8. landslide and its controll dks 8

klx/f] lgoGq0fsf pkfo ÷÷÷÷÷11111


klx/f] lgoGq0fsfpkfo

k|sf]k–1fgdfnf–*

/fdrGb| Gof}kfg]

k|sfzs


s[lt M klx/f] lgoGq0fsf pkfo

n]vs M /fdrGb| Gof}kfg]

k|sfzs M jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfn (ECO-Nepal)

;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzsdf ;'/lIft

;+:s/0f M k|yd, c;f/ @)^$

;ª\Vof M @,))) k|lt

cfj/0f l8hfOg M /d]z bfxfn

d'b|s M lszf]/ ckm;]6 k|]; -k|f=_ ln=, kmf]g M $#%!)$$

d"No M ?= %)÷–

ISBN : 978-99946-927-8-1

k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ ;fd'bflos Ifdtfclej[l4sf nflu ;r]tg cleofgcGtu{t k|sf]k–1fgdfnf k|sfzgdfcf+lzs ¿kdf cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ lgDg ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿k|lt Osf]–g]kfnxflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 M

PS;gP8 g]kfnkf]= a= g+= ^@%&, sf7df8f}+, g]kfnkmf]gM $$#^$&&k\mofS;M (&&–!–$$!(&!*

j]e;fO6M www.actionaid.org/nepal

cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfnkf]= a= g+= @%)), sf7df8f}+, g]kfnkmf]gM %%@)%*^k\mofS;M (&&–!–%%@#!(&

j]e;fO6M www.oxfam.org.uk


k|sfzssf] egfOd'n'ssf] clwsf+z e"v08 kj{tLo If]qn] 9fs]sf] g]kfn ljgfzsf/L klx/f]sf]hf]vddf /x]sf] . ljljwtfo'Qm e"agf]6, sdhf]/ w/ftn, clgof]lht e"pkof]u,cltrl/r/g / jgljgfzh:tf ljleGg sf/0fn] e"ldsf] :j?kdf ljv08gcfO/x]sf] 5 eg] klx/f] hfg] w]/} k|fs[lts sf/0fnfO{ dfgjLo ultljlwn] ykan k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . jiff{ofddf g} o;sf] hf]lvd a9\g] ePsfn] o;af6;'/lIft /xg c;f/b]lv c;f]h;Dd ljz]if zts{tf ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .To;}n] klx/f]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfd jiff{ofd ;'? x'g'cufj} k|f/De ug{;lsPdf o;af6 ;'/lIft /xg] k|of;n] ;fy{stf k|fKt ug]{5 .

s'g} klg 7fpFdf klx/f] slxn] hfG5 eg]/ ls6fg ug{ ;lsFb}g tfklg ;fdfGohfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df klg o;sf] ;ª\s]t kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . t/g]kfnh:tf] sd lzlIft d'n'sdf o;af/]sf] hfgsf/L Go"g ePsfn] klx/f]sf];Defjgfsf] klxrfg / gS;fª\sg lgs} sl7g ag]sf] 5 .

klx/f] hfFb}u/]sf] yfxf kfpFbf kfpFb} klg ;'/lIft :yfg;Dd k'Ug] ;Defjgf sdx'g] x'Fbf hgwgsf] Ifltsf] b[li6n] of] e'OFrfnf]eGbf sd Ifltsf/s 5}g .To;}n] klx/f]sf] hf]lvd sd ug{ ;+/rgfTds ljsf;s} cfjZostf k5{ .klx/f] uPsf] 7fpF jf hfg nfu]sf] If]qdf afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwsf] cjnDagu/]/ cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o ;|f]tsf] pkof]u u/L hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f ug'{ g} o;af6 ;'/lIft /xg] pkfo xf] . hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{g;lsP a;f]af; ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg'{sf] s'g} ljsNk x'Fb}g . To;}n] klx/f]cGo k|sf]ksf t'ngfdf lgs} ljgfzsf/L / kL8fbfoL x'G5 .

To;}n] k|sf]k 1ffgdfnfsf] o; v08df klx/f]sf] Go"gLs/0faf/] a9L hfgsf/Llbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . klx/f] / o;sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ug'{ kg]{sfo{nfO{ ;s];Dd ;/n 9ª\uaf6 k|:t't u/]/ n]vs /fdrGb| Gof}kfg]n] 7"nf]u'g nufpg' ePsf] 5 . klx/f] lgoGq0fsf nflu pxfFåf/f k|:t't ljlwnfO{k|of]u u/]/ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{df ;d'bfon] s]xL g s]xL nfe k|fKtug{ ;Sof] eg] xfdLn] u/]sf] of] ;fgf] k|of; ;fy{s ePsf] 7fGg]5f}F .

k|sf]k 1ffgdfnfnfO{ ;/n efiffdf k|:t't ug{ ;kmn n]vs Gof}kfg] ;lxto;nfO{ k|sflzt ug{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{ PS;gP8 g]kfnsf l;lgo/ lydln8/Zofd;'Gb/ 1fjfnL / cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfnsf sfo{qmd ;+of]hs lji0f'k|;fbv/]n tyf o;sf] z'4fz'l4 / ;fh;Hhfdf ;xof]u ug]{ Osf]–g]kfnsf ;a};xofqLk|lt wGojfb JoQm ub{5f}F .

Osf]–g]kfnECO-Nepal ]


ljifo;"rL

klx/f]sf]] kl/ro / k|sf/ %–(

k[i7e"ld %

klx/f]sf] kl/ro ^

klx/f]sf] k|sf/ &

klx/f] hfg] sf/0f tyf k|efj !)–!^

k|fs[lts sf/0f !)

dfgjLo sf/0f !@

klx/f]af6 x'g] Iflt tyf k|efj !#

klx/f] lgoGq0f ug{ k"j{tof/L !^–@!

g]kfndf klx/f]sf] hf]lvd !^

hf]lvdsf] klxrfg / gS;fª\sg !&

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo !*

p4f/, /fxt / k'gM:yfkg @@–@$

cfjf;If]q vfnL ug]{ @@

p4f/ tyf /fxt @@

k'gM:yfkg @#

klx/f] lgoGq0fsf pkfo @%–#!

afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwsf] k|of]u @%

afof]OlGhlgol/ªsf] dxŒj @%

lgoGq0f ;+/rgfdf afof]OlGhlgol/ª @#

pk;+xf/ #!

