Changing Patterns Changing Patterns and Models of and Models of

MissionsMissionsSession 8 Session 8

Joshva RajaJoshva Raja

InitiativesInitiatives►Mission as DevelopmentMission as Development►Mission with HIV PatientsMission with HIV Patients►Mission with prisonersMission with prisoners►Medical MissionMedical Mission►Media and MissionMedia and Mission►Charity as MissionCharity as Mission►Conflict Resolution as MissionConflict Resolution as Mission►Ecological concerns as MissionEcological concerns as Mission

Paradigm shifts?!Paradigm shifts?!►No history of other missions?No history of other missions?►History of Other missionsHistory of Other missions

Medical MissionMedical Mission► Wilkinson, John (1989 Maxwell Memorial Lecture) Making Men Wilkinson, John (1989 Maxwell Memorial Lecture) Making Men

Whole - The Theology of Medical Missions, CMF and the book by Whole - The Theology of Medical Missions, CMF and the book by Christopher H Grundmann - University Press of America 2005Christopher H Grundmann - University Press of America 2005 Sent to Heal! - Emergence and Development of Medical Sent to Heal! - Emergence and Development of Medical MissionsMissions

► Holistic approach of mission – Physical healing Holistic approach of mission – Physical healing through medical treatment?through medical treatment?

► God’s concern for the sick and weakGod’s concern for the sick and weak► Jesus’ healing and caring for the sickJesus’ healing and caring for the sick► Mission purely spiritual? Caring for physical Mission purely spiritual? Caring for physical

wellbeing as well! – James 5wellbeing as well! – James 5

Paradigm shifts in Medical Paradigm shifts in Medical MissionMission

► Nestorian Christianity - 'the knowledge and Nestorian Christianity - 'the knowledge and practice of medicine and healing was a practice of medicine and healing was a notable feature’notable feature’

► Constantine’s conversion – 4Constantine’s conversion – 4thth Century – Century – hospitals, orphanages and other missions hospitals, orphanages and other missions beganbegan

► Until enlightenment the medical practice was Until enlightenment the medical practice was traditional, religious, and superstitioustraditional, religious, and superstitious

► Medical missionaries were sent out in 18Medical missionaries were sent out in 18thth Centuries – from Hospitals to Community Centuries – from Hospitals to Community health care systemshealth care systems

Development as MissionDevelopment as Mission►Progress Progress ►Traditional societiesTraditional societies►Linear modelsLinear models►Modernization – diffusionModernization – diffusion►DependencyDependency►ParticipationParticipation►Community based developmentCommunity based development

DevelopmentDevelopment► Ecological economicsEcological economics► Sustainable developmentSustainable development► Welfare economicsWelfare economics► Feminist economicsFeminist economics

► http://etd.rau.ac.za/theses/available/etd-http://etd.rau.ac.za/theses/available/etd-10062004-104219/restricted/Chapter6.pdf10062004-104219/restricted/Chapter6.pdf

► http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1998/sen-lecture.pdfeconomics/laureates/1998/sen-lecture.pdf

Mission among HIV/AIDSMission among HIV/AIDS►http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-

pub06/JC1119-Theological_en.pdfpub06/JC1119-Theological_en.pdf►http://www.unaids.org/DocOrder/http://www.unaids.org/DocOrder/

OrderForm.aspxOrderForm.aspx►AwarenessAwareness►PreventionPrevention►TreatmentTreatment►CaringCaring►AdvocacyAdvocacy

Mission among the virtual Mission among the virtual communitiescommunities

►(1) a virtual common-public-space where a significant portion of interactive group-CMCs

►occur;►(2) a variety of communicators;►(3) a minimum level of sustained

stable membership; and►(4) a minimum level of interactivity.

