus, and M. Napiah
PDF 93
On-Site Factors Causing Construction Works Delays in IndonesiaAndi, D. Lalitan and V. Loanata
PDF 99
Risks of Hydraulic Construction Project and Their Impacts on Failure of Project Objective AchievementR. Hapsari, R. Indryani, T. Adi, N. Rasidi
PDF 104
Developing Process-Based KPIS for the Design Stage in ConstructionT. Haponava and S. Al-Jibouri
PDF 110
Process-based key performance indicators for the construction stage in projectT. Haponava and S. Al-Jibouri
PDF 117
Influence of Performance of sub-Processes Within the Design Stage on Achieving End-project GoalsT. Haponava and S. Al-Jibouri
PDF 124
Relationship between Process performance of design and Construction StagesT. Haponava and S. Al-Jibouri
PDF 131
Risk Analysis using analytic network process for construction project tenderingY. QIU and C. WANG
PDF 138
Infrastructure Project Planning Decision Making: Challenges for Decision Support System ApplicationsM. Omar, B. Trigunarsyah and J. Wong
PDF 146
Application of Contractor Selection Based on AHPW-C. Wang, C-C. Lin and W-D. Yu
PDF 153
Incorporating PIM model and RSM method to generate a construction schedule for the multiunit projectsY-J. Chen, C-W. Feng and C-C. Huang
PDF 161
Critical factors in the Quality Management System (QMS) to Optimize Profitability and Competitiveness for Construction Service Companies in IndonesiaM. Asa, I. Abidin and Y. Latif
PDF 169
A study on the advantages and problems of quality management system ISO 9001:2000 implementation in Malaysia construction industryA. Ayub, I. Said and R. Noor
PDF 177
Development of noise emission database from construction site equipments for construction noise predictionH. Noh, Z. Haron and K. Yahya
PDF 183
Using statistical pattern recognition to monitor the erection progress of Off-site produced unitsA. Elazouni and O. Abdel-wahab
PDF 189
Study for construction management software usageW. Hilo, A. Ismail and K. Rashid
PDF 197
Bracket automatic climbing system productivity modelE. Mohamed and T. Zayed
PDF 201
Challenges faced by Malaysian contractors in international venturesM. Mohamad, N. Radzuan, A. Pour and M. Mustaffar
PDF 210
Accident under reporting in the Malaysian construction industryR. Zin and A. Wai
PDF 216
The sensitivity analysis of Hurdle Rates of project profitability indices on optimal capital structure of BOT projectsI-C. Cheng, B. Chen and H. Shiong
PDF 223
The optimization analysis of economy of scale of BOT projects –A case study of BOT college dormitory projectsB. Chen, I-C. Cheng, W-K. Lia and Y-M. Lin
PDF 228
An analysis of financial measures for reduction of probability of defaults for BOT projects.B. Chen, C-T. Lin and C-H. Tang
PDF 232
The effect of bankruptcy cost on the optimal capital structure and the debt capacity of BOT projects.