;Gbe{;fdu|L #!


klx/f]sf] kl/ro tyf k|sf/

k[i7e"ld

g]kfn lxGbs'z lxdfnosf] sfvdf /x]sf] b]z xf] . oo lxdfnosf]If]qnfO{ ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf sfG5f] kj{tLo z[ª\vnf dflgG5 . sl/a %s/f]8 jif{ klxn] uPsf] zlQmzfnL e"sDkaf6 6]ly; ;fu/sf] kLFw dflyp7]/ o;sf] pTklQ ePsf] j}1flgs cg'dfg 5 . o;/L pTklQ ePsf]e"v08 l:y/ x'g w]/} nfdf] ;do nfUg] x'Fbf e"ue{ljb\x¿ ef}uf]lns :j¿klgdf{0fsf] % s/f]8 jif{nfO{ 5f]6f] cjlw g} dfGb5g\ . To;}n] lxGbs'zlxdfno z[ª\vnfsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 .

lxdno kj{t / ef/t v08sf] pTklQkl5 klg blIf0ftkm{ /x]sf] ef/tLoe"ueL{o Kn]6 pQ/L v08df /x]sf] ltAatLog Kn]6leq 3':g] qmd rln/x]sf]n]lxdfno kj{t z[ª\vnf cem} cUnf] x'g] qmddf /x]sf] /x:o klg e"ue{ljb\x¿n]k|sfzdf NofPsf 5g\ . clxn] klg ;u/dfyf x/]s jif{ s]xL ;]lG6ld6/sfb/n] cUnf] eO/x]sf] atfOG5 . h] eP klg % s/f]8 jif{klxn] pTklQePsf] o; If]qsf] ef}uf]lns / ef}ule{s cj:yf k"0f{ ¿kn] l:y/ eO;s]sf]5}g . sdhf]/ e":j?ks} sf/0fn] ubf{ o; kj{tLo If]qdf klx/f]sf]k|sf]kn] lg/Gt/ ljgf; ul/x]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] *% k|ltzt e"efu kxf8 / kj{tLo If]qn] 9fs]sf] 5 . ljljwtfo'Qmsdnf] e"w/ftn / l:y/ eOg;s]sf] sdhf]/ ef}ule{s agf]6sf sf/0fof] If]q k|fs[lts¿kn] Hofb} g} ;+j]bgzLn /x]sf] 5 . kj{tLo If]qsf]ef}ule{s agf]6 () k|ltzteGbf a9L le/fnf] 5 . h]7sf] clGtd ;ftfb]lvc;f]h;Dd x'g] 3gf dg;'gL jiff{n] o; sdhf]/ e"lddf cTolws rfkkg]{ u/]sf] 5 . 3gf jiff{ / le/fnf] e"agf}6sf] ;+36gsf sf/0f klx/f] /af9Lsf nflu of] If]q lgs} hf]lvddf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnnufot kfls:tfg,ef/t, e'6fg, aª\unfb]z, rLg / Dofgdf/ dg;'g k|f/De ePkl5hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf b[li6n] lgs} kLl8t x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . o; ;dodf


g]kfndf t/fO{sf clwsf+z lhNnf af9Lsf] rk]6fdf k5{g eg] kxf8LlhNnfn] klx/f]sf] df/ ;xg' k5{ . klx/f]n] g]kfnsf] kxf8L lhNnfdfhgwgsf] w]/} Iflt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . klx/f]sf] k|sf]khGo 36gfsf sf/0f

d'n'sn] kLl8tsf] p4f/, /fxt / k'g:yf{kgdf ;Lldt ;|f]t–;fwgsf] 7"nf]lx:;f nufgL ug'{ kl/x]sf] 5 .

pknAw tYofª\scg';f/ g]kfndf x/]s jif{ ;fnfvfnf !@ xhf/sf]

;ª\Vofdf ;fgf tyf 7"nf klx/f] hfg] u/]sf] 5 . @)^) ;fnsf] dg;'gdf

k[YjL /fhdfu{sf] d'lUnª–gf/fo0fu9 v08df !&@ j6f / @)^! ;fndf!)( j6f klx/f] uPsf] lyof] . @)^! ;fnsf] dg;'gLofdd} kfNkf

lhNnfsf] bf]efgl:yt l;4afafsf] dlGb/glhs l;4fy{ /fhdfu{df uPsf]

klx/f]df eLdsfo 9'ª\uf] v;]/ Pp6f 6«s / Pp6f ofq'a; k'l/Fbf bh{gf}Fdflg;n] Hofg u'dfpg'k/]sf] lyof] .

g]kfndf klx/f]sf 36gfnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ptfg{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . ljs6

kxf8L If]qdf hldg v;]/ dfq klx/f] hfFb}g, lxpF klx/f]n] klg lgs} 7"nf]

Iflt k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] 5 . @)^$ ;fn h]7df klZrd g]kfnsf] 8f]NkflhNnfsf] 6Øfª6Øfª] Onfsfdf uPsf] lxdkx/f]df k/L !^ hgfsf] HofguPsf] lyof] . jf:tjdf klx/f]n] g]kfndf jif]{gL bh{gf}F dflg;sf] Hofglng] u/]sf] 5 eg] s/f]8f}F d"Nosf] ef}lts ;+/rgf Wj:t kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 .

klx/f]sf] kl/ro

jghª\un, v]taf/L, eL/kfvf, ufpF;x/, ;8s cflb 5]psf] le/fnf]hldg rls{P/, km'6]/ jf wl:;P/ cl:y/ eO{ df6f], 9'ª\uf jf r§fg,jg:klt, dfgjlgld{t ef}lts ;+/rgf :ki6 b]lvg]u/L tnlt/ v:g]cyjf kfgL;Fu ldl;P/ aUg] k|lqmofnfO{ klx/f] elgG5 . klx/f] hfg]qmddf 9'ª\ufdf6f] / r§fg pb\ud:ynaf6 tnlt/ v:b} jf aUb} uP/tNnf] If]qsf] sd le/fnf] jf d}bfgdf y'lk|G5 . kxf8sf] dflyNNff] efutnlt/ v:bf 5]p5fpsf] efu klg rls{g yfN5 / kfgLsf] rfk jfk[YjLsf] u'?Tjfsif{0f ann] ubf{ tnlt/ em5{, h;nfO{ klx/f] elgG5 .

klx/f] k|foM 7f8f] / le/fnf] kfvfdf hfG5 . ;8s agfpg] qmddf kfvf]hldgnfO{ 7f8f] u/L sf6]df, sdhf]/ e";txdf 7"nf ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f


ubf{, le/fnf] 7fpFdf y'kfl/Psf] 9'ª\uf–df6f]sf] bafa kg]{ 7fpFdf 3/sf]hu vGbf, gbLn] lsgf/f s6fg ubf{ cyjf vfgL vGbf klg klx/f] hfG5 .

To;} klg sdhf]/ ef}uf]lns agf]6sf sf/0f kxf8sf] 9'ª\ufdf6f] l:y/ /alnof] eOg;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;fdfGo rfk kbf{ klg e":vng x'G5 .;fgf] ¿kdf k|f/De ePsf] e":vng lj:tf/} km}lnP/ 7"nf] klx/f] aG5 .7"nf] klx/f] hfFbf dflg;sf] a;f]af; If]q, v]tLof]Uo hldg / jgIf]q ;d]tk'l/P/ jf au]/ 7"nf] ljgfz x'G5 . of] kL8f g]kfnsf ;a}h;f] kxf8L /lxdfnL lhNnfn] ef]Ub} cfPsf 5g\ .

