7th grade review powerpoint - white plains middle school · powerpoint early native americans...
TRANSCRIPT
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7th Grade Review
PowerPoint
Early Native Americans
–Civil War
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Key Vocabulary to Understanding
Social Studies• History: an account of what has happened in the lives
of different individuals and civilizations.
• Geography: study of people, their environment, and their resources and how they affect the way that we live.
• Archeology: the study of evidence left behind by earlier people in order to find out about their culture.
• Economics: the study of how money and goods are exchanged.
• Primary Source: The original record of an event (eyewitness account, letters, diaries, autobiographies, etc)
• Secondary Source: A later writing and interpretation of historians and other writers (textbooks, newspaper, magazine, encyclopedia, articles, etc)
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Early Native Americans• The first Americans
came across
glacier land bridge
that connected Asia
and North America.
• Native Americas
crossed the land
bridge following
migratory mammals
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Differing Native American Cultures• Native Americans
developed different
cultures to adapt to
physical environment
and surroundings.
• Based on geography
Native Americans
formed different
ways to gather food,
shelter, and make
clothing
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Maya, Aztec, Inca
• Maya lived in southern Mexico and Guatemala. Advanced in science, astronomy, and math.
• Aztecs lived in central Mexico and built stonework, pyramids and temples.
• Incas lived in the Andes Mountains in South America and connected their empire through an extensive road system
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Native Americans in New York• Two major groups
in New York area were the Iroquois and Algonquin.
• Iroquois lived in Longhouses while the Algonquin lived in Wigwams.
• Iroquois created a nation of five tribes to create the Iroquois Nation
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Columbian Exchange• Began when
Christopher
Columbus
discovered the West
Indies (1492)
• Began an exchange
of goods from the
Americas to Europe
changing world trade
forever.
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Spanish, French, and English Colonies• New France was in the
middle of North America and Canada. Mostly traded furs with Native Americans
• Spanish Coloniesencompassed South and Central America, Mexico, and modern day southwestern United States.
• English Colonies were on the East Coast of Modern Day United States (13 Colonies)
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The English Colonies
Mercantilism- economic theory were a a nation became
strong by building up their gold supply and expanding
trade.
• New England- Hills, valleys, rivers, (first factories).
Mild summers, cold/windy winters (MA, RI, NH, CT)
• Middle Colonies- Hills, valleys, rivers. Hot/Humid
Summers, Cold Winters. Lot of wheat & cattle “Bread
Basket Colonies” (NY, PA, NJ, DE)
• Southern Colonies- Hot/Humid Summers, Mild
Winters. Grew cotton/tobacco. Kept slaves for labor
on plantations (large farms) (MD, VA, NC, SC, GA)
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French and Indian War (1754-1763)• Conflict b/w the British and French w/ rival Native
American tribes over control of the Ohio River Valley.
• French/Huron vs. English/Iroquois Nation
• Albany Plan of Union- proposed by Ben Franklin to create “one general gov’t to defend against the French. “Join or Die”
• Britain Won (Sign Treaty of
Paris)
• Proclamation Line of 1763- kept
Colonists out of Ohio Valley.
Angered colonist because it was the
best land.
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Proclamation Line
of 1763- kept
Colonists out of
Ohio Valley.
Angered colonist
because it was the
best land.
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Causes of the American Revolution• Proclamation line of 1763
• Had to pay for cost of French and Indian War through high taxes (Stamp Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act, etc) “No taxation w/out representation”
• Boston Massacre- Shooting of 5 colonists by British soldiers during a protest. Angered colonists very much.
• Boston Tea Party- Protesting colonists dressed up like Indians and threw large amounts of Tea into Boston Harbor.
• Intolerable Acts- Harsh actions taken by the British to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party.
• First Continental Congress (1775)– held to continue protest of British Taxes.
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Summary of Revolutionary War• Second Continental Congress- meeting were
delegates from all 13 colonies decided to declare independence.
• Declaration of Independence (1776)- Declared independence from Britain on July 4th, 1776.
• Loyalist/Tory- Colonists loyal to Britain
• Patriot- Colonists who supported independence
• First Battles were Lexington and Concord fought by Minute Men.
• Sons and Daughters of Liberty- Group of men and women patriots who fought against British policy.
• Battle of Saratoga- Turning point in the war in favor of the Americans
• Battle of Yorktown, VA ends the war and the Treaty of Paris is signed.
