8 2 bio265 microbiology and immunology_2 instructor dr di bonaventura
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Overview of Adaptive Immunity
Microbiology and immunology_2
The third line of defense
Overview of Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive immunity is the body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens and their products
Adaptive immunity
Specificity (acts against specific pathogens)
Induced (activated in response to specific pathogens)
Clonality (induced cells proliferate to form clones)
Self-tolerant (it does not act against self antigens)
Memory (faster and more effective response to a subsequent infection caused by the same pathogen)
Adaptive immunity involves the activity of lymphocytes
Two main types of lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
Adaptive Immunity
A resting lymphocyte
B cells form and mature in the red bone marrow
T cells form in the red
bone marrow and mature in the thymus
Both B and T cells are found in the blood and lymphoid organs
Adaptive immunity involves two types of responses
Humoral immune responses (humoral immunity)
Activated B cells produce antibodies that function against extracellular pathogens in the blood
Cell-mediated immune responses (cellular immunity)
Activated T cells function against infected host cells (intracellular pathogens)
Regulate adaptive immune responses
Adaptive Immunity
Components of adaptive immunity Lymphatic system
Allows for immune system surveillance
Lymphatic vessels conduct lymph from tissues and return it to the circulatory system Lymph: fluid leaked from blood vessels into surrounding
tissues
The lymphatic system includes lymphoid tissues and organs Red bone marrow and thymus Lymph nodes Tonsils, spleen Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue-MALT
Lymphatic system
Lymph nodes are the site of activation of B cells and T cells Contain phagocytic cells (macrophages and dendritic cells)
Epitopes or antigenic determinants
Antigens are molecules the body recognizes as foreign
Their binding to defensive
cells can trigger adaptive immune responses
Antigens are recognized by
the shape of regions called epitopes
Microbial antigens include: Components of the cell walls, capsule, flagella or toxins, proteins and glycoproteins of viruses, fungi, or protozoa
Exogenous and endogenous antigens
Clonal deletion
The body eliminates lymphocytes that react against self-antigens
Lymphocytes that react to self-antigens undergo apoptosis
Leading to the development of self-tolerance
It is vital that immune responses are not directed against self-antigens
Humoral response involves activation of B cells
The precise binding of the receptor on the B cell to the epitope
Determines the specificity of a humoral immune response
All the BCRs on a single B cell are the same
The binding of the epitope to the BCRs stimulates the B cells to undergo cell division
Cell division gives rise to activated B cells called plasma cells
Humoral response involves activation of B cells
Plasma cells secrete antibodies or immunoglobulin (Ig) in the blood and lymph
Immunoglobulins have identical antigen-binding sites as the BCRs of the activated B cells
Y-shaped molecules with two antigen-binding sites
Five classes of immunoglobulins IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD
Immunoglobulins
T cells Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
Kill viral (or other pathogens) infected host cells
Helper T (Th) cells
Help regulate the activities of B cells and cytotoxic T cells
Regulatory (suppressor) T cells Help prevent autoimmune disease
Cell-mediated immune responses involve T cells
Immunosystem cytokines act as intercellular signals among all cell types of the immune system
Viruses and other intracellular pathogens
Receptors of T cells are called TCRs
TCRs do not recognize epitopes directly
TCRs bind epitopes associated with proteins called MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
T cells allow the body to fight against intracellular pathogens
MHC - Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC proteins hold and position antigenic determinants for presentation to the T cells
First identified in graft patients - determine compatibility of tissues for tissue grafting
Found in the membrane of most cells of vertebrate animals
APCs B cells Macrophages Dendritic cells
APCs (Antigen presenting cells) and MHC
Dendritic cells typically found in skin and mucous membranes
APCs migrate to lymph nodes where they present the antigen to the T cells
Antigen is bound to MHC on the surface of the APCs
Initiate adaptive immune responses in lymphoid organs – lymph nodes - where the APCs interact with lymphocytes The initial event is the activation of cytotoxic T cells
Effector cytotoxic T cells will leave the lymph node ready
to attack virally infected cells
The body does not initiate adaptive immune responses at the site of an infection
Cell-mediated immune responses
Cell-mediated immune responses
Interaction between APC cells, T helper cells, inactive cytotoxic T cells, cytokines Leads to activation of cytotoxic T cells Formation of Memory T cells
Details of the figure will not be part of your next exam!!!
Cell-mediated immune responses
Effector cytotoxic T cells will attack virally infected cells
Recognize viral epitope on MHC I
of infected cells and
Induce apoptosis of infected cells
Memory T cells persist in lymphoid tissues Exposure to the same antigen
will trigger an effective response called a memory response
Humoral Immune Responses
Humoral antibodies are effective against pathogens that are circulating freely so that the antibody can contact them
Two types of humoral response
T-independent humoral immunity
T-dependent humoral immunity
Humoral immune responses are mounted against exogenous pathogens
T-independent humoral immune responses
Occurs without involvement of helper T cells
T-independent responses are reduced in children
Pathogens with T-
independent antigens can cause disease in children that are rare in adults
Haemophilus influenzae type b (capsule) causes meningitis in unvaccinated children
Most humoral responses are of the T-dependent type
Interaction between APC cells, helper T cells, B cells
Leads to activation of B
cells plasma cells will produce antibodies
Formation of Memory B cells
Lymph nodes/cytokines
mediate interactions Details of the figure will not be part of your next exam!!!
Functions of immunoglobulins
The binding of antibodies to antigens to form antibody-antigen complex tags the pathogen/toxins for destruction
Several mechanisms are involved
Agglutination by IgG and IgM
Opsonization
Neutralization
Functions of immunoglobulins
Activation of complement system (classical pathway)
Functions of immunoglobulins
Produced by B cell proliferation
BCRs complementary to antigenic determinant that triggered their production
Long-lived cells that persist in the lymphoid tissue
Initiate antibody secretion if antigen is encountered again
Memory B cells and the establishment of immunological memory
Immunological Memory
Primary response occurs after initial contact with an antigen Secondary (memory) response occurs after second exposure
Antibody titer is the relative amount of antibodies in serum
Administration of a tetanus toxoid in immunization
Subsequent exposure to active tetanus toxin
Immunological Memory
Colostrum IgG/IgA