3gf jiff{, jgljgfz / cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cgk]lIft ljgf;h:tfk|fs[lts / dfgjLo sf/0fn] sdhf]/ kxf8L If]qsf] dflyNnf] efusf]9'ª\uf, df6f] / r§fg tnlt/ v:5 . oL j:t' k[YjLsf] u'?Tjfsif{0f ansf]cg'kftdf lj:tf/} jf j]u;fy em5{, h;nfO{ klx/f] elgG5 . ;fdfGoefiffdf klx/f]nfO{ e":vng klg elgG5 . klx/f]sf] ¿kdf tn emg]{ e"If]qleq /x]sf] 3/, uf]7, v]taf/L, k'n, af6f]h:tf dfgjLo ;+/rgf tyf ¿v,kfgLsf] d'xfg, jGohGt'h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]t;d]t v;]/, efFlRrP/, lrlKnP/,/ au]/ Ifltu|:t x'G5g\ . o; k|sf/ :ki6 x'G5 ls klx/f] Ps ljgfzsf/Lk|sf]khGo 36gf xf], h;n] dfgjLo ;+/rgf dfq xf]Og k|fs[lts ;Dkbfdfklg Iflt k'¥ofpFb} ef}uf]lns :j¿kdf ;d]t kl/jt{g NofOlbG5 .

klx/f]sf] k|sf/

klx/f] Hofb} k|fljlws ljifo ePsfn] ;fdfGo a'emfOsf ¿kdf o;sf]juL{s/0f ug'{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . ef}uf]lns l:ylt, df6f], 9'ª\uf, afn'jfh:tfef}lts j:t'sf] agf]6 ;lxt ToxfF /x]sf jg:kltsf k|hflt / hnfwf/sf]cj:yfcg'¿k klx/f]sf] :j¿k tof/ x'G5 . To;}n] klx/f] slt k|sf/sf]x'G5 jf o;sf] juL{s/0f s;/L ug]{ eGg] ljifodf km/s–km/s dt /x]sf]kfOG5 . tyflk 8L= h]= efG;{\åf/f ul/Psf] klx/f]sf] juL{s/0f clxn];Dd;j{dfGo g} /x]sf] 5 . efG;{\n] ;g\ !(&* u/]sf] klx/f]sf] juL{s/0flgDgfg';f/ 5 M

ktg (Fall) M

kxf8sf] cUnf] 7fpFaf6 9'ª\uf–df6f] cyjf r§fg PsfPs tnlt/ v:g]


k|lqmofnfO{ ktg elgG5 . o;/L emg]{ 9'ª\uf–df6f] cyjf r§fg 7f8f]eL/af6 ;f]em} tn v:g], pl5l§g], x'l/{g] / u'8\g] u5{ . 9'ª\uf jf r§fgdfq v:g] klx/f]nfO{ z}n ktg elgG5 eg] df6f] dfq em/]df d[lQsfktg elgG5 . To;}u/L 9'ª\uf, df6f] ldl;P/ emg]{ klx/f]nfO{ ;+ld>0fktg, ldl>t df6f] emg]{ k|lqmofnfO{ nfO{ e"–ktg elgG5 .

ljeGhg (Topple) M

s'g} cUnf] 7fpFaf6 r§fgsf] 6'qmf em's]/, g'lxP/, afª\luP/, tnlt/ 3'Dg]cyjf efFlRrg] k|lqmofnfO{ lje~hg elgG5 . o:tf] klx/f] s8f / g/dr§fgsf] kq ePsf] eL/kfvfdf hfG5 . g/d r§fgsf] ckIfo s8fr§fgeGbf l56f] x'G5 . g/d r§fgsf] kq l56f] lvOg] x'Fbf To;dflysf]s8f r§fgsf] s]xL efu To;} em'lG8P/ a;]sf] x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ s8fr§fgsf] kq rls{G5 / em'lG8P/ a;]sf] efu la:tf/} afª\luFb}, em'Sb} uP/6'lqmG5 / tnlt/ v:5 .

:vng (Slide) Mle/fnf] e"ldsf] 9'ª\uf, df6f] cyjf r§fg lrlKnP/ tn emg]{ k|lqmofnfO{:vng elgG5 . e'OFrfnf], kfgLsf] axfjh:tf sf/0fn] le/fnf] hldgtNnf] ;txlt/ lrlKnP/ ;b}{ hfG5 / lrlKnPsf] ;tx :ki6 b]lvG5 . e"–:vngsf b'O{ k|sf/ 5g\ M

3"0f{ jf aqmfsf/ :vng M afª\uf] jf rDrfh:tf] cfsf/df klx/f]uPdf To:tf] klx/f]nfO{ 3'0f{ jf aqmfsf/ klx/f] elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf]klx/f]sf] v:g] k|lqmof s'g} Pp6f w'/L jl/kl/ ;Lldt /x]sf] x'G5 .

:yfgfGtl/t :vng jf ;Lwf klx/f] M eL/af6 afª\uf]l6ª\uf] geO{;Lwf au]/ hfg] klx/f]nfO{ :yfgfGtl/t :vng elgG5 . o:tf] klx/f]ef}uf]lns agf]6 cg';f/ lgs} 7"nf] / nfdf] If]qdf km}lng ;S5 . o:tf]klx/f] ljz]ifu/L r§fg, 9'ª\uf, df6f] / h}ljs kbfy{ /x]sf] ldl>te"lddf hfG5 .

kl/lIfKt km}ng (Lateral spread)

t'ngfTds¿kn] s8f r§fg ePsf] ;fdfGo le/fnf] jf ;dy/h:t} b]lvg]hldgsf] aflx/L kqd'lg /x]sf] g/d / sdhf]/ afn'jfldl>t df6f]sf]


leqL efudf w]/} kfgL k:bf aflx/L / leqL kqaLrsf] hf]8fO sdhf]/ x'ghfG5 . o; sf/0fn] aflx/L v08 leqL v08dfly ;b}{ hfFbf t'ngfTds¿kn]s8f r§fg ePsf] aflx/L v08 6'lqmP/ aflx/L If]qdf km}lnG5 eg]To;nfO{ kl/lIfKt km}ng elgG5 .

axg (Flow) M

le/fnf] efusf] 9'ª\uf, g/d r§fg / df6f]sf] kqdf kfgL ldl;P/ t/nkbfy{em}F b|"tultdf au]]/ km}lng] n]bf] :j¿ksf] klx/f]nfO{ axg (Flow)elgG5 . au]/ hfg] kbfy{sf] lsl;dsf] cfwf/df axgnfO{ ;lDdl>taxg (Debris flow), e"–axg (Earth flow) tyf d[lQsf axg (Mud flow)elgG5 .

klx/f]sf] efu jf v08

klx/f] uPsf] If]qsf] e"agf]6 / cj:yfcg'¿k Ps klx/f]df ljleGg efujf v08 x'G5, t/ ;lhnf]sf] nflu efG;{\n] lgDg rf/ efudf ljefhgu/]sf 5g\ M

wf“hf kmf6]sf] efu M klx/f] em/]sf] 7fpFsf] dfly / slxn]sfxLF jl/kl/wfFhf jf b/f/ k/]sf] x'G5 . oL wfFhfaf6 jiff{sf] kfgL leq k;]/e"ldnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 / klx/f] hfG5 . o:tf wfFhfs} sf/0f nfdf];do l:y/ /x]sf] klx/f] k'gM ;lqmo eP/ vt/f pTkGg u5{ .

pb\ud:yn M klx/f] hfg k|f/De ePsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] efunfO{pb\ud:yn elgG5 . oxfFaf6 klx/f] emg]{ qmd ;'? x'G5 / oxfFsf]v's'nf] 9'ª\uf–df6f] qmdzM tnlt/ em5{ .