• Americans win the American Revolution.
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United States Constitution• Government- a groups of people or a person
who make political decisions for a country.
• Branches of the Gov’t:
- Executive- (president/cabinet) enforce laws
- Legislation- (Congress) make laws
- Judicial- (Supreme Court) decide if laws are
constitutional.
• Constitution- a document that sets out the laws
and principles of a gov’t.
• Democracy- gov’t elected by majority of people
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Early United States Gov’t• Articles of Confederation- First constitution of
the United States. Had no president, no judicial
branch, needed 9 out of 13 states to approve.
Not successful.
• Great Compromise- Decided on a two house
(bi-cameral) legislature:
- Senate- each state has two senators
- House of Representative-Elected based on
state population
• 3/5 Compromise- 3/5 of slaves would count
toward taxation and representation.
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United States Gov’t• Federalism (Division of Powers)-- Delegated (Enumerated) Powers-
Federal/National Gov’t. (Ex. Declare War,
create military, post office, federal courts)
- Reserved (Residual) Powers- State Powers
(Ex. schools, marriage laws, drivers licenses)
- Concurrent (Shared) Powers- Shared by both
the Federal & State Gov’t. (Ex. Raise taxes,
Build Roads)
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Checks and Balances• Measures taken to prevent one branch of gov’t
from becoming more powerful than the others.
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Gov’t Vocabulary• Veto- presidents right to reject proposed bill
• Impeach- remove from office
• Unconstitutional- not legal under the
constitution
• Amendment- formal written change to the
constitution
• Bill of Rights- first ten amendments of the U.S.
Constitution.
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Bill of Rights1st Amendment- freedom of speech, press, religion,
petition, assembly
2nd Amendment- right to bare arms
3rd Amendment- Quartering Act-don’t have to house soldiers
4th Amendment- Search and Seizure
5th Amendment- self-incrimination
6th Amendment- speedy trial by jury and a lawyer
7th Amendment- jury trial in civil cases
8th Amendment- excessive bail or punishment
9th Amendment- rights not in constitution given to the people.
10th Amendment- Rights not given to Federal gov’t are left to the states.
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Washington Administration
• First President (1789-1797)
• First Cabinet- 5 advisors to the president
• Farewell Address (1796)-Washington wanted
America to isolate America from Europe so
that they would not get involved in European
wars.
• Whiskey Rebellion- taxes on whiskey led to a
rebellion testing the strength of the new gov’t.
• Alexander Hamilton (First Treasurer)- created
the First National Bank in order to help repay
all Revolutionary War debts and loans.
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Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase
(1803)• France wanted to sell
their territory in the
west
• Jefferson bought the
land for $15 Million.
• Lewis and Clark were
sent to explore and
map the region.
• Doubled the size of
the United States
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War of 1812 (1812-1815)• Three causes:
- Impressments (taking) of sailors
- Neutrality of the seas
- Security of Ships
• Francis Scott Key- wrote the National Anthem at the Battle of Baltimore at Ft. McHenry.
• Much of Washington D.C. and the White House are burned down.
• Treaty of Ghent- war ends with nothing solved.
• Battle of New Orleans- Fought after war before news of peace arrived. Huge victory for U.S. and Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero.
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Industrial Revolution (Early 1800’s)• Samuel Slater- stole factory plans and brought them to
the United States creating the first spinning mills
• First factories are built in New England because of the fast moving rivers.
• Spinning Jenny- spun multiple threads at the same time.
• Cotton Gin- created by Eli Whitney to deseed cotton.
• Led to a rise in industry and product output, expansion of transportation, and growth of cities.
• Erie Canal- connected the Mid-West and New York City via rivers and Lake Erie instead of using the Mississippi River and traveling around Florida.
• Turnpikes and National Road are created connecting the east and Mid-West
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Age of Jackson (1829-1836)• Created the spoils
system- gave supporters jobs in the gov’t.
• Got rid of voting requirements
• Changed the way presidents campaigned and were elected.
• Trail of Tears- Wanted to remove Native Americans out of Florida. Thousands of Cherokees died along a forced march to Oklahoma.
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Suffragist and Abolition Movement
Early-Mid 1800’s• Women wanted more rights and opportunity in society.
• Women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia
Motts, and Susan B. Anthony fought for suffrage.
• Seneca Falls Convention- conference in Seneca Falls,
NY to discuss women’s role in society.
