8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA KitItem No. 589320

3GENERAL INFORMATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION 3 Materials Supplied

4 Precautions4 If You Have Problems4 Storage and Stability4 Materials Needed but Not Supplied

INTRODUCTION 5 Background5 About This Assay7 Description of ACETM Competitive EIAs8 Biochemistry of Acetylcholinesterase10 Definition of Key Terms

PRE-ASSAY PREPARATION 11 Buffer Preparation12 Sample Preparation

ASSAY PROTOCOL 15 Preparation of Assay-Specific Reagents17 Plate Set Up18 Performing the Assay

ANALYSIS 21 Calculations23 Performance Characteristics

RESOURCES 27 Troubleshooting27 Additional Reading28 References29 Related Products30 Warranty and Limitation of Remedy31 Plate Template32 Notes

GENERAL INFORMATION

Materials Supplied

Item Number Item 96 wells Quantity/Size

480 wells Quantity/Size

10012602 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA Monoclonal Antibody

1 vial/100 dtn 1 vial/500 dtn

10012601 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine AChE Tracer 1 vial/100 dtn 1 vial/500 dtn

10012603 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA Standard 1 vial 1 vial

400060 EIA Buffer Concentrate (10X) 2 vials/10 ml 4 vials/10 ml

400062 Wash Buffer Concentrate (400X) 1 vial/5 ml 1 vial/12.5 ml

400035 Tween 20 1 vial/3 ml 1 vial/3 ml

400009 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Coated Plate 1 plate 5 plates

400012 96-Well Cover Sheet 1 cover 5 covers

400050 Ellman’s Reagent 3 vials/100 dtn 6 vials/250 dtn

400040 EIA Tracer Dye 1 vial 1 vial

400042 EIA Antiserum Dye 1 vial 1 vial

If any of the items listed above are damaged or missing, please contact our Customer Service department at (800) 364-9897 or (734) 975-3999. We cannot accept any returns without prior authorization.

! WARNING: This product is for laboratory research use only: not for administration to humans. Not for human or veterinary diagnostic or therapeutic use.

4 GENERAL INFORMATION 5INTRODUCTION

PrecautionsPlease read these instructions carefully before beginning this assay.The reagents in this kit have been tested and formulated to work exclusively with Cayman Chemical’s ACETM EIA Kits. This kit may not perform as described if any reagent or procedure is replaced or modified.For research use only. Not for human or diagnostic use.

If You Have ProblemsTechnical Service Contact Information

Phone: 888-526-5351 (USA and Canada only) or 734-975-3888Fax: 734-971-3641Email: techserv@caymanchem.comHours: M-F 8:00 AM to 5:30 PM EST

In order for our staff to assist you quickly and efficiently, please be ready to supply the lot number of the kit (found on the outside of the box).

Storage and StabilityThis kit will perform as specified if stored as directed at -20°C and used before the expiration date indicated on the outside of the box.

Materials Needed But Not Supplied1. A plate reader capable of measuring absorbance between 405-420 nm.2. Adjustable pipettes and a repeat pipettor.3. A source of ‘UltraPure’ water. Water used to prepare all EIA reagents and buffers

must be deionized and free of trace organic contaminants (‘UltraPure’). Use activated carbon filter cartridges or other organic scavengers. Glass distilled water (even if double distilled), HPLC-grade water, and sterile water (for injections) are not adequate for EIA. NOTE: UltraPure water is available for purchase from Cayman (Item No. 400000).

4. Materials used for Sample Preparation (see page 12).

INTRODUCTION

Background8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine (8-OH-dG) is produced by the oxidative damage of DNA (see Figure 1, on page 6) by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and serves as an established marker of oxidative stress.1-4 Hydroxylation of guanosine occurs in response to both normal metabolic processes and a variety of environmental factors. Increased levels of 8-OH-dG are associated with the aging process as well as with a number of pathological conditions including cancer, diabetes, and hypertension.5-9

In complex samples such as plasma, cell lysates, and tissues, 8-OH-dG can exist as either the free nucleoside or incorporated in DNA. Once the blood enters the kidney, free 8-OH-dG is readily filtered into the urine, while larger DNA fragments remain in the bloodstream. Because of the complexity of plasma samples, urine is a more suitable matrix for the measurement of free 8-OH-dG than plasma. Urinary levels of 8-OH-dG range between 2.7-13 ng/mg creatine, while plasma levels of free 8-OH-dG have been reported to be between 4-21 pg/ml as determined by LC-MS.10-11