:yfgfGt/0f ky M of] ;tx pb\ud:ynsf] 7Ls tnlt/ x'G5 .dflyaf6 klx/f] emg]{ qmd rln/x]df of] efu klg :vng x'g hfG5t/ klx/f] /f]lsPdf eg] of] efu :jtM l:y/ x'G5 .

lgIf]k:yn M dflyaf6 em/]sf 9'ª\uf, df6f] / emf/kft y'lk|Psf]clGtd :yfgnfO{ lgIf]k:yn elgG5 .


klx/f] hfg] sf/0f tyf k|efj

;fdfGotof klx/f]nfO{ k|fs[lts sf/0fn] x'g] 36gfsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .k|ToIf ¿kdf dfgjLo rfk gePsf ;'g;fg / PsfGt 7fpFdf ;d]t 7"nf]klx/f] hfg] u/]sfn] klg o;nfO{ k|fs[lts 36gf dflgPsf] xf] . t/e"lddf kg]{ s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] bafa g} klx/f] hfg] sf/s ePsfn]o;df dflg;sf] klg e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .

l:y/ /x]sf] j:t'df ult k}bf x'g jf ljrng pTkGg x'g afXo jfcfGtl/s bafa k/]sf] x'g' k5{ . e"ld klg l:y/ /x]sf] ef}lts j:t' xf] .k[YjLsf] ;tx jf leqL v08df /x]sf 9'ª\uf, df6f] r§fgh:tf l:y/j:t'df ult k}bf eP/ tn embf{ jf aUbf ltgLx¿sf] k"j{l:yltdf kl/jt{gcfpF5 / e":j¿kdf klg kl/jt{g NofpF5 . o;/L l:y/ j:t'df ultk|bfg ug]{ ljleGg sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\, h;nfO{ klx/f] hfg] sf/0f dflgG5 .To;}n] klx/f] hfg] sf/0f s] xf] eg]/ oyfy{ v'6\ofpg hldgsf ljleGgv08nfO{ rnfodfg agfpg] sf/0fsf] klxrfg x'g' k5{ . To;}sf cfwf/dfklx/f]sf ljleGg sf/0fsf] ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .

k|fs[lts sf/0f

ef}uf]lns tyf ef}ule{s cj:yfdf ljleGg k|fs[lts sf/0fn] ljrngk}bf eO/x]sf] x'G5 . e"ue{df /x]sf Kn]6 rnfodfg x'G5g\\ . To:tfrnfodfg Kn]6 Ps cfk;df 7f]lSsFbf km'6]/ 6'qmf aGb5g / ToxfF b/f/pTkGg x'G5 . o; k|lqmofn] hldgsf] dflyNnf] ;txdf ljrng k}bf u5{ .o;sf cltl/Qm klx/f] hfg] k|fs[lts sf/0f w]/} 5g\ M

xfjfkfgLxfjfkfgLn] k[YjLsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿kdf ljleGg lsl;dn] k|efj kf/]sf]x'G5 . tLj| j]usf] jfo'n] w"nf], afn'jf p8fP/ e"cksif{0f tyf e"IfonfO{


k|>o lbFbf klx/f] hfg] l:ylt k}bf u5{ . To;}u/L cltj[li6 eP/ af9LcfpFbf ;txL / w/ftndf e"ldut hnsf] rfk a9\g uO{ klx/f] hfg]jftfj/0f tof/ x'G5 . v8]/L k/]df klg e"ldut hnsf] ;tx tn em5{/ hldg efl:;P/ klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf a9\5 .

ef}ule{s ljrngsf sf/0f pTkGg b/f/leq cTolws kfgLsf] k|jfx x'FbfToxfF lgs} 7"nf] bafa k5{ / b/f/sf]] cfsf/df cem j[l4 x'Fb} uP/ r§fg/ df6f] cfk;df 5'l§P/ tnlt/ emg{ yfN5 / 7"nf] klx/f] hfg;S5 .

e"Ifo

cltj[li6 ePdf jf lg/Gt/ em/L k/]df sdhf]/ kj{tLo If]qsf] df6f]df ykbafa pTkGg eP/ hldg sdhf]/ aG5 / df6f]sf] aUg] k|lqmofdf tLj|tfcfpF5 . jiff{sf] k|f/Dedf df6f]sf] IfoLs/0f Go"g eP klg To;sf] k|efj;fgf 9'ª\uf, sdhf]/ r§fgdf k5{ / la:tf/} IfoLs/0fdf j[l4 eO{ kfgLaUg] 7fpFsf] df6f]–9'ª\uf ;d]t aU5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k axfjdfu{df vf]N;f/ lr/fx¿sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . e"Ifo x'g] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ /xFbf sfnfGt/dfTo:tf] If]qdf klx/f] hfg ;'? x'G5 .

ckIfo

r§fg / 9'ª\uf df6f] lgdf{0fsf k|d'v ;|f]t x'g\ . e";txdf xfjf, kfgL,hLjhGt'sf] ultljlw ;~rfng x'Fbf 9'ª\uf / r§fgdf 3if{0f k/]/ lvOg]k|lqmofnfO{ ckIfo elgG5 . k|fs[lts ¿kdf x'g] lqmofsf sf/0f r§fgsdhf]/ x'g], km'6\g], 6'6\g] / cGttM df6f]df ¿kfGt/0f x'G5 . o:tf]ckIfosf sf/0f sdhf]/ ePsf r§fg klx/f]sf] ¿kdf tn emg]{ ;Defjgfa9L x'G5 .

e'O“rfnf]

e'OFrfnf] klx/f] hfg] Ps k|fs[lts sf/0f xf] . e"lddf cfpg] sDkgn]cUnf] le/kfvfsf sdhf]/ e"efu / r§fg tn emg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .!(() ;fn @)$% ;fndf uPsf] e'OFrnf]sf sf/0f k"jf{~rnsf w]/}7fpFdf klx/f] uPsf] lyof] . e"OFrfnf]sf] sDkgdf k/]sf] r§fgdf ;fdfGo¿kn] kfgL k:bf jf afXo bafa kbf{ klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .


gbL s6fg

g]kfnsf] clwsf+z e"If]q kxf8 / lxdfnn] 9fs]sf] 5 . pQ/Lefudf /x]sf]klZrdb]lv k"j{;Dd km}lnPsf] lxdfno z[ª\vnf g]kfnsf gbLsf] pTklQIf]q x'g\ . pQ/af6 tLj| ultdf blIf0ftkm{ emg]{ gbL / jiff{ofddf cfpg]af9Ln] lsgf/ s6fg ubf{ dflysf] e"efudf bafa k5{ / klx/f] hfG5 .af9Ldf 7"nf–7"nf ¿v;d]t aUg] ePsfn] To:tf h}ljs j:t'af6 x'g]7Ss/sf] bafan] ;d]t gbLlsgf/ s6fg u/]/ klx/f] hfG5 .