PDF 237
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B. Chen, C-T. Lin, C-H. Tang and K-L. Wang
Exploring the perception of public work department and contractor on the factors influencing the successful completion of a public school project in Malaysia.S. Nasir, M. Abd Majid and I. Mohamad
PDF 244
SECTION C: DISASTER MITIGATION
Damage Detection Based on Wavelet AnalysisJ. Widjajakusuma and M. Haase
PDF 252
Earthquake Performance Improvement of Nonductile Infilled RC Frames with Mesh Reinforcement and PlasterH. Korkmaz, S. Korkmaz and A. Kilic
PDF 258
SECTION D: SAFETY AND RELIABILITY
Safety Management: A Framework of Safety Culture Development ProcessM. Misnan, A. Mohammed, W. Mahmood, S. Mahmud and A. Bakri
PDF 264
SECTION E: NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST (NDT)
Non-Destructive Tests For Evaluation of a Concrete Tunnel StructuresV. Ghiasi, H. Omar, B. Huat and M. Safaei
PDF 272
SECTION F: SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
Precast Concrete Construction in Hong KongC. Yip, G. Chan and J. Kong
PDF 279
Elements identification for sustainable roof materials in MalaysiaR. Zakaria, N. Hamzani and T. Nok
PDF 287
The Elements of sustainable urban neighborhood designM. Said, R. Zakaria and M. Vikneswaran
PDF 295
SECTION G: BUILDING MAINTAINANCE AND PATHOLOGY
Performance Assessment of Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Terms of Carrying System and ArchitectureM. Kaltakci, M. Ozturk, M. Arslan, R. Sezer and H. Arslan
PDF 302
Repairing and Strengthening of an Existing Reinforced Concrete Building: A North Cyprus PerspectiveH. Yalciner and A. Hedayat
PDF 310
Detection and Partial Strengthening of a Structural Weak Point in R/C Shear WallsY. Sanada, T. Hirose and B. Yorkinov
PDF 318
Alteration and additional work on existing buildings in Hong Kong.G. Chan, C. Yip and J. Kong
PDF 324
Quantitative seismic evaluation and retrofitting design of Mazandaran state hospitals (case study)A. Roshan and Reza Shamstabar Kami
PDF 332
SECTION H: BRIDGE ENGINEERING
The Mechanical Properties of High Strength Concrete for Box Girder Bridge Deck in MalaysiaA. Adnan M. Suhatril and M. Ismail
PDF 338
SECTION I: SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
Engineering Behavior of Stabilized Peat Soils by Column Like Element and Using Various Types of Binder: A Field StudyM. Islam and R. Hashim
PDF 344
Interaction of soil Static and Dynamic stiffness and Buried Pipeline under Harmonic VibrationA. Roshan, H. Khalilpasha and S. Chashmi
PDF 349
A Study on Superstructure-Pile-Soil Integrated Analysis of High-Rise Building with Pile FoundationsE. Latifee
PDF 356
Structural Rigidity Influence in Potential Heave of Expansive SoilsM. Siddiquee and M. Al-Shamrani
PDF 364
Time-dependent lateral response of piles in elasto-plastic soil under lateral loadsJ. Abbas, Z. Chik, M. Taha and Q. Shafiqu
PDF 372
SECTION J: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Determination of Optimum Point for Non-Geometric Brace System Connection by PDF 377
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Using Genetic AlgorithmH. Yazdi and N. Sulong
Effects of Adding Internal Tube(s) on Behavior of Framed Tube Tall Buildings Subjected to Lateral LoadM. Moghadasi and A. Keramati
PDF 382
Long-term Behavior of Precast Prestressed Hollow Core Slabs with Concrete ToppingsI. Ibrahim and K. Elliott
PDF 391
Structural Performance of Plice Connector for Precast Concrete StructuresJ. Ling, A. Abd Rahman, Z. Abd Hamid, I. Ibrahim and Abdul Karim Mirasa
PDF 402
The Effectiveness of the Core Wall, Outrigger, and Belt Wall in Minimizing the Response Due to Wind LoadR. Samat, N. Aly and A. Marsono
PDF 409
Effect of Geometry Washer to the Behavior of Gold-Rolled Sheet Steel Connection with Pre-tensioned BoltsW. Dewobroto, P. Kartawijaya and S. Besari
PDF 417
Evaluation on Shear Capacity and Tension Force of longitudinal Reinforcement of RC Beams with CFRP BarsA. Abdul Samad, R. Thamrin and N. Abdul Hamid
PDF 424
Uncertainly Analysis of Portal Structure Using Monte Carlo SimulationO. Pattipawaej
PDF 431
Evaluation and Comparison of Structural Performance Due to Vertical and Horizontal Component of EarthquakeA. Roshan, J. Amiri, H. Khalilpasha and S. Chashmi
PDF 437
Investigation on effective Bracing System for Buildings with Open Ground Storey Under Seismic LoadingM. Rahman and E. Latifee
PDF 442