New Mission Initiatives and New Mission Initiatives and modelsmodels

►Postmodern MissionPostmodern Mission►Globalization and MissionGlobalization and Mission►Popular culture and MissionPopular culture and Mission►Media and MissionMedia and Mission►War and MissionWar and Mission►Eco-concerns and missionEco-concerns and mission►Collaborative missionCollaborative mission

SOME POINEER WOMEN MEDICAL MISSIONARIES IN INDIADuring the late 19th Century and early part of 20th Century

Name of Women Year of Affiliation to Mission Place of work Arrival1. Clara Swain 1870 American Methodist Mission Bareilly, UP.2. Sara Seward 1871 American Presbyterian

Allahabad, UP Mission3. Seeyle 1871 Women’s Missionary Calcutta, WB

Society of America

4. Sarah Norriss 1873 American Board of Medical Women ---

5. Rose Greenfield 1875 Society for female Education in the east, UK Ludhiana, Punjab

6. Elizebeth Bielby 1876 Zenana Bible and Medical Mission UK. Lucknow, UP

7. Ms Hewlett 1877 England Zenana Mission Punjab

8. Ellen Mitchell 1878 American Baptist Board Burma

9. Fanny Butler 1880 Church of England Jabalpur, Mp.

10. Ida Faye 1881 American Baptist Mission Nellore, AP.

11. Anna Kugler 1883 Lutheran Mission, US Guntur, AP.

12. Elizabeth Beatty 1884 United Church of Canadian Mission Indore, MP.

13. Mana White 1886 United Presbyterian Church of America Siakot, (Jammu Border)14. Jessie Carelton 1887 American Presbyterian Board Ambala, Punjab.

15. Matilda Machphail 1887 Free Church of Scotland Madras, TN

16. Ottoman 1890 Baptist Missionary Society Ganjam, Orissa

Name of Women Year of Affiliation to Mission Place of work Arrival

Name of Women Year of Affiliation to Mission Place of work Arrival17. Edith Brown 1893 Society for Female Education in the East, UK Ludhiana, Punjab

18. Alene Calkins 1895 American Friends Mission Chhatrapur, UP.

19. Pearl Chute 1896 Canadian Baptist Mission Akkividu, AP.

20. Ida S Scudder 1900 Arcot American Mission Vellore, TN.

21. Gertude Hulet 1904 Canadian Baptist Mission Vuyyuru, AP.

22. Charlotte Pring 1915 Godavari Delta Mission Narsapur, AP.

23. Catherine ? American Methodist Episc. Board Jagadalpur, MP.

24. Annie Mackay 1926 Free Church of Scotland Lakhnadon, MP.

25. Katherine Lehmann 1928 ? Renigunta, AP.

Ida ScudderIda Scudder►Not a medical college but the kingdom Not a medical college but the kingdom

of Godof God (1918)(1918)

Catherine-Methodist church-Catherine-Methodist church-redefined accessredefined access

►One Dr Catherine from the Methodist One Dr Catherine from the Methodist church in the US travelled bychurch in the US travelled by

• Ship for 6 months to BombayShip for 6 months to Bombay• To Raipur by train for a weekTo Raipur by train for a week• Horse by several days to access the mission Horse by several days to access the mission

station called Bastarstation called Bastar• Methodist hospital built in 1892.Methodist hospital built in 1892.• Largest Methodist congregation in IndiaLargest Methodist congregation in India

Transformation of womenTransformation of women► The highest number of women doctors in The highest number of women doctors in

the worldthe world

► India is a huge “nurse factory”India is a huge “nurse factory”► 1947-95% of all nurses were Christian!1947-95% of all nurses were Christian!

► All traceable to the women’s medical All traceable to the women’s medical colleges and nursing schools established by colleges and nursing schools established by the missionariesthe missionaries

Ancient India did not have a Ancient India did not have a culture of “care”culture of “care”

► By a “caring culture” I mean formalized By a “caring culture” I mean formalized caring eg. Orphanages/hospitalscaring eg. Orphanages/hospitals

► Religion was divorced from “loving your Religion was divorced from “loving your neighbor”neighbor”

► No hospitals existed except during the time No hospitals existed except during the time of King Asoka in 2of King Asoka in 2ndnd century BC century BC

► Arya Vaidya Shalas existed for outpatient Arya Vaidya Shalas existed for outpatient care for the privilegedcare for the privileged

In what was a caring “void”In what was a caring “void”►Christian Medical missionaries Christian Medical missionaries

ushered in a culture of careushered in a culture of care• The first hospital (Royal The first hospital (Royal

hospital,Goa)in 1514 AD and then hospital,Goa)in 1514 AD and then thousands afterwards..thousands afterwards..