About This AssayCayman’s 8-OH-dG EIA is a competitive assay that can be used for the quantification of 8-OH-dG in urine, cell culture, plasma, and other sample matrices. The EIA utilizes an anti-mouse IgG-coated plate and a tracer consisting of an 8-OH-dG-enzyme conjugate. This format has the advantage of providing low variability and increased sensitivity compared to assays that utilize an antigen-coated plate. Our EIA typically displays IC50 (50% B/B0) and IC80 (80% B/B0) values of approximately 100 and 30 pg/ml, respectively.It is important to note that the 8-OH-dG antibody used in this assay recognizes both free 8-OH-dG and DNA-incorporated 8-OH-dG. Since complex samples such as plasma, cell lysates, and tissues are comprised of mixtures of DNA fragments and free 8-OH-dG, concentrations of 8-OH-dG reported by EIA methodology will not coincide with those reported by LC-MS where the single nucleoside is typically measured. This should be kept in mind when analyzing and interpreting experimental results.

6 INTRODUCTION 7INTRODUCTION

2-deoxy Guanosine

8-oxo-2-deoxy Guanosine

8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine

O

HO

N

N NH2

H

N

N

N

O

H

N

O

N

N NH2

H

N

N

O

DNA-O

H

H H

H

DNA-O H

O

DNA-O

H

H H

H

H

O

DNA-O

H

H H

H

H

O

N NH2

HN

DNA-O

DNA-O

ROS,RNS

Figure 1. Oxidation of Guanosine

Description of ACETM Competitive EIAs12,13

This assay is based on the competition between 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy guanosine (8-OH-dG) and a 8-OH-dG-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) conjugate (8-OH-dG Tracer) for a limited amount of 8-OH-dG Monoclonal Antibody. Because the concentration of the 8-OH-dG Tracer is held constant while the concentration of 8-OH-dG varies, the amount of 8-OH-dG Tracer that is able to bind to the 8-OH-dG Monoclonal Antibody will be inversely proportional to the concentration of 8-OH-dG in the well. This antibody-8-OH-dG complex binds to goat polyclonal anti-mouse IgG that has been previously attached to the well. The plate is washed to remove any unbound reagents and then Ellman’s Reagent (which contains the substrate to AChE) is added to the well. The product of this enzymatic reaction has a distinct yellow color and absorbs strongly at 412 nm. The intensity of this color, determined spectrophotometrically, is proportional to the amount of 8-OH-dG Tracer bound to the well, which is inversely proportional to the amount of free 8-OH-dG present in the well during the incubation; or

Absorbance ∝ [Bound 8-OH-dG Tracer] ∝ 1/[8-OH-dG]

A schematic of this process is shown in Figure 2, below.

= Goat Anti-Mouse IgG

= Blocking proteins

= Acetylcholinesterase linked to 8-OH-dG (Tracer)

= Free 8-OH-dG

= Specific antibody to 8-OH-dG

Plates are pre-coated withgoat anti-mouse IgG and blocked with a proprietary formulation of proteins.

2. Wash to remove all unbound reagents.

3. Develop the well with Ellman's Reagent.

1. Incubate with tracer, antibody, and either

standard or sample.

Figure 2. Schematic of the ACETM EIA

8 INTRODUCTION 9INTRODUCTION

O

SN+ Acetylthiocholine

O

O- -SN+ �iocholine

S S NO2O2N

COO--OOC

5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-Nitrobenzoic Acid)

SS

O2N

-OOC

N+

NO2

COO-

-S

5-thio-2-Nitrobenzoic Acidλmax: 412 nmε: 13,600

Figure 3. Reaction catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase

Biochemistry of AcetylcholinesteraseThe electric organ of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus, contains an avid acetylcholinesterase (AChE) capable of massive catalytic turnover during the generation of its electrochemical discharges. The electric eel AChE has a clover leaf-shaped tertiary structure consisting of a triad of tetramers attached to a collagen-like structural fibril. This stable enzyme is capable of high turnover (64,000 s-1) for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine.A molecule of the analyte covalently attached to a molecule of AChE serves as the tracer in ACE™ enzyme immunoassays. Quantification of the tracer is achieved by measuring its AChE activity with Ellman’s Reagent. This reagent consists of acetylthiocholine and 5,5’-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine by AChE produces thiocholine (see Figure 3, on page 9). The non-enzymatic reaction of thiocholine with 5,5’-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) produces 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid, which has a strong absorbance at 412 nm (ε = 13,600).AChE has several advantages over other enzymes commonly used for enzyme immunoassays. Unlike horseradish peroxidase, AChE does not self-inactivate during turnover. This property of AChE also allows re-development of the assay if it is accidentally splashed or spilled. In addition, the enzyme is highly stable under the assay conditions, has a wide pH range (pH 5-10), and is not inhibited by common buffer salts or preservatives. Since AChE is stable during the development step, it is unnecessary to use a ‘stop’ reagent, and the plate may be read whenever it is convenient.