Monitoring Dynamic Behavior of the Jamuna Multipurpose BridgeM. Rahman, R. Ahsan, M. Ansary, T. Al-Hussaini and M. Moni
PDF 450
Behavior investigation of gate brace system and proposed methods to improve its behaviorA. Yazdi
PDF 457
Analytical Investigation of Connection Influence on the floor system in Gurun Fire testN. Sulong and N. Ajit
PDF 463
VOLUME 2
SECTION J: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Effect of two interacting localized defects on the critical load for thin cylindrical shells under axial compressionJ. Bahaoui, L. El Bakkali, A. Khamlichi, M. Bezzazi and A. Limam
PDF 469
Using the corrected model of chakrabarti to analysis prefabricated walls with vertical jointsS. Ghasemali, R. Abadi and S. Farahani
PDF 475
Seismic vulnerability study of Putra LRT tunnelM. Ramli and A. Adnan
PDF 481
Vertical seismic excitation of reinforced concrete buildingsK. Abdelkrim
PDF 486
Behavior of bolted beam-to-column precast concrete connections under gravity and lateral loadsS. Shaedon, A. Abd Rahman and C. Lim
PDF 494
New method for determination of concrete gravity dam’s after-earthquake fractured conditionA. Amini, M. Motamedi and M. Ghaemian
PDF 500
Comparison of the new zipper brace system behavior with inverted V-Brace in elastic zone in simple steel frames using the finite element method.M. Aboutalebi and A. Shirazi
PDF 509
Effects of joint configuration on the maximum failure load of adhesively-bonded steel platesS. Sulong and N. Shafiq
PDF 516
Finite element modeling of elastometric hollow rubber bearing.A. Adnan, H. Khalilpasha and J. Sunaryati
PDF 521
Full scale experiments of three reinforced concrete beams to develop shear design of the beams with medium and large openings.H. Hardjasaputra and A. Halim
PDF 528
Measuring beam deflections using stereo Digital images.M. Mustaffar, S. Bakar, R. Sa’ari and M. Mohamad
PDF 534
Shear and local buckling strengthening of steel structuresK. Narmashiri and M. Jummat
PDF 540
547
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Finite element analysis on shear behavior of RC T beams using Bi-Directional carbon fiber fabric stripsJ. Jayaprakash, Mustafasanie M.Y. and A. Samad
Frequency and time domain analyses for TLP responsesV. Kurian, M. Gasim and S. Nurayanan
PDF 555
SECTION L: INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Parametric study on the properties of geopolymer mortar incorporating bottom ashD. Hardjito and S. Fung
PDF 562
Fire Resistance Properties of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Cement Based Aerated ConcreteK. Abdullah and M. W. Hussin
PDF 568
Influence of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Fineness on Sulfate Resistance of Mortar and ConcreteM. Ismail, M. Hussin, A. Budiea and Z. Majid
PDF 573
Optimization of Micro Silica in Light Weight Lica ConcreteA. Goltabar, H. Beygi, M. Hosseinian, R. Amirpour and H. Khalilpasha
PDF 578
A Short-Term Investigation on the Deformation Behavior of Concrete Containing Palm Oil Fuel AshM. Hussin and A. Abdul Awal
PDF 584
Bending behavior of timber beams strengthened using carbon fiber reinforced polymerY. Ahmad and A. Saleh
PDF 589
Properties of binary and ternary blended systems containing rice husk ash and fly ashH. Mahmud, M. Malik and N. Hamid
PDF 594
The effects of types of rice husk ash on the porosity of concreteM. Nuruddin, N. Shafiq and N. Kamal
PDF 602
Malaysian rice husk ash-Improving the durability and corrosion resistance of concrete: pre-reviewB. Abu Bakar, R. Putra Jaya and H. Abdul Aziz
PDF 607
Utilization of waste products in manufacturing of construction materialM. Ismail, S. Lau, Z. Majid and M. Ismail
PDF 613
Comparison of mechanical and bond properties of oil palm kernel shell concrete with normal weight concreteU. Alengaram, M. Jummat and H. Mahmud
PDF 618
SECTION M: IT IN CONSTRUCTION
Evaluation of GPS Data for Offshore Platform SubsidenceN. Widjajanti and A. Matori
PDF 624
Estimation of Torsional Strength of RC Beams by Various Soft Computing TechniquesA. Cevik and M. Arslan
PDF 630
Decision Support for Bargaining in Construction ProcurementR-J. Dzeng and P. Wang
PDF 636
SECTION N: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
Sub structuring Technique for vibration-based damage detection using Statistical Multi-Stage Artificial Neural Network: An Experimental VerificationN. Bakhary, A. Abdul Rahman and B. Ahmad
PDF 643
Robust Vibration Control of Structures with Quantitative Feedback Theory and H infinityF. Amini and J. Katebi