dfgjLo sf/0f

dflg; k|s[ltsf] Ps cleGg cª\u ePsfn] k|fs[lts cGtlqm{ofdf p;sf]cx+ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u cfkm"cg's"n ug{ ;Sg]Ifdtf ePsf] dflg;sf ultljlwn] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efjkfl//x]sf] 5 . dflg;n] cfˆgf] hLjg ;'vdo agfpg ug]{ ljleGgultljlwn] klx/f] hfg] jftfj/0f tof/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To:tf ultljlwaf6kg]{ k|efjnfO{ ;+If]kdf lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

e"ldsf] s6fg

dflg;n] a:gsf nflu 3/, oftfoftsf nflu ;8s jf af6f], l;FrfOsf

nflu s'nf]h:tf ljleGg ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ hldgsf] l9:sf]

jf kfvf] vGg] / km]b sf6\g] sfd x'G5 . o;/L vlgPsf] e"ldsf] :j¿k

kl/jt{g x'g], kfgLsf] axfjdf kl/jt{g x'g], jgljgfz x'g]]h:tf sf/0fn]

l:y/ /x]sf] hldgdf bafa pTkGg eP/ ljrng cfpF5 / klx/f] hfg]

;Defjgf a9]/ hfG5 .

To;}u/L af6f] jf ;8s vGbf lgl:sPsf] 9'ª\uf, df6f] / cGo e}lts j:t'

tNnf] efudf v:bf e"lddf cltl/Qm ef/ ylkG5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k sdhf]/

hldgdf e"Ifosf] qmd a9\5 . e"Ifo ePsf] hldgdf jiff{sf] kfgLn] bafaylkFbf klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf klg a9\b} hfG5 .

jgljgfz

kfgL / cGo k|sf/sf] bafanfO{ Go"g ug{ tyf df6f]nfO{ h/fn] hs8]/


e"Ifo x'gaf6 /f]Sg] sfo{df jgsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . t/dflg;n] v]taf/Lsf] lj:tf/, b}lgs cfjZos kg]{ sf7 / bfp/fsf]Joj:yf jf Jofkfl/s k|of]hg / r/Lr/gsf nflu jg kmF8fgL ug]{sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbPsf] 5 . o;/L eO/x]sf] jgljgfz / e"lddfly a9]sf]rfkn] klx/f]sf] ;DefjgfnfO{ cem a9fPsf] x'G5 .

klx/f]af6 x'g] Iflt tyf k|efj

klx/f]nfO{ klg hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . st}st} w"n] klx/f]uPsf pbfx/0f kfOP klg jiff{ ofddf g} klx/f]sf] k|sf]k a9\g] ePsfn]o;nfO{ hnpTkGg k|sf]kdf lnOPsf] xf] .

klx/f]n] hldg k"/} ;f]xf]/]/ / aufP/ n}hfg] ePsfn] o;sf] k|efj lgs}eofgs x'G5 . klx/f]n] aufPsf] e"ld l:y/ x'g nfdf] ;do nfUg] /sltko cj:yfdf ;fdfGo nufgLn] k'gM:yfkg ug{ g;lsg] sf/0fn]klg o;sf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s k|efj x[boljbf/s x'G5 . klx/f]af6 kg]{k|efjnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

tTsfnLg k|efj

klx/f]n] 3/, uf]7 / cGo ef}lts ;+/rgf aufpg] ePsfn] To;df k/]/

dflg; dg]{, 3fOt] x'g] jf x/fpg]h:tf dfgjLo Iflt tTsfn b]lvG5 .

o;n] v]taf/L aufP/ / k'/]/ afnLgfnL ljgfz u5{ . 3/uf]7 aUbf

To;df 3/kfn'jf hgfj/;d]t au]/ / k'l/P/ Iflt x'G5 . klx/f] hfFbf

glhssf 3/ rs{g], elTsg], efl:;g] / aUg]] x'Fbf 3/df ePsf] vfB;fdu|L

/ cGo ;DklQ gi6 x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfn] dflg; 3/af/ljxLg x'g] dfq

xf]Og, vfB;fdu|L, nQfsk8f / ;kmf vfg]kfgLsf] cefjsf] ;d:ofdf

klg k5{g\ . klx/f]n] gbL y'lgP/ To;sf] axfjdfu{ kl/jt{g x'g] jfy'lgPsf] afFw km'6]/ tNnf] If]qdf af9L hfg] hf]lvd klg pTkGg x'G5 .

klx/f]sf sf/0f ;8s elTsP/ jf klx/f] v;]/ ;8s cj?4 x'Fbf cfjfudgdf;d:of cfpF5 . o; cj:yfdf p4f/ tyf /fxtsfo{ k|efljt aG5 /kLl8t;Dd p4f/sfo{ k'Ug g;s]/ hgwgsf] Iflt cem a9\g ;S5 .


;s8, k'n elTsP/ oftfoft cj?4 eO{ ;jf/L;fwg, ofq' / dfnafxsuf8L cnkq kg]{, :yfgLo pTkfbgn] ahf/sf] kx'Fr u'dfpg] / ahf/dfdfn;dfgsf] cefj x'g]h:tf ;d:of tTsfn} b]vf k5{g\ . klx/f]sfljleGg k|efjaf6 ljsf; k"jf{wf/sf ;+/rgf / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ gi6x'g], h}ljs ljljwtfdf Iflt k'Ug], vfg]kfgLsf d'xfg b"lift x'g], ;du|jftfj/0f lau|g] / cfly{s l:yltdf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj k/L ljsf;sf;du| ultljlw g} cj?4 x'G5g\ .

klx/f]af6 ;8s, l;FrfO s'nf], ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOg / ;~rf/ ;Dks{cj?4 x'g hfG5g\ . o;n] k|ToIf kLl8t JolQm tyf kl/jf/nfO{ dfqk|efj k/]sf] x'Fb}g, klx/f] uPsf] If]qsf] ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, ;fdflhs;+/rgfdf klg k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . h;af6 oL If]qdf k/]sf] cNksfnLgk|efjnfO{ cfsng ug{ klg ;lsG5 . klx/f] uPsf] nuQ} pTkGg x'g]r'gf}tL / To;n] ;d'bfodf kfg]{ lgDg cg';f/sf k|efjnfO{ g} cNksfnLgk|efjsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 M

klx/f]n] 3/uf]7d} Iflt k'¥ofPsf] eP vfBfGg, n'ufkmf6f], cf}iflwpkrf/cflbsf] cefj x'G5 .

;~rf/ ;Dks{ cj?4 x'gfn] /fxt Joj:yfkgsf] ;d:of pTkGgeP/ hgwgsf] Iflt a9\g ;S5 .

:j:y / ;'/lIft vfBfGg / z'4 kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] cefjdfdxfdf/L km}lng] 8/ x'G5 .