10 INTRODUCTION 11PRE-ASSAY PREPARATION

Definition of Key TermsBlank: background absorbance caused by Ellman’s Reagent. The blank absorbance should be subtracted from the absorbance readings of all the other wells.

Total Activity: total enzymatic activity of the AChE-linked tracer. This is analogous to the specific activity of a radioactive tracer.

NSB (Non-Specific Binding): non-immunological binding of the tracer to the well. Even in the absence of specific antibody a very small amount of tracer still binds to the well; the NSB is a measure of this low binding.

B0 (Maximum Binding): maximum amount of the tracer that the antibody can bind in the absence of free analyte.

%B/B0 (%Bound/Maximum Bound): ratio of the absorbance of a particular sample or standard well to that of the maximum binding (B0) well.

Standard Curve: a plot of the %B/B0 values versus concentration of a series of wells containing various known amounts of analyte.

Dtn: determination, where one dtn is the amount of reagent used per well.

PRE-ASSAY PREPARATIONNOTE: Water used to prepare all EIA reagents and buffers must be deionized and free of trace organic contaminants (‘UltraPure’). Use activated carbon filter cartridges or other organic scavengers. Glass distilled water (even if double distilled), HPLC-grade water, and sterile water (for injections) are not adequate for EIA. UltraPure water may be purchased from Cayman (Item No. 400000).

Buffer PreparationStore all diluted buffers at 4°C; they will be stable for about two months.1. EIA Buffer Preparation

Dilute the contents of one vial of EIA Buffer Concentrate (10X) (Item No. 400060) with 90 ml of UltraPure water. Be certain to rinse the vial to remove any salts that may have precipitated. NOTE: It is normal for the concentrated buffer to contain crystalline salts after thawing. These will completely dissolve upon dilution with water.

2. Wash Buffer Preparation5 ml vial Wash Buffer Concentrate (400X) (96-well kit; Item No. 400062): Dilute to a total volume of 2 liters with UltraPure water and add 1 ml of Tween 20 (Item No. 400035).

OR12.5 ml vial Wash Buffer Concentrate (400X) (480-well kit; Item No. 400062): Dilute to a total volume of 5 liters with UltraPure water and add 2.5 ml of Tween 20 (Item No. 400035).

Smaller volumes of Wash Buffer can be prepared by diluting the Wash Buffer Concentrate 1:400 and adding Tween 20 (0.5 ml/liter of Wash Buffer).NOTE: Tween 20 is a viscous liquid and cannot be measured by a regular pipette. A positive displacement pipette or a syringe should be used to deliver small quantities accurately.

12 PRE-ASSAY PREPARATION 13PRE-ASSAY PREPARATION

Sample PreparationProper sample storage and preparation are essential for consistent and accurate results. Please read this section thoroughly before beginning the assay.

General Precautions

• All samples must be free of organic solvents prior to assay.

• Samples that cannot be assayed immediately should be stored as indicated below.• Samples of mouse origin may contain antibodies which interfere with the assay by

binding to the goat anti-mouse plate. We recommend that all mouse samples be purified prior to use in this assay.

UrineUrine samples should be stored at -20°C immediately after collection. Interference in urine is infrequent; dilutions appropriate for this assay (i.e., dilutions falling between 20-80% B0) show a direct linear correlation between 8-OH-dG immunoreactivity and 8-OH-dG concentration (see figure 4, on page 14). Urinary concentrations of 8-OH-dG vary considerably and, as with any urinary marker, we recommend standardizing the values obtained by EIA to creatinine levels (Item No. 500701).

Plasma/SerumCollect plasma using established methods and store at -80°C. The concentration of free 8-OH-dG in plasma is very low relative to the level of DNA-incorporated 8-OH-dG. Glomerular filtration results in excretion of 8-OH-dG into the urine, while the DNA-incorporated 8-OH-dG remains in the blood. The differing fates of free versus DNA-incorporated 8-OH-dG should be considered in experimental design. If you choose to measure DNA-incorporated 8-OH-dG in plasma, it is possible to purify DNA using a commercially available kit and treat the DNA with a combination of nuclease and alkaline phosphatase to liberate the individual bases. Due to the complexities of measuring 8-OH-dG in plasma, urine is often a more appropriate matrix.