• Dorothea Dix helped reform prisons and mental
hospitals.
• Abolitionism- movement to end slavery
• Activists such as Harriet Tubman (Underground
Railroad) and Sojourner Truth were abolitionist.
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United States Expansion
(Manifest Destiny)• Manifest Destiny: belief that America should own all of the land
between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
• Cession of Florida (1821)- paid $5 million dollars to Spain and signed the Adam-Onis Treaty.
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)- Stated that European countries were not welcomed or allowed to colonize in the Western Hemisphere and that the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies.
• Annexation of Texas (1845)- Texas declared independence from Mexico and in 1845 it was annexed (added onto) the United States.
• Oregon Territory (1846)- negotiated and signed a treaty with Britain for the territory.
• American Southwest and California- Won during the Mexican-American War (1846-48). Gained California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, & New Mexico.
• Alaska (1867)- bought from Russia for $7 Million
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Nationalism vs. Sectionalism• Nationalism- pride in ones nation
• Sectionalism- pride in the section or region that one
lives.
-North: center of manufacturing, shipping, fishing and
little to no slavery
-South: economy based on slave labor and large
plantations that grew cotton & tobacco. Most
southerners did not have slaves.
-West: became nations wheat growers and was
divided between the slave issue.
• Major Tensions of Sectionalism were on the issues of
slavery, states rights, and western expansion.
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Major Tensions between
North and the South• North and South had to make compromises on the
issues of slavery, states rights, and western expansion in order to keep the peace.
• Missouri Compromise of 1820- kept the number of slave and free states equal.
• Compromise of 1850:
-California becomes free state
-Divided Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah.
-Popular Sovereignty would decided the slavery question.
-Ended slavery in Washington D.C. and created Fugitive Slave Law
-Settled dispute b/w Texas and New Mexico.
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Compromise of 1850
Settles Texas/New
Mexico border
dispute
Bans slave trade in
Washington, D.C.
Admits California as a free
state
Upholds popular
sovereignty in New Mexico
and Utah
Includes Fugitive Slave
Act
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Differences b/w North and SouthNorth
• Population- 22,340,000
• Farmland- 105,835
acres
• Factories- 119,500
• Workers in Industry-
1,198,000
• Railroads- 21,847
South
• 9,103,000(4 Million Slave)
• 8,947 acres
• 20,600
• 111,000
• 8,947
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Separate Leadership and the Beginning
of the Civil War• Abraham Lincoln wins the election of 1860.
• 1860- South secedes (separates) from the U.S.
and becomes the Confederate States of
America.
• Jefferson Davis becomes the President of the
Confederacy.
• April 1861, the Confederate Army attacks Union
base at Ft. Sumter, SC and took Charleston
Harbor.
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Key Events, Concepts & People of the
Civil War• Military Leaders:
North- General Ulysses S. Grant
South- General Robert E. Lee
• Battle of Bull Run (1861)-First victory for South
• Battle of Antietam (Sept 1862)-23,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded.
• Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec 1862)- Huge Union Defeat
• Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1863)-freed all slaves in the Confederate States
• Battle of Chancellorville (May 1863)- Confederate victory and death of Union general.
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Key Events, Concepts & People of the
Civil War Continued.• Draft was created 1863 that sparked major riots in
New York
• Seizing of Vicksburg (1863)- cut off western
Confederate States.
• Gettysburg (July 1863)- 40,000 wounded or dead and
were buried there. Location of Lincoln’s Gettysburg
Address on the future of American democracy.
• Sherman’s March to the Sea (Sept 1864)- Destroyed
everything in the south as they marched through
Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean.
• Appomattox Courthouse (April 1865)-General Lee
(South) surrenders to the General Grant (North).
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Reconstruction (1867-1877)• South was completely destroyed during the Civil War
• Southerners had to swear loyalty to the Union.
• Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South.
• Freedmen’s Bureau- Helped newly freed slaves get food, clothes, shelter, and work.
• Lincoln is assassinated in April, 1865.
• 13th Amendment is passed banning the institution of slavery.
• South passes Black Codes to oppress freed slaves. KKK is created for same reason
• 14th Amendment is passed granting citizenship to all persons born in the United States.
• Reconstruction Act separates south into militarized states to maintain control.
• 15th Amendment is passed giving African Americans the right to vote.
• Carpetbaggers and Scalawags try to make profit off of war torn south.
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