;8s, k'n / cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgf Ifltu|:t x'Fbf b}lgs hLjgofkgsf ;fwgsf] cefj eP/ ;dfhdf cl:y/tf a9\g] ;+Effjgf/xG5 .

bL3{sfnLg k|efj

s'g} klg k|sf]ksf] k|efj nfdf] ;do;Dd /x]sf] x'G5 . af9Lsf t'ngfdfklx/f] lgs} eofgs / ljgfzsf/L x'G5 . gbLdf kfgL a9\b} uPdf,PSsf;L gbLsf] kfgL 36]df, lxnf] df6f] ldl;Psf] uGw cfPdf af9LcfpFb}5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ Psfw cj:yfdf afx]s klx/f]


e'OFrfnf]h:t} PsfPs cfpF5 . To;}n] o;sf] k|efj tTsfn / cNksfndfdfq ;Lldt /xFb}g .

klx/f]df k/]sf] kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] lgs} nfdf] ;do;Dd kL8fsf] ef/ af]Sg'kg]{ l:ylt pTkGg x'G5 . sltko kl/jf/sf afnaRrf cleefjsljxLgx'g ;S5g\ eg] sltko JolQm czQm eP/ k"/f hLjg sd{ljxLgcj:yfdf latfpg afWo x'G5g\ . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] d"Nofª\sgug]{ xf] eg] 3/uf]7 / v]taf/L g} u'd]sf] kl/jf/sf] cfly{s k'gM:yfkgc;Dejh:t} b]lvPsf] 5 .

klx/f]af6 eTs]sf jf Ifltu|:t ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f u/L kLl8tnfO{klxn]s} cj:yfdf kmsf{pg nfdf] ;do nfU5 . klx/f]n] aufPsf] e"ldk'gM:yfkg ug{ tyf rnfodfg e"ldnfO{ l:y/ agfP/ k"jf{j:yfdf Nofpgjiff}F dfq nfUg] x}g 7"nf] cfly{s nufgL klg ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] ljsf;sf cGolqmofsnfkdf cj/f]w pTkGg x'G5 .

klx/f]sf] k|sf]kdf k/L lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpFbf cfkmGt;Fulj5f]l8g'kg]{ ;fdflhs ;d:of klg pTkGg x'G5 . k|foM ;LdfGt ul/aju{ g} klx/f]sf] hf]lvd /x]sf :yfgdf a:g afWo x'g] ePsfn] ltgLx¿sf]k'gM:yfkg gx'Fbf To:tf] ;d'bfo emg\ ul/aLaf6 k|tfl8t x'G5 . kLl8t;d'bfo cfˆgf] k"j{jt ;fdflhs, cfly{s dof{bf / ljsf;sf cj;/af6jl~rt x'g] ePsfn] ltgLx¿sf efjL k':tfdf ;d]t k|lts"n c;/ kg]{x'G5 .

klx/f]n] ljzfn jg If]q klg aufP/ / k'/]/ Iflt u5{, h;sf sf/0fk|fs[lts kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / h}ljs ljljwtf ;d]t gi6 x'G5 . gi6ePsf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / h}ljs ;|f]tsf] k'gM:yfkg x'g bzsf}FnfU5 . o;af6 jftfj/0f cksif{0f eP/ ;|f]tsf] cefj x'G5 / ar]sfjg If]qdf rfk a9L h}ljs ljljwtf yk ;ª\s6fkGg x'G5 .


klx/f] lgoGq0f ug{ k"j{tof/L

klx/f]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ k|of; g} o;af6 aRg] k"j{tof/L xf] .;fdfGotof klx/f]sf] k|sf]kk|lt dflg; ;+j]bgzLn x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g .t/ klx/f]nfO{ k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿dWo] cTolws ljgfzsf/L 36gf xf] eGg;lsG5 . jiff{ ePsf] ;dodf af9L cfpg] ljleGg ;ª\s]t k|fKt u/]/;'/lIft 7fpFtkm{ efUg ;do ldNg ;S5 t/ klx/f] hfg} nu]sf] cj:yfdfo;sf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg lgs} sl7g x'G5 .

w]/} e"Ifo eO/xg] e"If]qdf :yfgLo k|ljlw / ;|f]tsf] pkof]u u/L klx/f]lgoGq0fsf pkfo cjnDag ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o;sf nflu ef}uf]lnsagf]6, e"pkof]u k|j[lQ / k|ljlw, v]tLk|0ffnL, k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf cfwfl/tpBf]u jf vlgh pBf]u / dfgjLo a;f]af;sf] :j¿ksf] ljZn]if0f u/Lklx/f] hfg ;Sg] ;Defjgfsf] klxrfg x'g' k5{ .

g]kfndf klx/f]sf] hf]lvd

klx/f]af6 aRg klx/f] lgoGq0fsf pkfo ckgfpg' g} ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{pkfo xf] . To;sf nflu klx/f]af6 s'g jf s:tf] If]q a9L k|efljt x'G5jf s:tf] e"efudf klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 eg]/ klxrfg ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ klx/f]sf] hf]lvdsf] klxrfg klg eGg ;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf] clwsf+z e"efu kxf8 / lxdfnn] 9fs]sf] 5 . sdhf]/ e"v08,cToGt} le/fnf] kxf8–kj{t oxfFsf] klx/f]sf] hf]lvdsf sf/0f x'g\ . To;}u/Le"ue{sf] blIf0fL v08df /x]sf] ef/tLo e"v08Lo Kn]6 / pQ/tkm{ /x]sf]ltAatLog Kn]6 cfk;df 3':g] qmddf /x]sfn] g]kfnsf] kj{tLo If]qt'ngfTds ¿kdf rnfodfg /x]sf] 5 . h;n] klx/f]sf] ;DefjgfnfO{a9fPsf] 5 .

;a}eGbf kl5 ag]sf] r'/] tyf lzjflns kxf8L If]q lgs} sdhf]/ /x]sfn]klg oxfF w]/} klx/f] hfg] u/]sf] 5 . xfn}sf jif{df o; If]qdf a9]sf]dfgjLo rfk / 9'ª\uf df6f] ef/tlt/sf] lgsf;Ln] ;d]t lzjflns If]qlgs} ;ª\s6fkGg ag]sf] 5 . o; If]qaf6 klx/f];Fu} aUg] 9'ª\uf /


u]u|ofgn] t/fO{sf]] pAhfp hldg k'g]{, gbLsf] psf; eP/ af9Lsf]8/nfUbf] cj:yf pTkGg x'g] qmd a9]sf] 5 .