Culture Medium SamplesCollect culture medium samples and store at -80°C. Fetal bovine serum contains 8-OH-dG, therefore assays should either be performed in serum-free medium or PBS; these samples may be assayed directly. If the 8-OH-dG concentration is high enough to dilute the sample 10-fold with EIA Buffer, the assay can be performed without any modifications. When assaying less concentrated samples (where samples cannot be diluted 1:10 with EIA Buffer), dilute the standard curve in the same culture medium as that used for the experiment. This will ensure that the matrix for the standards is comparable to the samples. We recommend that a standard curve be run first to ensure that the assay will perform in a particular culture medium.

Cell LysatesCollect lysates using established methods and store at -80°C until use. Purify DNA using a commercially available extraction kit. Digest DNA using nuclease P1 (Sigma N8630 or equivalent) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Adjust pH to 7.5-8.5 using 1M Tris. Add 1 unit of alkaline phosphatase per 100 µg of DNA and incubate at 37°C for 30 minutes. Boil for 10 minutes and place on ice until use.

Tissue SamplesSnap-freeze tissue samples in liquid nitrogen immediately after collection. Store at -80°C until use. When ready to use the samples, thaw and add 5 ml of homogenization buffer (0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1 mM EDTA) per gram of tissue. Homogenize the sample using either a Polytron-type homogenizer or a sonicator. Centrifuge at 1,000 x g for 10 minutes and purify the supernatant using a commercially available DNA extraction kit. Digest DNA using nuclease P1 (Sigma N8630 or equivalent) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Adjust the pH to 7.5-8.5 using 1 M Tris. Add 1 unit of alkaline phosphatase per 100 µg of DNA and incubate at 37°C for 30 minutes. Boil for 10 minutes and place on ice until use.

SalivaSaliva samples should be stored at -80°C immediately after collection. Samples may be assayed directly after appropriate dilution.

14 PRE-ASSAY PREPARATION 15ASSAY PROTOCOL

150

200

250

300

8-O

H-d

G m

easu

red

in s

amp

le (

ng

/ml)

Concentration of 8-OH-dG added (ng/ml)

0 50 100 150 2000

100

250

50

Slope = 0.998y-intercept = 24.86 ng/mlr2 = 0.998

Figure 4. Recovery of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine from urineUrine samples were spiked with 8-OH-dG, diluted as described in the Sample Preparation section and analyzed using the 8-OH-dG EIA Kit. The y-intercept corresponds to the amount of 8-OH-dG in unspiked urine. Error bars represent standard deviations obtained from multiple dilutions of each sample.

ASSAY PROTOCOL

Preparation of Assay-Specific Reagents

8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA StandardEquilibrate a pipette tip in ethanol by repeatedly filling and expelling the tip with ethanol several times. Using the equilibrated pipette tip, transfer 100 µl of the 8-OH-dG EIA Standard (Item No. 10012603) into a clean test tube, then dilute with 900 µl UltraPure water. The concentration of this solution (the bulk standard) will be 30 ng/ml. Store this solution at 4°C; it will be stable for approximately six weeks.NOTE: If assaying culture medium samples that have not been diluted with EIA Buffer, culture medium should be used in place of EIA Buffer for dilution of the standard curve.To prepare the standard for use in EIA: Obtain eight clean test tubes and number them #1 through #8. Aliquot 900 µl EIA Buffer to tube #1 and 500 µl EIA Buffer to tubes #2-8. Transfer 100 µl of the bulk standard (30 ng/ml) to tube #1 and mix thoroughly. Serially dilute the standard by removing 400 µl from tube #1 and placing in tube #2; mix thoroughly. Next, remove 400 µl from tube #2 and place it into tube #3; mix thoroughly. Repeat this process for tubes #4-8. The diluted standards may be stored at 4°C for no more than 24 hours.

300 ng/mlStandard

100 µl 400 µl 400 µl 400 µl 400 µl 400 µl

900 µlEIA

Buffer

500 µlEIA

Buffer

Final

3,000pg/ml

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

1,333pg/ml

592.6pg/ml

263.4pg/ml

117.1pg/ml

52.0pg/ml

23.1pg/ml

10.3pg/ml

500 µlEIA

Buffer

500 µlEIA

Buffer

500 µlEIA

Buffer

500 µlEIA

Buffer

500 µlEIA

Buffer

500 µlEIA

Buffer

400 µl100 µl

900 µlUltraPure

H2O

30 ng/mlBulk Standard

400 µl

Figure 5. Preparation of the 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy guanosine standards

16 ASSAY PROTOCOL 17ASSAY PROTOCOL

8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine AChE TracerReconstitute the 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine AChE Tracer as follows:

100 dtn 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine AChE Tracer (96-well kit; Item No. 10012601): Reconstitute with 6 ml EIA Buffer.

