Barcoding Marine Fishes: A Three-Ocean Perspective

Barcoding All Marine Fishes – 15 000 Species

Target = 15 000 species

Barcoding All Marine Fishes

Recovering Barcodes from Fishes

Taxonomic Coverage

530 Species (3.5%)

317 Genera (10.5%)

130 Families (32%)

28 Orders (55%)

5’ 3’

648-bp

Fish F1

Fish F2 Fish R2

Fish R1

Fish Forward Fish Reverse

Distribution Map

Canada Australia South Africa Portugal

Pacific Indian Atlantic

Collection Site

Within Region Analysis

Within Region: South Africa (254 species)

Conspecific

X = 0.61 ± 0.12 %

Congeneric

X = 13.86 ± 0.22 %

97%

96%

Within Region: Portugal (45 species)

Conspecific

X = 0.29 ± 0.04 %

Congeneric

X = 10.92 ± 0.51 %

100%

99%

Within Region: Canada (52 species)

Conspecific

X = 0.48 ± 0.08 %

Congeneric

X = 3.96 ± 0.05%

96%

90%

COI Divergences (%)

98% Species Possessed Unique Barcodes

Potentially Overlooked Diversity (Within Region)

Conspecific

97%

99%

96%

X = 5.64 ± 0.07%

Apparent Sequence Sharing

Region % Sequence Sharing

Canada 0.84%South Africa 1.08%Australia 0.14%Portugal -

Overall 0.40%

Explanations:

3) Problematic Taxonomy

4) Error● Laboratory● Misidentification

5) Identical Barcodes● Introgressive hybrization● Recently diverged taxa

E. rivulatus

E. tukula

Apparent Sequence Sharing

Congeneric

96%

100%

90%E. rivulatus

E. tukula

Single Aberrant Specimen

17%

A

B

A

B

Morphologically Problematic Taxa - Sebastes

Sebastes crameri

Sebastes reedi

Sebastes zacentrus

Sebastes wilsoni

B

Specimen Vouchering

Whole Specimen• South Africa• Portugal

Tissue and Image• Canada

Tissue Only• Australia

Between Region Analysis

Potentially Overlooked Diversity (Between Regions)

• 25 Species– 6 Pelagic– 19 Reef/Inshore

South Africa vs. Australia

2%

Offshore Pelagics

Reef Associated

Range = 0 – 0.62 %

Range = 1.95 – 16 %

16.00 ± 0.04Parupeneus heptacanthus

15.96 ± 0.09Otolithes ruber

15.71 ± 0.13Chelidonichthys kumu

14.19 ± 2.03Monodactylus argenteu

11.03 ± 0.07Platycephalus indicus

10.39 ± 0.17Parupeneus indicus

10.01 ± 0.03Rhabdosargus sarba

9.38 ± 0.05Acanthopagrus berda

9.29 ± 0.34Alopias vulpinus

5.30 ± 0.09Argyrops spinifer

5.17 ± 0Himantura gerrardi

3.55 ± 0.10Scomberomorus commerson

3.27 ± 0.12Ariomma indica

2.01 ± 0.18Cephalopholis sonnerati

1.95 ± 0.28Epinephelus rivulatus

0.62 ± 0Lampris guttatus

0.53 ± 0.04Carcharhinus tiltsoni

0.31 ± 0.05Xiphias gladius

0.09 ± 0.05Cephalopholis miniata

0.09 ± 0.03Euthynnus affinis

0.08 ± 0.02Thunnus albacares

0Carcharhinus obscurus

% Sequence Div (X ± S.E.)Species

Mean = 0.20 ± 0.03 %

Mean = 7.56 ± 0.43 %

Conclusions

• Highly conserved priming regions

• High species resolution within each region

• Species discovery through DNA barcodes

• Specimen vouchering

Collaborators

Paul Hebert Bob Ward

Allan Connell Jim Boutillier

Filipé Costa Bronwyn Innes

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgements

Laboratory Database

Collections

Funding & Support

Jeremy deWaard Sujeevan Ratnasingham

Jim Boutillier

Gordon and Betty MooreFoundation

NSERC CFI OIT

Canada Research ChairsProgram

Rob Dooh

Janet Topan

Nataly Ivanova

Angela Holliss

Allan Connell

Peter Last

Pia Marquardt