• Orphanages…home for widows…Orphanages…home for widows…• Sanatoria for TB, leprosy homes and Sanatoria for TB, leprosy homes and

hospitalshospitals• Programs for epidemic carePrograms for epidemic care

Social work in India…Social work in India…

► The kind of missionary work which we see in Christianity …that kind of this did not exist in India for a very long time.

► Now the social work being done in India…those going out to help and serve others is all because of missionary & global influences.

By 1940 AD….By 1940 AD….►There were 2000 Christian hospitals in There were 2000 Christian hospitals in

IndiaIndia

►Close to 40% of all beds were made up Close to 40% of all beds were made up of Christian hospitalsof Christian hospitals

►TB sanatoria and leprosy institutions TB sanatoria and leprosy institutions were predominantly Christian were predominantly Christian

Dr. Alexander Duff 1806-78Dr. Alexander Duff 1806-78► Pioneer missionary educationist Pioneer missionary educationist ► English education can have a transformative English education can have a transformative

effect on the Indian societyeffect on the Indian society► Scripture education introduced but made Scripture education introduced but made

optionaloptional► ““Downward filter theory”-working with High Downward filter theory”-working with High

castescastes► Schools and colleges -Calcutta, Madras and Schools and colleges -Calcutta, Madras and

BombayBombay

Christians ushered in a culture Christians ushered in a culture of “care”of “care”

►Started many NGO’s that looked at Started many NGO’s that looked at specific needs of the poor and specific needs of the poor and provided succorprovided succor

►Role modeled caringRole modeled caring

►Taught “caring”Taught “caring”

Welfare-Social capital did not Welfare-Social capital did not existexist

►The only safety net for the poor wasThe only safety net for the poor was

o The joint familyThe joint family

o Individual philanthropy andIndividual philanthropy and

o The caste systemThe caste system

The concept of the voluntary The concept of the voluntary sector….sector….

► Indian culture did not have this Indian culture did not have this concept of “volunteerism”concept of “volunteerism”

►““Activism” for change was also not a Activism” for change was also not a part of Indian culture. (Barring a few part of Indian culture. (Barring a few exceptions no activists for social exceptions no activists for social change) change)

The concept of the ”voluntary” The concept of the ”voluntary” sector…..sector…..

► Christian missionaries pioneered the NPO Christian missionaries pioneered the NPO and NGO sector (Pande 1967,Terry 1983)and NGO sector (Pande 1967,Terry 1983)

► 1810-1947 This time saw the emergence of 1810-1947 This time saw the emergence of major Christian voluntary sector church major Christian voluntary sector church based and non-church based. (NGO’s)based and non-church based. (NGO’s)

► Hospitals, Schools, Orphanages and other Hospitals, Schools, Orphanages and other welfare institutions flourished.welfare institutions flourished.

As a result …1825 onwardsAs a result …1825 onwards► Many Hindu bourgeoisie who studied in Many Hindu bourgeoisie who studied in

English medium schoolsEnglish medium schools

► Started social reform organizations for the Started social reform organizations for the purpose of “caring”purpose of “caring”

• Care of widows & remarriageCare of widows & remarriage

• Care of orphans & preventing child Care of orphans & preventing child marriage marriage

The many champions of The many champions of “caring”“caring”

►Some were ChristiansSome were Christians

►Some liked “Christian” values but were Some liked “Christian” values but were not Christiansnot Christians

►Most were provoked by the Christian Most were provoked by the Christian gospel to “care” but remained Hindus gospel to “care” but remained Hindus

Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1774-Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1774-1833)1833)

founder of “Brahmo Samaj”founder of “Brahmo Samaj”A Hindu reformer and visionary,A Hindu reformer and visionary, Roy is considered by manyRoy is considered by many as the father of modern India.as the father of modern India. Oil Painting by Atul BoseOil Painting by Atul Bose

Raja Ram drew inspiration from Raja Ram drew inspiration from William CareyWilliam Carey

“The first feminist”

The prime object of the arya samaj is to do good; that is to promote physical, social &spiritual goodfor everyone

Satyasodhak Samaj- Jyotirao Satyasodhak Samaj- Jyotirao Phule-1875Phule-1875

Educated in “The Scottish mission Educated in “The Scottish mission school”school”

Became a great educationistBecame a great educationist

Started “caring”institutionsStarted “caring”institutions

Ishwarchandra VidyasagarIshwarchandra Vidyasagar►From 1854-55 he single-handedly From 1854-55 he single-handedly

wedged a battle against the extremist wedged a battle against the extremist of the Hindu society and insisted in the of the Hindu society and insisted in the implementation of the implementation of the Widow-Widow-Remarriage ActRemarriage Act in 1856. in 1856.

As a result Indian religions wereAs a result Indian religions werechallenged to reformchallenged to reform

Vivekananda brought in a new Vivekananda brought in a new understanding of Hinduismunderstanding of Hinduism

Indian reformerIndian reformer► Vivekananda 1863-1902Vivekananda 1863-1902

► Father was given to reciting from the Bible-for Father was given to reciting from the Bible-for amusement!amusement!

► Studied in Presidency college-CalcuttaStudied in Presidency college-Calcutta► Later in Scottish church college studied English Later in Scottish church college studied English

literature and western logic which brought into literature and western logic which brought into sharp focus the short comings of Indian societysharp focus the short comings of Indian society

► Was influenced by Raja Ram Mohan Roy also.Was influenced by Raja Ram Mohan Roy also.

VivekanandaVivekananda►He elevated the status of the service He elevated the status of the service

of fellow beings to the level of real of fellow beings to the level of real worship of God. (PS Kamanant) worship of God. (PS Kamanant)

►Established Ramakrishna mission Established Ramakrishna mission which began caringwhich began caring

Ramakrishna mission was a Ramakrishna mission was a reformist reaction to the reformist reaction to the

Christian “caring”Christian “caring”► CalcuttaCalcuttaRamakrishna M. Institute of CultureRamakrishna M. Institute of Culture

AdvaitaAdvaitaAdvaita Ashram CalcuttaAdvaita Ashram CalcuttaSRMSRMSri Sri Ramakrishna Math CalcuttaRamakrishna Math CalcuttaNarendrapurNarendrapurRamakrishna Mission College Ramakrishna Mission College UdbodhanUdbodhanMother's Mother's HouseHouseVidyapithVidyapithRamakrishna VidyapithRamakrishna VidyapithNewNew DelhiDelhiRamakrishna MissionRamakrishna MissionRajkot/GujaratRajkot/GujaratRamakrishna Ramakrishna Mission AshramMission AshramChennaiChennaiRamakrishna Math Ramakrishna Math Mylapore Mylapore ChennaiChennaiRamakrishna Mission AshramRamakrishna Mission AshramItanagarItanagarRamakrishna Mission Hospital APRamakrishna Mission Hospital APVidyapithVidyapithRamakrishna Vidyapith Ramakrishna Vidyapith ChennaiChengalpattuRamakrishna Mission Tamil ChennaiChengalpattuRamakrishna Mission Tamil NaduMaduraiRamakrishna Math NaduMaduraiRamakrishna Math CoimbatoreRamakrishna Mission Vidyalaya CoimbatoreRamakrishna Mission Vidyalaya

Ramakrishna mission localeRamakrishna mission locale► BangaloreVivekananda BangaloreVivekananda