OR

500 dtn 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine AChE Tracer (480-well kit; Item No. 10012601): Reconstitute with 30 ml EIA Buffer.

Store the reconstituted 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine AChE Tracer at 4°C (do not freeze!) and use within four weeks. A 20% surplus of tracer has been included to account for any incidental losses.

Tracer Dye Instructions (optional) This dye may be added to the tracer, if desired, to aid in visualization of tracer-containing wells. Add the dye to the reconstituted tracer at a final dilution of 1:100 (add 60 µl of dye to 6 ml tracer or add 300 µl of dye to 30 ml of tracer). NOTE: Do not store tracer with dye for more than 24 hours.

8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA Monoclonal AntibodyReconstitute the 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA Monoclonal Antibody as follows:

100 dtn 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA Monoclonal Antibody (96-well kit; Item No. 10012602): Reconstitute with 6 ml EIA Buffer.

OR500 dtn 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA Monoclonal Antibody (480-well kit; Item No. 10012602): Reconstitute with 30 ml EIA Buffer.

Store the reconstituted 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA Monoclonal Antibody at 4°C. It will be stable for at least four weeks. A 20% surplus of antibody has been included to account for any incidental losses.

Antiserum Dye Instructions (optional) This dye may be added to the antibody, if desired, to aid in visualization of antiserum-containing wells. Add the dye to the reconstituted antibody at a final dilution of 1:100 (add 60 µl of dye to 6 ml antibody or add 300 µl of dye to 30 ml of antibody). NOTE: Do not store antibody with dye for more than 24 hours.

Plate Set UpThe 96-well plate(s) included with this kit is supplied ready to use. It is not necessary to rinse the plate(s) prior to adding the reagents. NOTE: If you do not need to use all the strips at once, place the unused strips back in the plate packet and store at 4°C. Be sure the packet is sealed with the desiccant inside. Each plate or set of strips must contain a minimum of two blanks (Blk), two non-specific binding wells (NSB), two maximum binding wells (B0), and an eight point standard curve run in duplicate. NOTE: Each assay must contain this minimum configuration in order to ensure accurate and reproducible results. Each sample should be assayed at two dilutions and each dilution should be assayed in duplicate. For statistical purposes, we recommend assaying samples in triplicate.A suggested plate format is shown in Figure 6, below. The user may vary the location and type of wells present as necessary for each particular experiment. The plate format provided below has been designed to allow for easy data analysis using a convenient spreadsheet offered by Cayman (see page 21, for more details). We suggest you record the contents of each well on the template sheet provided (see page 31).

Blk - BlankTA - Total ActivityNSB - Non-Specific BindingB0 - Maximum BindingS1-S8 - Standards 1-81-24 - Samples

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S8 S8

S7

S6

S5

S4

S3

S2

S1

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17 17

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

Blk

Blk

NSB

NSB

B0

B0

B0

TA

Figure 6. Sample plate format

18 ASSAY PROTOCOL 19ASSAY PROTOCOL

Performing the Assay

Pipetting Hints• Usedifferenttipstopipetteeachreagent.• Before pipetting each reagent, equilibrate the pipette tip in that reagent

(i.e., slowly fill the tip and gently expel the contents, repeat several times).• Donotexposethepipettetiptothereagent(s)alreadyinthewell.

Addition of the Reagents1. EIA Buffer

Add 100 µl EIA Buffer to Non-Specific Binding (NSB) wells. Add 50 µl EIA Buffer to Maximum Binding (B0) wells. If culture medium was used to dilute the standard curve, substitute 50 µl of culture medium for EIA Buffer in the NSB and B0 wells (i.e., add 50 µl culture medium to NSB and B0 wells and 50 µl EIA Buffer to NSB wells).

2. 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA StandardAdd 50 µl from tube #8 to both of the lowest standard wells (S8). Add 50 µl from tube #7 to each of the next two standard wells (S7). Continue with this procedure until all the standards are aliquoted. The same pipette tip should be used to aliquot all the standards. Before pipetting each standard, be sure to equilibrate the pipette tip in that standard.

3. SamplesAdd 50 µl of sample per well. Each sample should be assayed at a minimum of two dilutions. Each dilution should be assayed in duplicate (triplicate recommended).