PDF 650
A Study of Contemporary Concrete Strength Test Practice –USA Dots ExperienceM. Rahman and E. Latifee
PDF 658
SECTION P: MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR
Concrete Compressive Strength with prepacked polymer-modified cementitiousmortar as ModifierM. Ismail, N. Hanina, M. Fodzi, M. Ismail and R. Abdullah
PDF 664
Durability of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Panel for Modular HousingF. Zulkarnain and M. Ramli
PDF 669
Effect of Latex Concentrate on the Strengths and Drying Shrinkage of ConcreteM. Ismail, Bala Muhammad, M. Zabidin
PDF 676
Estimation of 28-day Compressive Strength of High Strength Concrete Based on 7-day Compressive Strength with artificial neural network and regression methods and results comparisonF. Sajedi and A. Hashim
PDF 681
Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of grade 40 Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash (Rha)G. Habeeb and H. Mahmud
PDF 689
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Optimum Mix Proportioning of Mirha Foamed Concrete Using Taguchi’s ApproachM. Nuruddin and R. Bayuaji
PDF 694
Performance and Characteristics of Bond Between High Strength Concrete and Steel ReinforcementN. Shafiq, M. Nuruddin and S. Beddu
PDF 701
Performance of Recycled Aggregate as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete MixesS. Adnan, L. Loon, I. Abdul Rahman, H. Saman and H. Yusof
PDF 708
An Investigation Into Permanent Deformation of Foamed Asphalt Treated Based RoadS. Sunarjono, N. Thom, S. Zoorob and A. Dawson
PDF 712
Comparison of Flexural Performance for Steel Fibre Reinforce Concrete (SFRC) Contained End-hooked and Crimped FibersS. As'ad
PDF 720
Durability Characteristics of Self Compacting ConcreteK. Muthu, H. Narendra, A. Ibrahim and H. Mattarneh
PDF 726
High Performance Fibrous Concrete –a Boon to Save Life Line in Earthquake Prone AreasP. Sasturkar, S. Arvind, S. Chhayadevi, R. Priyadarshini and N. Vinaykumar
PDF 733
In-Plane Bending Capacity Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Glass FiberReinforced Gypsum Wall PanelsR. Sreenivasa, D. Menon and A. Prasad
PDF 740
Ultimate Flexural Strength and Deflection of SCC One Way SlabsK. Muthu, H. Narendra and M. Vijayanand
PDF 744
Influence of Chemical Admixture in the Development of Strength of PrepackedConcreteA. Abdul Awal
PDF 752
An assessment of the compressive strength of glass reinforced plastic waste filled concrete for potential applications in constructionM. Osmani and A. Pappu
PDF 758
Creep performance of base and polymer modified bituminous mixtures containing two types of sand as fine aggregateI. Kamaruddin, M. Napiah and Y. Gasm
PDF 762
Status of research and application of concrete-polymer composites in JapanM. Bhutta and Y. Ohama
PDF 770
Prediction of shrinkage stress in concrete overlaysS. Kristiawan
PDF 776
Performance of concrete containing effective microorganisms (EM) under various environmentsJ. Yatim, M. Ismail, W. Rahman and C. Yaw
PDF 782
Effect of type of interface on migration of chloride from contaminated to non-contaminated concreteA. Mohamed, M. Ayyoub and W. Elnadoury
PDF 787
Effects of Palm fiber on the properties of lightweight concrete crushed brickM. Ramli and E. Dawood
PDF 792
SECTION Q: CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Construction of Drainage Systems Using Pipejacking: A Case Study in Hong KongJ. Kong, G. Chan and C. Yip
PDF 799
SECTION R: COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
Effect of Natural Weather on Bonding Performance of CFRP-Concrete SystemM. Hashim, A. Sam and M. Hussin
PDF 807
Flexural Behavior of Externally Bonded CRFP-Reinforced Concrete Beam Exposed to Natural WeatherM. Hashim, A. Sam and M. Hussin
PDF 813
Effect of Steel Fiber on Rheological Behaviors of High Performance Self-Compacting MortarS. Lee, X. Wang and S. Jacobsen
PDF 821
Near surface mounted shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beamsK. Rahal
PDF 827
Effects of application different HM-CFRP end cutting shapes for strengthening composite bridgeK. Narmashiri and M. Jumaat
PDF 833
Impact strength reduction due to moisture absorption in woven carbon/epoxy compositesL. Ahmed and S. Mridha
PDF 841
SECTION S: OTHERS
Study the relationship between intrinsic compression characteristics of reconstitutes and intact fine-grained soils of south of Tehran plain