hf]lvdsf] klxrfg / gS;fª\sg

k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu hf]lvddf /x]sf] If]qsf] ;xL klxrfgcfjZos k5{ . To;df klg klx/f]sf] hf]lvd klxrfg ug'{ lgs} sl7gx'G5 . ef}uf]lns agf]6 / e"ueL{o cj:yfaLr /x]sf] ;DaGwsf] ;d]tljZn]if0f ug'{ kg]{ ePsfn] klx/f]sf] hf]lvd klxrfg ug'{ lgs} sl7g/x]sf] xf] . klx/f]sf] hf]lvdsf] klxrfg ug]{ sfo{sf nflu pRr:t/Lok|fljlws 1fg / k|ljlwsf] cfjZostf k5{ . tyflk :yfgLo 1fg, k|ljlw/ ;Lkaf6 klg cfjf; If]q 5]p5fp hfg ;Sg] klx/f]sf] klxrfg /gS;fª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo k|of;n] 7"nf] If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g g;s]klg klx/f] hfg ;Sg] ;Defjgfsf] klxrfg eg] ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fljlwstyf ljz]if1sf] cefj ePsf 7fpFdf klx/f]sf] hf]lvd klxrfg / gS;fª\sgug{ lgDg ljifodf Wofg lbg' k5{ M

s=e"ldsf] :ynut lg/LIf0f M a;f]af; jf v]taf/LeGbf dflyNnf] tyftNnf] If]qsf] eL/kfvfsf] lg/LIf0f u/]/ klx/f] hfg]–ghfg] cj:yf kQfnufpg ;lsG5 . klxn] kfgL gpld|Psf] 7fpFdf crfgs kfgL pld|g',hldg lr/f kg'{ jf wl:;g', af]6la?jfsf h/fn] hldg 5f]8\g' /ToxfFaf6 kfgL pld|g', lrl/Psf] jf wl:;Psf] 7fpFaf6 lxnf] df6f] aUg',9'ª\uf jf r§fgn] cfˆgf] ;flassf] :yfg 5f]8\g yfNg' klx/f] hfg;Sg]cj:yfsf] ;"rs x'g\ .

v=kxf8L If]qdf plNnlvt cj:yf b]lvP ToxfFaf6 hfg] klx/f]n] eL/dfly/ tNnf] If]qdf slt;Dd c;/ ug{ ;S5 eg]/ ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ .hldg lrl/Psf], wl:;Psf], df6f] jf 9'ª\ufn] :yfg 5f]8]sf] cj:yfx]/]/ sqf] klx/f] hfG5 < slt If]qdf km}lng ;S5 < s'g 3/uf]7;a}eGbf a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf 5g\ < s'g If]qsf] v]tLof]Uo e"ld jfafnLgfnL gi6 x'g ;S5 < h:tf ljifosf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ .:yfgLo 1fg / ;Lkn] ljZn]if0f ug{ sl7g ePsf] cj:yfdf lhNnfk|zf;g sfof{no, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, hnpTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsfof{no jf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fP/ k|fljlwssf]


Joj:yf u/L hf]lvd ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ . k|fljlwsåf/f klx/f]sf] hf]lvdklxrfg tyf gS;fª\sg ug{ lgudgljlwsf] pkof]u x'G5 M

hldgsf] ;tx, e"ldut cj:yf / 9'ª\uf, df6f], r§fgnufotsfe"–;txsf ljleGg j:t'sf] lj:t[t ljZn]if0f u/]/ e"ldsf]k|fljlws k/LIf0f x'G5 .

ljutdf klx/f] uPsf]] If]qsf] k"j{cj:yfdf x'g] u/]sf ;dfg e"pkof]ueO/x]sf] If]qdf eljiodf hfg ;Sg] klx/f]sf] ;Defjgfsf] klxrfgu/L e"cfs[ltsf] ljZn]if0faf6 ;Defljt klx/f]sf] klxrfg x'G5 .

klx/f] hfg] sf/0f, k|lqmof;DaGwL tYofª\s / ;"rgfsf cfwf/dfklx/f]sf sf/stŒjsf] cWoog u/L le/fnf] hldgsf] l:y/tf /cl:y/tfsf] klxrfg x'G5 .

klx/f]sf] hf]lvd tyf ;ª\s6fled'v If]qsf] gS;fª\sgsf nflue"–;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] k|of]u GIS klg k|rngdf cfPsf]5 . o;n] e"ldsf] le/fnf]kgsf] l:ylt, sf]0f, r§fgsf] lsl;d /;+/rgf, df6f]sf] k|sf/ / ulx/fO, hnk|jfx, h}ljs j:t'sf] cj:yfcflbsf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ j}1flgs 9ª\uaf6 k|:t't u5{ .

u= klx/f]sf] hf]lvd gS;fª\sg ul/;s]kl5 ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;Defljtklx/f]sf] :j¿k cflbsf cfwf/df klx/f]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfdug'{ k5{ . klx/f]sf] hf]lvd ePsf] cj:yf b]lvPdf :yfgLo k|ljlw,1fg, ;Lk / ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf] pkof]u u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf]sfo{ ug'{ k5{ .

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo

klx/f]sf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0f / gS;fª\sgkl5 Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ k|f/Deug'{ k5{ . klx/f]sf] ;Defljt :j¿ksf] klxrfgn] lgoGq0f tyf Go"gLs/0fsf]of]hgf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . lgoGq0f / Go"gLs/0fsf] sfo{:yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf cltl/Qm ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/Llgsfosf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{df ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ ug{ g}g;lsg] ePdf jf k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] b]lvPdf ;ª\s6fled'v a:tL /;DklQ ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg'{ kg]{ x'G5 .


dflg;n] ;–;fgf klx/f]sf] lgoGq0f ug{;Sg] eP klg 7"nf] klx/f] lgoGq0fug{ ;lsFb}g . ;fgf] If]qdf, ;fgf] eL/ jf kfvfdf hfg nfu]sf] klx/f]sf];dod} klxrfg ePdf :yfgLo k|ljlw ckgfP/ klg To;nfO{ /f]Sg;lsG5 . olb 7"n} klx/f] hfg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]df ljz]if k|ljlw, ;|f]t/ ;fwgsf] k|of]un] To;sf] k|efjnfO{ dfq Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 . ctM;fdfGo klx/f]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu klx/f] hfg' cl3 ug]{ sfdnfO{lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

hldg wl:;Psf] jf lrl/Psf] If]qeGbf dflysf] kfgLnfO{ s'n];f]agfP/ klx/f]sf] hf]lvd gePsf] 7fpFaf6 aufpg] jf s6fpg] .

klx/f] hfg nfu]sf] efusf] tNnf] If]qdf 6]jf kvf{n nufP/ dflysf]hldg, 9'ª\uf, df6f] tn v:gaf6 /f]Sg] .

klx/f] v:g nfu]sf] If]qdf dflg;, 3/kfn'jf kz'sf] k|j]z lgif]wug]{ jf ;s];Dd jGohGt'sf] k|j]z ;d]t /f]Sg] k|oTg ug]{ .