4. 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine AChE TracerAdd 50 µl to each well except the Total Activity (TA) and the Blank (Blk) wells.

5. 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA Monoclonal AntibodyAdd 50 µl to each well except the Total Activity (TA), the Non-Specific Binding (NSB), and the Blank (Blk) wells.

Well EIA Buffer Standard/Sample

Tracer Antibody

Blk - - - -

TA - - 5 µl (at devl. step) -

NSB 100 µl - 50 µl -

B0 50 µl - 50 µl 50 µl

Std/Sample - 50 µl 50 µl 50 µl

Table 1. Pipetting summary

Incubation of the PlateCover each plate with plastic film (Item No. 400012) and incubate 18 hours at 4°C.

Development of the Plate1. Reconstitute Ellman’s Reagent immediately before use (20 ml of reagent is sufficient

to develop 100 wells):100 dtn vial Ellman’s Reagent (96-well kit; Item No. 400050): Reconstitute with 20 ml of UltraPure water.

OR

250 dtn vial Ellman’s Reagent (480-well kit; Item No. 400050): Reconstitute with 50 ml of UltraPure water.

NOTE: Reconstituted Ellman’s Reagent is unstable and should be used the same day it is prepared; protect the Ellman’s Reagent from light when not in use. Extra vials of the reagent have been provided should a plate need to be re-developed or multiple assays run on different days.

20 ASSAY PROTOCOL 21ANALYSIS

2. Empty the wells and rinse five times with Wash Buffer. 3. Add 200 µl of Ellman’s Reagent to each well.4. Add 5 µl of tracer to the Total Activity wells.5. Cover the plate with plastic film. Optimum development is obtained by using an

orbital shaker equipped with a large, flat cover to allow the plate(s) to develop in the dark. This assay typically develops (i.e., B0 wells ≥0.3 A.U. (blank subtracted)) in 90-120 minutes.

Reading the Plate1. Wipe the bottom of the plate with a clean tissue to remove fingerprints, dirt, etc. 2. Remove the plate cover being careful to keep Ellman’s Reagent from splashing on the

cover. NOTE: Any loss of Ellman’s Reagent will affect the absorbance readings. If Ellman’s Reagent is present on the cover, use a pipette to transfer the Ellman’s Reagent into the well. If too much Ellman’s Reagent has splashed on the cover to easily redistribute back into the wells, wash the plate three times with wash buffer and repeat the development with fresh Ellman’s Reagent.

3. Read the plate at a wavelength between 405 and 420 nm. The absorbance may be checked periodically until the B0 wells have reached a minimum of 0.3 A.U. (blank subtracted). The plate should be read when the absorbance of the B0 wells are in the range of 0.3-1.0 A.U. (blank subtracted). If the absorbance of the wells exceeds 2.0, wash the plate, add fresh Ellman’s Reagent and let it develop again.

ANALYSISMany plate readers come with data reduction software that plot data automatically. Alternatively a spreadsheet program can be used. The data should be plotted as either %B/B0 versus log concentration using a four-parameter logistic fit or as logit B/B0 versus log concentration using a linear fit. NOTE: Cayman has a computer spreadsheet available for data anaylsis. Please contact Technical Service or visit our website (www.caymanchem.com/analysis/eia) to obtain a free copy of this convenient data analysis tool.

Calculations

Preparation of the DataThe following procedure is recommended for preparation of the data prior to graphical analysis.NOTE: If the plate reader has not subtracted the absorbance readings of the blank wells from the absorbance readings of the rest of the plate, be sure to do that now.1. Average the absorbance readings from the NSB wells.2. Average the absorbance readings from the B0 wells.3. Subtract the NSB average from the B0 average. This is the corrected B0 or corrected

maximum binding.4. Calculate the B/B0 (Sample or Standard Bound/Maximum Bound) for the remaining

wells. To do this, subtract the average NSB absorbance from the S1 absorbance and divide by the corrected B0 (from Step 3). Repeat for S2-S8 and all sample wells. (To obtain %B/B0 for a logistic four-parameter fit, multiply these values by 100.)

NOTE: The total activity (TA) values are not used in the standard curve calculations. Rather, they are used as a diagnostic tool; the corrected B0 divided by the actual TA (10X measured absorbance) will give the % Bound. This value should closely approximate the % Bound that can be calculated from the Sample Data (see page 23). Erratic absorbance values and a low (or no) % Bound could indicate the presence of organic solvents in the buffer or other technical problems (see page 27 for Troubleshooting).