PDF 847
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E. Aflaki and R. Rahim
A simplified analytical modeling of the hole erosion testM. Bezzazi, A. Khamlichi, M. Vera, C. Rubio and C. Olegario
PDF 853
Mass Movement monitoring on slope of simpang pulai-Loging highway using terrestrial survey dataM. Zahid, B. Cahyono, N. Widjajnti and A. Matori
PDF 857
Planning road works to minimize the travel delay of road usersH-Y. Lee and H-H. Tseng
PDF 862
Prediction of pavement conditions based on linguistic observations.N-F. Pan, C-M. Mah and T-C. Lin
PDF 870
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CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WITH PREPACKAGED POLYMER-MODIFIED CEMENTITIOUS MORTAR AS MODIFIER
Mohamed A. ISMAILAssociate Professor, Dept. of Structures and Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.
Nurul Ain Hanina MOHAMAD FODZIMaster Student, Dept. of Structures and Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.
Mohammad ISMAILAssociate Professor, Dept. of Structures and Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia.
Redzuan ABDULLAHLecturer, Dept. of Structures and Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
*Corresponding author Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT:The objective of this study is to evaluate concrete compressive strength with inclusion of Local Prepackaged Polymer-Modified Cementitious Mortar (PPMM) as a new modifier. 18 ordinary Portland concrete (OPC) cubes size 100 mm were prepared and cured according to ASTM C192 and a total of 180 polymer-modified concrete (PMC) cubes 100 mm size were prepared and cured according to JIS A 1171:2000 and JIS A 1171:2000 modified. The inclusion of PPM varies from 5% to 25%. From this research, the compressive strength of PMC produce has significantly increase compare to OPC. The PMC specimens which being cured according to JIS A 1171:2000 modified has recorded the maximum strength.Keywords: concrete, compressive strength, prepackaged polymer-modified cementitious mortar (PPMCM),
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the use of polymer in construction industry is steadily growing. Current concrete produced does not only contain mixture of cement, aggregates and water. The ingredients changed with the inclusion of mineral admixture, chemical admixture, fibers etc.
A polymer based admixture also known as a cement modifier is define as an admixture which contains polymeric compound which effectively modifying or improving the properties of the concrete produce, in term of strength, deformability, adhesion, waterproofing and durability aspects [1]. Various types of polymers admixtures have been developed such as polymer latex, redispersible polymer powder and liquid polymer that is widely employed in producing polymer modified mortar (PMM) and polymer-modified concrete (PMC). The PMM and PMC are produced by partially replaced the cement hydrate binders of conventional mortar and concrete with a polymer [1-4].
In Japan, PMM is mainly implemented as finishing and repair materials. Meanwhile, PMC is widely used for bridge overlays deck and patching in United State but PMC rarely used due to it low-
cost performance[1-3]. The polymer itself could cost 10 to 100 times more than the Portland cement [3]. Therefore this has limited the usage of polymer in concrete.
Generally, PMM and PMC are produced by mixing either a polymer or monomer in dispersed, powdery or liquid form with fresh mortar and concrete [2,3,5,6]. The construction industries have begun to realize the potential of polymer in producing superior concrete and gradually it has replaced the application of ordinary Portland concrete (OPC) [6,8]. From construction point of view, PMM and PMC are popular due to it similarity with OPC procedures. But in the construction site, there are many errors occurred during the fabrication of PMM and PMC. This has been contributed by the inconsistency of concrete mixes batches produce due to mixing errors and handling procedures [4,8].
The development of ready mixed products as polymer-modified mortar has steadily increased in various countries. Generally, the ready mixed polymer-modified cementitious mortar (PPMCM) is dry blend of cement, aggregates mixtures and polymer which produced under strict manufacturing controlled. It only required specified amount of water to be added during the fabrication.