AshramKochiRamakrishna Math, AshramKochiRamakrishna Math, KeralaRanchiRamakrishna KeralaRanchiRamakrishna MissionKaladiRamakrishna Advaita Ashram MissionKaladiRamakrishna Advaita Ashram KeralaPuneRamakrishna Math and KeralaPuneRamakrishna Math and MissionHydrabadRamakrishna MissionHydrabadRamakrishna MathVaranasiRamakrishna M.- Home of MathVaranasiRamakrishna M.- Home of Service RKMRamakrishna Service RKMRamakrishna VidyashalaKayamkulamSri Ramakrishna VidyashalaKayamkulamSri Ramakrishna Ashram, KeralaJharkhandTB Sanatorium - Ashram, KeralaJharkhandTB Sanatorium - RanchiMangaloreRamakrishna Mission RanchiMangaloreRamakrishna Mission AshramAshram

VivekanandaVivekananda►Swami Vivekananda wrote in one of Swami Vivekananda wrote in one of

his letters : his letters : ►A hundred thousand men and women, A hundred thousand men and women,

will go over the length and breadth of will go over the length and breadth of the land, preaching the the land, preaching the Gospel of Gospel of salvation, the Gospel of help, the salvation, the Gospel of help, the Gospel of social raising-up -- the Gospel of social raising-up -- the Gospel of equalityGospel of equality. .

Karsondas Mulji-1832-71Karsondas Mulji-1832-71► Social Reformer, Educationist, Writer, Social Reformer, Educationist, Writer,

PamphleteerPamphleteer► While in Elphinstone college…. While in Elphinstone college….

influenced by missionary John Wilsoninfluenced by missionary John Wilson

► The Primitive Religion of the Hindus The Primitive Religion of the Hindus and the Present Heterodox Opinions and the Present Heterodox Opinions in his journal led to the famous in his journal led to the famous Maharaja LibelMaharaja Libel

► Widow remarriage-helped manyWidow remarriage-helped many

Micheal MadusudandasMicheal MadusudandasEnglish and Bengali writerEnglish and Bengali writer

► 1824-1876 AD- became a Christian1824-1876 AD- became a Christian

► Both ‘The Captive Lady’ and ‘Visions of the Past’ Both ‘The Captive Lady’ and ‘Visions of the Past’ were written under the pen name Timothy.were written under the pen name Timothy.

► Editor of “The Hindu Patriot”. He composed Bengali Editor of “The Hindu Patriot”. He composed Bengali plays such as ‘Sharmistha’, ‘Ekey Bole Savyata’, plays such as ‘Sharmistha’, ‘Ekey Bole Savyata’, ‘Buro Shaliker Ghare Ro’, ‘Krishnakumari’ and ‘Buro Shaliker Ghare Ro’, ‘Krishnakumari’ and ‘Padmabati’.‘Padmabati’.

► In most of his plays, he criticized the lack of In most of his plays, he criticized the lack of “caring” present in the society. “caring” present in the society.

Dadabhai Naoroji 1824-1917Dadabhai Naoroji 1824-1917►Grand Old Man of IndiaGrand Old Man of India►Studied in Elphinstone college-Studied in Elphinstone college-

influenced by Dr Wilsoninfluenced by Dr Wilson►Went from door to door recruiting Went from door to door recruiting

girl studentsgirl students►Freedom fighter-concerned Freedom fighter-concerned for womenfor women►Member of the house of commonsMember of the house of commons

Initially Jains were into hospitals Initially Jains were into hospitals for birds and animals onlyfor birds and animals only

► Jain Bird hospital in Old DelhiJain Bird hospital in Old Delhi►Gaushalas are “old age homes” for Gaushalas are “old age homes” for

cowscows

Jains now have many Jains now have many hospitalshospitals

► Bombay- Nanavati hospital, Sarvoday Bombay- Nanavati hospital, Sarvoday hospital, Matunga hospital, Lilavati hospital, hospital, Matunga hospital, Lilavati hospital, Cardiac hospital in Matunga are all Jain. Cardiac hospital in Matunga are all Jain.