22 ANALYSIS 23ANALYSIS

Plot the Standard CurvePlot %B/B0 for standards S1-S8 versus 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy guanosine concentration using linear (y) and log (x) axes and perform a 4-parameter logistic fit.Alternative Plot - The data can also be lineraized using a logit transformation. The equation for this conversion is shown below. NOTE: Do not use %B/B0 in this calculation.

logit (B/B0) = ln [B/B0/(1 - B/B0)]

Plot the data as logit (B/B0) versus log concentrations and perform a linear regression fit.

Determine the Sample ConcentrationCalculate the B/B0 (or %B/B0) value for each sample. Determine the concentration of each sample using the equation obtained from the standard curve plot. NOTE: Remember to account for any concentration or dilution of the sample prior to the addition to the well. Samples with %B/B0 values greater than 80% or less than 20% should be re-assayed as they generally fall out of the linear range of the standard curve. A 20% or greater disparity between the apparent concentration of two different dilutions of the same sample indicates interference which could be eliminated by purification.

Performance Characteristics

Sample DataThe standard curve presented here is an example of the data typically produced with this kit; however, your results will not be identical to these. You must run a new standard curve. Do not use the data below to determine the values of your samples. Your results could differ substantially. Raw Data Average CorrectedTotal Activity 2.105 2.101 2.103NSB 0.000 0.000 0.000B0 1.551 1.492 1.480 1.397 1.480 1.480

Dose (pg/ml) Raw Data Corrected %B/B0

3,000 0.041 0.038 0.041 0.038 2.8 2.6

1,333 0.108 0.100 0.108 0.100 7.3 6.7

592.6 0.226 0.221 0.226 0.221 15.3 15.0

263.4 0.442 0.426 0.442 0.426 29.9 28.8

117.1 0.722 0.748 0.722 0.748 48.8 50.5

52.0 1.017 1.064 1.017 1.064 68.7 71.9

23.1 1.278 1.248 1.278 1.248 86.3 84.3

10.3 1.449 1.421 1.449 1.421 97.9 96.0

Table 2. Typical results

24 ANALYSIS 25ANALYSIS

Evaluate data cautiously

Use data with confidence

8-OH-dG Standard curve

8-OH-dG Intra-assay variation

8-OH-dG Inter-assay variation

8-OH-dG (pg/ml)

%B

/B0

%C

V

10 100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

1,000

50% B/B0 - 115 pg/mlDetection Limit (80% B/B0) - 33 pg/mlFigure 8. Typical standard curve

Precision:The intra- and inter-assay CVs have been determined at multiple points on the standard curve. These data are summarized in the graph on page 24 and in the table below.

Dose (pg/ml)%CV*

Intra-assay variation%CV*

Inter-assay variation

3,000 6.2 8.4

1,333 6.1 4.6

592.6 9.6 4.8

263.4 4.7 5.5

117.1 9.3 4.5

52.0 11.6 10.7

23.1 † †

10.3 † †

Table 3. Intra- and inter-assay variation*%CV represents the variation in concentration (not absorbance) as determined using a reference standard curve.†Outside of the recommended usable range of the assay.

26 ANALYSIS 27RESOURCES

Specificity:

Compound Cross-reactivity

8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine 100%

8-hydroxy Guanosine 23%

8-hydroxy Guanine 23%

Guanosine <0.01%

Table 4. Specificity of the 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA Monoclonal Antibody

RESOURCES

Troubleshooting

Problem Possible Causes Recommended Solutions

Erratic values; dispersion of duplicates

A. Trace organic contaminants in the water source

B. Poor pipetting/technique

A. Replace activated carbon filter or change source of UltraPure water

High NSB (>0.035) A. Poor washing B. Exposure of NSB wells to specific

antibody

A. Rewash plate and redevelop

Very low B0 A. Trace organic contaminants in the water source

B. Plate requires additional development time

C. Dilution error in preparing reagents

A. Replace activated carbon filter or change source of UltraPure water

B. Return plate to shaker and re-read later

Low sensitivity (shift in dose response curve)

Standard is degraded Replace standard

Analyses of two dilutions of a biological sample do not agree (i.e., more than 20% difference)

Interfering substances are present Purify sample prior to analysis by EIA14

Only Total Activity (TA) wells develop

Trace organic contaminants in the water source

Replace activated carbon filter or change source of UltraPure water

Additional ReadingGo to www.caymanchem.com/589320/references for a list of publications citing the use of Cayman’s 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine EIA Kit.