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Therefore, the application of the ready mixed products during fabrication of PMM has significantly improved the qualities of the mortar fabricated on site thus highly helpful in minimizing the uncertainties and errors [4,8]. On the other hand, on site fabrication of PMC still facing the same issues of mixes variations and errors. Furthermore, the PMC cost has caused its application limitation.
Saand et al.,[4] has shown that the inclusion of 5-25% polymer-modified mortar as a modifier in the concrete produced has significantly increased the strength of the concrete produced. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the performance and behavior of inclusion of Polymer-Modified Mortar to ordinary concrete. In Malaysia, Sika Sdn Bhd has produced the Prepackaged Polymer-Modified Cementitious Mortar (PPMCM). It is important to get a local product, therefore it would be applicable locally and most important it would be cost effective for its application.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials Used
1) Cement:Ordinary Portland Cement manufactured from Lafarge Malayan Cement Bhd. Type 1 Portland Cement as stated in ASTM C1 50: 1992 and BS 12: 1991.
2) Prepackaged Polymer-Modified Cementitious Mortar:Prepackaged Polymer-Modified Cementitious Mortar (PPMCM) manufactured by Sika Sdn Bhd. The PPMCM consists of powdered blend of sand, cements, powdered polymers, silica fume and additives.
3) Fine aggregates:The fine aggregate used is uncrushed sand and passing 45% of 600µm sieve. Foreign and rubbish materials were removed from the sand.
4) Coarse Aggregate:The coarse aggregate used is crushed type and the maximum size is 10 mm. The coarse aggregate were washed to remove debris, rubbish and foreign materials and were left air dried before used.
5) Water:Tap water which is suitable for drinking is used in the production of the concrete.
2.2 Concrete Mixed Design and Trials Mixes.In this study, the characteristic compressive
strength of ordinary Portland concrete (reference concrete) used is 30 N/mm2 at 28 days. The concrete mix designs were prepared according to the DoE’s Design of Normal Concrete Mixes, thus correct proportion of constituent materials obtained. Three types of water cement ratio (w/c)
were implemented as shown in Table 1 in order to determine the optimum w/c ratio. Trial mixes were carried out according to ASTM C192-02 and ASTM C109. All the specimens prepared were cured according to ASTM C192
2.3 Preparations of Polymer-Modified Concrete (PMC) Specimens.
PMC specimens were fabricated by inclusion of PPMCM with direct approach into the ordinary Portland concrete (OPC). The amount of Portland cement and sand were reduced as per their manufacturing percent in PPMCM when the percentage of PPMCM added into the concrete mix. PPMCM were introduced into the ordinary Portland concrete (OPC) as the modifier with different percentages (5, 15 and 25%).
Overall, 180 cubes (100 mm size) were prepared to investigate the compressive strength, density and workability of produced polymer-modified concrete. The specimens were cured according to JIS A 1171:2000 (2 days moist plus 5 days in water plus 21 days dry curing at room temperatures) and JIS A 1171:2000 modified (2 days moist plus 10 days in water plus 16 days dry curing at room temperatures).
Table 1: Proportioning of Ordinary ConcreteOrdinary Portland CementFine AggregatesCoarse AggregatesWaterW/C RatioSlump
430kg215kg820kg885kg0.50
30-60mmOrdinary Portland CementFine AggregatesCoarse AggregatesWaterW/C RatioSlump
480kg251kg795kg860kg0.45
30-60mmOrdinary Portland CementFine AggregatesCoarse AggregatesWaterW/C RatioSlump
540kg215kg767kg830kg0.40
30-60mm
2.4 Testing
The compressive strength of ordinary Portland concrete (OPC) and polymer-modified concrete (PMC) cubes were tested in accordance to BS1881: Part 116 on 7 days and 28 days age by using Matest Treviolo 24048 testing machine with maximum capacity of 2000kN and the loading rate at 3 kN per second.