► Surat Mahavir hospital is JainSurat Mahavir hospital is Jain► Ahmedabad Vadilal Sarabhai hospital is Jain. Ahmedabad Vadilal Sarabhai hospital is Jain. ► Sri AmarJain hospital- JaipurSri AmarJain hospital- Jaipur► Bhagwan MahavirJain Hospital-BangaloreBhagwan MahavirJain Hospital-Bangalore

In personal conversation with In personal conversation with JainsJains

►We (Jains) will not survive as a religion We (Jains) will not survive as a religion unless we begin to care like the unless we begin to care like the missionaries..missionaries..

►Now Jains go abroad and raise money Now Jains go abroad and raise money from the US and the UK for their from the US and the UK for their hospitals and projectshospitals and projects

Emergence of Gandhian Emergence of Gandhian NGO’sNGO’s

►From 1947 to 1960 onwards many new From 1947 to 1960 onwards many new Gandhian NGO’s were started Hindu Gandhian NGO’s were started Hindu Kusht Nivaran Sangh was started at Kusht Nivaran Sangh was started at the behest of Gandhi.the behest of Gandhi.

►““Shame on us…why should Shame on us…why should missionaries… (Gandhi)missionaries… (Gandhi)

Mushrooming of NGO’s…Mushrooming of NGO’s…►Church related and Christian voluntary Church related and Christian voluntary

organizations led the way for the organizations led the way for the mushrooming of NGO’s mushrooming of NGO’s

►Though not all the NGO’s are into Though not all the NGO’s are into welfare more than 100,000 NGO’s are welfare more than 100,000 NGO’s are into some form of caring into some form of caring

Ripple effectRipple effect

Activists

Women’s status

Training

Christian Hospitals

Restructured Hinduism

Xian NGO’s

Transformation

Non-Xian hospitals

Other caring NGO’s

Advocacy

Doctors & Nurses

Man power for

mission

Disaster 1947 onwards..Disaster 1947 onwards..►700 Protestant hospitals in India700 Protestant hospitals in India

►Many Indian trained D & NMany Indian trained D & N

►No visionary leaders!!No visionary leaders!!

►400 Xian hospitals closed in 40 years400 Xian hospitals closed in 40 years

Missionary failure- Developed Missionary failure- Developed programsprograms

but not peoplebut not people11 RUNNING RUNNING

PROGRAMSPROGRAMS PEOPLE BUILDINGPEOPLE BUILDING

22 Programs produces Programs produces visible quick impactvisible quick impact

Harder and longer Harder and longer process involving process involving several yearsseveral years

33 Anyone with skill can Anyone with skill can run programsrun programs

Requires rapport with Requires rapport with people and will not people and will not happen unless you are happen unless you are a authentic human a authentic human beingbeing

44 Requires lot of capital Requires lot of capital for infrastructure for infrastructure specially in the healing specially in the healing ministry ministry

Does not require large Does not require large capital for capital for infrastructureinfrastructure

55 Not sustainable after Not sustainable after the pioneer has retiredthe pioneer has retired

Long term – very Long term – very sustainable & greater sustainable & greater impactimpact

66 All about performing All about performing tasks or a tasktasks or a task

All about creating a All about creating a visionaryvisionary

Paradigm shift

Programme Development to Programme Development to People Development - 2People Development - 2

► Jesus – “Jesus – “Follow me and I will make you Follow me and I will make you fishers of men”.fishers of men”.

►Development of people more strategic Development of people more strategic than programs.than programs.

►Budgets do not reflect this – more Budgets do not reflect this – more used for programs.used for programs.

►Learning from history – Disaster in Learning from history – Disaster in IndiaIndia

Paradigm shift

Medical Missions - Medical Missions - Custodians of the Culture Custodians of the Culture

of Careof Care3 Types of Caring3 Types of Caring

Commercial caringCommercial caring Professional caringProfessional caring Christian caringChristian caring

Christian Caring

Commercial

Professio

nal

Christian caring

Professional

Commercial

Either way Christian caring is an endangered phenomenon

India West