28 RESOURCES 29RESOURCES

References1. Floyd, R.A. Role of oxygen free radicals in carcinogenesis and brain ischemia. FASEB

J. 4, 2587-2597 (1990).2. Spencer, J.P.E., Jenner, A., Chimel, K., et al. DNA strand breakage and base

modification induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment of human respiratory tract epithelial cells. FEBS Lett. 374, 233-236 (1995).

3. Epe, B., Ballmaier, D., Roussyn, I., et al. DNA damage by peroxynitrite characterized with DNA repair enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 4105-4110 (1996).

4. Beckman, K.B. and Ames, B.N. Oxidative decay of DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 19633-19636 (1997).

5. Shen, J., Deininger, P., Hunt, J.D., et al. 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) as a potential survival biomarker in patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Cancer 109, 574-580 (2007).

6. Kuo, H.-W., Chou, S.-Y., Hu, T.-W., et al. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and genetic polymorphisms in breast cancer patients. Mutat. Res. 631, 62-68 (2007).

7. Endo, K., Miyashita, Y., Sasaki, H., et al. Probucol and atorvastatin decrease urinary 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in patients with diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 13, 68-75 (2006).

8. Leinonen, J., Lehtimäki, T., Toyokuni, S., et al. New biomarker evidence of oxidative DNA damage in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. FEBS Lett. 417, 150-152 (1997).

9. Lee, J., Lee, M., Kim, J.-U., et al. Carvedilol reduces plasma 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in mild to moderate hypertension. A pilot study. Hypertension 45, 986-990 (2005).

10. Bogdanov, M.B., Beal, M.F., McCabe, D.R., et al. A carbon column-based liquid chromatography electrochemical approach to routine 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine measurements in urine and other biologic matrices: A one-year evaluation of methods. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27(5/6), 647-666 (1999).

11. Lin, H.-S., Jenner, A.M., Ong, C.N., et al. A high-throughput and sensitive methodology for the quantification of urinary 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine: Measurement with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after single solid-phase extraction. Biochem. J. 380, 541-548 (2004).

12. Maclouf, J., Grassi, J., and Pradelles, P. Development of enzyme-immunoassay techniques for the measurement of eicosanoids, Chapter 5, in Prostaglandin and Lipid Metabolism in Radiation Injury. Walden, T.L., Jr. and Hughes, H.N., editors, Plenum Press, Rockville, 355-364 (1987).

13. Pradelles, P., Grassi, J. and Maclouf, J. Enzyme immunoassays of eicosanoids using acetylcholinesterase as label: An alternative to radioimmunoassay. Anal. Chem. 57, 1170-1173 (1985).

14. Maxey, K.M., Maddipati, K.R. and Birkmeier, J. Interference in enzyme immunoassays. J. Clin. Immunoassay 15,116-120 (1992).

Related ProductsAntioxidant Assay Kit - Item No. 709001Catalase Assay Kit - Item No. 707002Glutathione Assay Kit - Item No. 7030028-Isoprostane EIA Kit - Item No. 516351Lipid Hydroperoxide (LPO) Assay Kit - Item No. 705002Protein Carbonyl Assay Kit - Item No. 10005020Superoxide Dismutase Assay Kit - Item No. 706002TBARS Assay Kit - Item No. 10009055UltraPure Water - Item No. 400000

30 RESOURCES 31RESOURCES

Warranty and Limitation of RemedyCayman Chemical Company makes no warranty or guarantee of any kind, whether written or oral, expressed or implied, including without limitation, any warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, suitability and merchantability, which extends beyond the description of the chemicals hereof. Cayman warrants only to the original customer that the material will meet our specifications at the time of delivery. Cayman will carry out its delivery obligations with due care and skill. Thus, in no event will Cayman have any obligation or liability, whether in tort (including negligence) or in contract, for any direct, indirect, incidental or consequential damages, even if Cayman is informed about their possible existence. This limitation of liability does not apply in the case of intentional acts or negligence of Cayman, its directors or its employees.Buyer’s exclusive remedy and Cayman’s sole liability hereunder shall be limited to a refund of the purchase price, or at Cayman’s option, the replacement, at no cost to Buyer, of all material that does not meet our specifications.Said refund or replacement is conditioned on Buyer giving written notice to Cayman within thirty (30) days after arrival of the material at its destination. Failure of Buyer to give said notice within thirty (30) days shall constitute a waiver by Buyer of all claims hereunder with respect to said material.For further details, please refer to our Warranty and Limitation of Remedy located on our website and in our catalog.

A B C D E F G H

12

34

56

78

910

1112

32 RESOURCES

NOTES

This document is copyrighted. All rights are reserved. This document may not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form without prior consent, in writing, from Cayman Chemical Company.©08/05/2010, Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.