Slump tests were conducted on each batch according to BS 1881: Part 2:1983 and recorded in Table 2. The concrete density of each specimen at
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age of testing also recorded as shown in Table 2 and Table 3 and calculated as according to BS EN 12390-7: 2000.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the results shown in Figure 1-3 it is clearly shown, the inclusion of PPMCM as modifier to the ordinary concrete has significantly increased the compressive strength of the concrete produced. However, when 25% of PPMCM added into the concrete, the compressive strength obtained is lesser than ordinary Portland concrete (OPC). The optimum w/c ratio to produce cohesive and workable fresh concrete is 0.45. The results were illustrated in Table 2.
Figure 1: Compressive Strength versus PPMCM Percentages (w/c=0.40)
Figure 2: Compressive Strength versus PPMCM Percentages (w/c=0.45)
As mentioned by Fowler [3] the usual amount of polymer added into the concrete to produce PMC range between of 10% to 20%. Saand et al., [4] also showed that with inclusion of more than 20% of polymer-modified mortar theconcrete produced reduced. Turkmen [7] stated that the appropriate dosages for ordinary cement replacement are 10% to 15%.
In polymer-modified mortar and concrete, there are two solid phases; the discontinuously dispersed aggregate through the materials and the binder consists of the cementitious phase and a polymer phase. This binder also referred to as a polymer-cement co matrix which improved the bond between the matrix and the aggregates thus enhance the properties of the concrete produced [5, 6].
Since the PPMCM also containing a mixture of silica fume, this also contributed on the strength development of the PMC produced. During, the pozzolanic interaction between silica fume and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), some calcium hydroxide was transformed into silicate hydrates which increased the concrete strength. Furthermore, the consumption of calcium hydroxide was dependent on w/c ratio as the PPMCM contains silica fume as it ingredients [10].
For each mixes produced, slump tests were recorded as shown in Table 2. The ranges of slump were from 30 mm to 60 mm. As the inclusion of PPMCM increased, the slump tests results recorded decreased. This indicated that the concrete produced were more cohesive and consistent compare to ordinary concrete. This is contributed by the presence of silica fume in PPMCM. Silica fume increased the water demands as it surface area is very high [11]. Furthermore, lower water demands have significantly and effectively increase the strength of concrete produced [1].
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Table 2: Effect of PPMCM dosages on slump and density of PMC.
Aggarwal et al., [12] also reported that the water demand decreases with the inclusion of polymers.
The curing regime is also playing an important role in development of compressive strength of the concrete produced. The JIS A 1171:2000 modified has notably given the optimum results for the concrete produced with the inclusion of PPMCM as the modifier. This modification of JIS A 1171:2000 is required as the JIS curing was only suitable for form of polymers. PPMCM is a blended of polymers with other agents and admixtures contents. Knapen and Gement [13] has reported that the dry curing has facilitated the polymer film formation in polymer-modified mortars thus improve it strength.
4. CONCLUSION
From the results obtained, several conclusions can be made:
1. The most appropriate curing regime for concrete modified with PPMCM in order to get the best strength is the JIS A117:2000 modified.
2. The optimum w/c ratio to produce workable and cohesive PMC is 0.45.
3. The PMC produced with inclusion of 15% PPMCM has produced the highest compressive strength of 52.37 N/mm2
compared with 42.58 N/mm2 in case of ordinary Portland concrete.
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Authors’ would like to thank Ministry of Science, Innovation and Technology for supporting this research with grand no 79165 under e-science scheme.
6. REFERENCES
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PMC
OC
Percentages of PPMCM
w/c ratio
Slump (mm)
7days ageASTM C192
28days ageASTM C192
28days ageJIS A
1171:2000
28days ageJIS A
1171:2000 modified
Grade 30
05
1525
0.50
45373530
2411.672467.002361.002386.00
2406.672415.002378.002400.00
-2383.002335.002336.00
-2417.002378.002357.00
Grade 30
05
1525
0.45
40383430
2423.332458.002395.002375.00
2405.002451.002390.002349.00
-2413.002356.002395.00
-2413.002447.002353.00
Grade 30
05
1525
0.40
35323230
2411.672447.002401.002366.00
2451.672434.002384.002350.00
-2383.002382.002371.00
-2417.002383.002374.00
668
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12. Aggarwal, L.K., Thapliyal, P.C. and Karade, S.R. “Properties of polymer-modified mortar using epoxy and acrylic emulsions,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 21, 2007, pp. 379-383.
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