8 features of a civilization writing public works arts & architecture social classes job...
TRANSCRIPT
8 Features of a Civilization
Writing
Public Works
Arts & Architecture
Social Classes
Job Specialization
Complex Religions
Well organized central
governments
Cities
Chap. 3 Sec. 3
Chinese called their land _______ meaning _______________. It was
the most ______ of the early civilizations which led them to believe that
____ was the center of the _____ and the only source of civilization.
Geography set barriers which limited the movement of people. _______ , _______and ________ divided China from the rest of
the world. The contact they did have was some _____ and attacks by
nomadic______. These groups accepted the __________ of the Chinese
and were usually ________ into the advanced Chinese civilization.
Middle KingdomZhongguo
Isolated
China Earth
Jungles Deserts Oceans
Trade
Invaders Superiority
absorbed
Main regions of China:
_________: east coast; valley of the _________ and Yangzi
Rivers; excellent for_______.
_________; Xinjiang, _________ and Manchuria; rugged
and ____ climate; _____ live here.
Chinese history began in the ________ Valley. People teamed to
_____ and this led to the beginning of a strong ______ government. The
name of the river came from _____(fine yellow soil) that it carried. It got the
nickname "____________" because __________ caused destruction.
Control of China was by ruling families called ________. They
remained in power as long as they provided good ___________. If rulers
became weak or corrupt they believed ______ would withdraw its support.
Heartland Huang He
Farming
Outlying Mongolia
harsh nomads
Huang He
Farm central
Loess
River of Sorrows flooding
dynasties
government
heaven
Chinese Achievement
SHANG DYNASTY (1500 B.C.-1028 B.C.)
United more than ____ city-states in China.
Used war ______ and advanced _____ to protect their
kingdom. Captured new _______ and spread Chinese
civilization.
People began to keep ______ records for the first time. Over
____ characters made it hard to read and write.
A _____ was invented based on phases of the ____
and_____ days a year.
200
Chariots weapons
territories
written
10,000
calendar
365¼
moon
longest
ZHOU DYNASTY ( 1028 B.C.-256 B.C.)
Control by this dynasty was the ______ in Chinese history.
Copper and gold _____ used for the first time. Local _____
owned the land but owed _____ service and other support to
the _____. China became the world's most ______ country
during these years. Ruled by the “____________” the divine
right to rule through orders from the ______.
coins Princes
military
King populated
Mandate of Heaven
Gods
China
QIN DYNASTY (256 B.C.-206 B.C.)
Name _____ derived from the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty.
Shih Huang Ti-"__________" captured new territories and set
up the first Chinese ______.
Completed work on the ___________ which guarded against
invasion. System of _______ was simplified and a uniform set
of _____ adopted.
First Emperor
empire
Great Wall
writing
weights
Mongolia
HAN DYNASTY (206 B.C.- 220 A.D.)
Empire expanded into Manchuria, ______ and central Asia.
Invented______, sundials and water __________.
Doctors used a new method-__________ a piercing of the
skin with needles to relieve pain.
Wrote the world's first ________.
silk wheel & clock
acupuncture
dictionary
New Dynasty
• Brings peace
• Builds roads & canals
• Gives land to peasants
• Protects people
New dynasty claims Mandate of Heaven
Problems
• Floods, earthquakes
• Peasants revolt
• Invaders attack empire
• Bandits raid in provinces
Old dynasty loses Mandate of Heaven
Old Dynasty
• Taxes people too much
• Stops protecting people
• Lets road & wall fall apart
• Treats people unfairly
It is not a religion
Based on the teachings of China’s most influential philosopher
He was concerned with social order & good government
The best leader could rule by good moral example
He stressed the importance of duty, responsibility, & filial piety
The Analects
Harmony resulted from people accepting their place in society
5 Relationships – father to son, elder brother to younger, husband to wife, ruler to subject, friend to friend
Grew out of the teachings of Hanfeizi
Also concerned with social order
The only way to achieve this order was through strict laws & punishments
Strength not goodness is a ruler’s greatest virtue
So cruel that later generations despised it
Focus was on the Tao “The Way” (the universe as a whole)
Concerned with living in harmony with nature – Simple Life
The best type of government is one that governs the least
Emphasized the virtue of yielding – going with your natural course
Believers rejected the unnatural ways of society –
became hermits, mystics, artist, or poets
Evolved into a popular religion with gods, goddesses,
& magical practices (alchemy).Laozi
Became another popular school of thought
Was hard to accept at first. No family loyalty, but loyalty to monks and nuns that gave up family life
Introduced nirvana
Was appealing because of the promise of escape from suffering. No personal salvation in other schools of thinking
Buddhism absorbed Confucian & Taoist traditions in China
• The first dynasty that we know about
• According to legend, there was a Xia dynasty before them but archaeologists have not yet found any written records from this era.
• Writing on bronze vessels and oracle bones have survived from Shang times.
• States fought each other for land until the Shang kings gained control in northern China and set up large cities.
• Peasants grew food for everyone and craftspeople made tools, weapons, clothing, ornaments and household goods from bronze, silk, jade, clay and other materials.
• The royal family lived inside a walled palace with their advisers, and diviners who predicted the future.
• When a king died, servants and animals were sacrificed to go with him to Heaven.
• Warlike Zhou people from the Wei River Valley in the northwest conquered the Shang and began a dynasty that lasted for more than 800 years.
• Zhou rulers enlarged the Shang kingdom and gave land to their relatives and advisers. At first, these noblemen were loyal to the Zhou kings. But during the time of the Warring States, the local lords raised armies
• They forced many peasants to become foot soldiers, and competed with one another for power.
• The Zhou era brought important changes. Cities grew in size and number, and merchants began to carry trade goods between them. Metalworkers forged iron tools and weapons. The use of iron plows made farming easier and increased food production.
• Scholars reacted to the unsettled times by thinking of ways to make ancient China a more peaceful country.
• The powerful Qin conquered the six major kingdoms that remained at the end of the Warring States period.
• The king thanked his ancestors for his success and decided to drop the title wang, which meant "king."
• He renamed himself Shi (meaning "First“) Huangdi (meaning "emperor and divine ruler").
• The First Emperor was very important because he unified ancient China bymaking strict laws, taxing everyone in the country and introducing one script for writing.
• He commanded his subjects to build roads and canals, and to join existing walls into one long defensive wall.
• Qin Shi Huangdi did not agree with the teachings of Confucius andother scholars, and ordered their books to be burned.
• The First Emperor paid magicians, called alchemists, for potions to help him live forever.
• After his death, his dynasty soon collapsed.
• Liu Bang, a government official, gained power and founded this dynasty, which lasted for more than 400 years.
• Han emperors strengthened the Qin system of government and extended ancient China's boundaries.
• They developed a civil service, based on the teachings of Confucius, to run the empire and keep records in a central place.
• Scholars who wanted to become government officials had to study very hard.
• The government organized the salt and iron mines, and state factories began mass-producing objects-from iron and steel farming tools to silk cloth and paper.
• Han emperors began to control the eastern end of the Silk Road that linked Asia and Europe.
• Buddhism started to spread throughout ancient China.
• The Han dynasty finally collapsed after a succession of weak child emperors and droughts and floods.
scholars peasants artisans merchants
The country
depended on them to
produce food
Respected by everyone
because they could read &
write
Used their skills to make things that people needed (weapons, tools, & cooking utensils)
They made nothing, yet grew rich by trading goods.