;8s, af6f], s'nf] vGbf jf v]taf/Lsf] ;'wf/ ubf{ jf lgdf{0f sfo{ubf{ eL/sf] km]bLsf] s6fg /f]Sg] . s6fg ug}{ kg]{ ePdf lgdf{0fsfo{sf] :j¿k x]/L :yfgLo jf cfw'lgs k|ljlwaf6 6]jf kvf{nnufpg] / j[Iff/f]k0f u/L e"Ifo lgoGq0f ug]{ .

klx/f]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljz]ifu/L kxf8L If]qdf ljleGgsfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf sfo{n] e"pkof]u k|j[lQdf ;d]t ;'wf/NofP/ hldg efl;g], lrl/g], v:g] / aUg] k|lqmof Go"g x'g] ;Defjgf/xG5 . h;sf nflu lgDgcg';f/sf sfd ug'{ pkof]uL x'g]5 M

e"pkof]udf ;'wf/

klx/f] k|foM sdhf]/ eL/kfvfdf hfG5 . vfBfGg pTkfbgsf nflu kxf8LIf]qsf kfvfaf/Ldf vghf]t ug'{ k5{ . kfvfdf v]t la/fP/ wfg klg /f]Kg]ul/G5 . To;f] ubf{ kfvfsf] sdnf] df6f] x'Fb} hldgsf] leq;Dd kfgLk:5 . o;af6 ;txsf] df6f]df kfgLsf] rfk / df6f]sf] tf}ndf ;d]t j[l4x'Fbf bafa a9]/ klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf a9\5 . kfvfaf/Ldf o:tf] cj:yfpTkGg x'g glbg kfgLsf] axfj / ;f];gsf] cj:yfsf] cWoog u/LpGgt lsl;dsf ux|f agfP/ afnLsf] rqmcg';f/ v]tL ug'{ k5{ . cltle/fnf] hUufdf wfgsf] ;§f kmnkm"n v]tL u/]/ tyf ux|fx¿sf] l8ndf


3fF; nufP/ klx/f]sf] hf]lvd sdug{ ;lsG5 .

le/fnf] hldgsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu s[lif k|ljlw (Sloping AgricultureLand Technology – SALT) ckgfpg' k5{ . kfvf]–af/Lsf] l;/fgdf;s];Dd wfgafnL gnufpg] / nufpg} k/]df kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] plrtJoj:yf ug'{ k5{ .

jgljgfz lgoGq0f tyf jg;+/If0f

jgljgfz klx/f]sf sf/0fdWo] Ps xf] . ¿v / 3fF;sf h/fn] ;txsf]df6f]nfO{ dfq geP/ ;txleqsf] df6f], 9'ª\uf, kx/f cflbnfO{ ;d]talnof];Fu hs8]/ l:y/ agfPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] kxf8L If]qsf] jgljgfz/f]s]/ / jg gePsf gfª\uf 8fF8fdf j[Iff/f]k0f u/]/ klx/f]sf] hf]lvdsdug{ ;lsG5 . sdhf]/ e"agf]6 ePsf] x'Fbf r'/] kj{t z[ª\vnfdfdfgjLo rfk cTolws a9]/ e"Ifo / klx/f] hfg] qmdn] t/fO{sf] pAhfpe"ld ;d]t d?e"dLs/0ftkm{ pGd'v ePsf] 5 . of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{klg jg ;+/If0f h?/L /x]sf] 5 .

cfjf; If]qsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f

kxf8L If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] a;f]af;nfO{ ;'/lIft If]qsf] klxrfg u/LJoj:yfkg ug'{ klx/f]sf] hf]lvdaf6 x'g] dfgjLo Iflt Go"g ug]{ pkfoxf] . o;sf nflu hf]lvd gS;fª\sg u/L ;ª\s6fled'v a:tLnfO{ ;'/lIft:yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f ug{ kxn x'g' k5{ . vf;u/L a;f]af;sf nflupko'Qm e"ld jf If]qsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f x'g' cfhsf] k|d'v cfjZostfb]lvPsf] 5 .

ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f klx/f]sf] hf]lvdo'QmIf]qdf a;f]af; ug{ afWo /x]sf] x'G5 . e"agf]6 / hf]lvdaf/] s]xLhfgsf/L gePsf / hfgsf/L eP klg ;'/lIft :yfgdf a;f]af; ug{c;dy{ To:tf ;d'bfosf nflu ;'/lIft cfjf;sf] k|aGw ug{ ;/sf/Llgsfosf] Wofg hfg' h?/L 5 . o;sf lgldQ ;d'bfon] ;/sf/sf] Wofgcfslif{t ug'{ k5{ .

lbuf] ljsf;sf] sfof{Gjog

ljsf; lgdf{0f / cGo dfgjLo lqmofsnfknfO{ lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff


cg'¿k kl/rfng ug{ ;lsPdf klx/f];Fu} cGo k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klg36fpg ;lsG5 . klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9\g'df k|fs[lts ultljlw dfqlhDd]jf/ geP/ dflg;sf] klg 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 / To:tf k|sf]kaf6dflg; g} a9L kLl8t x'G5 . To;}n] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf qmddf k|fs[lts;|f]tsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u, k|sf]kk|lt/f]wL k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / vt/fd'QmIf]qsf] 5gf]6 ug'{ k5{ . klx/f] hfg] k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u ldNg] dfjgLoultljlwdf lgoGq0f ug{ / e"pkof]u, v]tLkftL, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddfk|sf]k k|efj d"Nofª\sg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;lsPdf o:tfk|sf]ksf hf]lvdaf6 w]/} xb;Dd ;'/lIft /xg ;lsG5 .

hgr]tgf clej[l4

;ª\s6fled'v If]qsf hgtfnfO{ klx/f] /f]syfd u/L aRg] / c;/ Go"gug]{ ljleGg pkfoaf/] kof{Kt hfgsf/L lbP/ hgr]tgf a9fpg' hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f tyf k"j{tof/Lsf] csf]{ k|efjsf/L pkfo xf] . ;'/lIft :yfgsf]klxrfg, cfsl:ds¿kdf cfOkg]{ ljkb\sf] cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg];fd'bflos / ;fj{hlgs ejgsf] lgdf{0f, k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnLsf] k|aGw,k|sf]kkl5sf] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf ug'{ kg]{ ;xsfo{h:tf ljifodf hgr]tgfa9fpg] sfo{ ug'{ k5{ . klx/f] hfg] If]qsf] klxrfg, lgoGq0fsf pkfo /klx/f] uPkl5 ug'{kg]{ sfo{, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] ;Dks{ / ;dGjoh:tfljifodf klg ;fd'bflos 5nkmn, 1fgsf] ;f6f;f6 ug'{ k5{ . klx/f]af6x'g] Ifltsf] ;fdgf / w}o{tfsf nflu tflnd lbg], cEof; u/fpg],;fj{hlgs :yfgdf hfgsf/Ld"ns ;"rgfkf6L /fVg' k5{ . To;}u/L;d'bfonfO{ o:tf ljifodf 1fg lbg] kf7\o;fdu|L, >Job[io ;fdu|L pknAwu/fpg' k5{ .

;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{

klx/f]sf] hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d'bfosf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf ;'/Iffsfnflu k"j{tof/L, p4f/, /fxth:tf sfo{ ug{ ;/sf/sf :yfgLo lgsfox¿,/]8qm;, 8LkLg]6 g]kfn, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf];"rL agfP/ pgLx¿;Fu ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ub}{ ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug'{k5{ . klx/f] uOxfn]df ug'{kg]{ cfkTsfnLg sfo{sf af/]df klg;/f]sf/jfnx¿aLr sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 ug'{ k5{ .


p4f/, /fxt / k'gM:yfkg

klx/f]sf] lgoGq0f ug'{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . 7"nf] klx/f] hfg] ;ª\s]t b]lvPdftTsfn} ;'/lIft :yfgsf] vf]hL u/L a;f]af; If]q vfnL u/fpg' k5{ .klx/f] uO/x]sf] cj:yf / uO;s]kl5 p4f/ / /fxtsf sfo{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

cfjf;If]q vfnL ug]{

eL/ jf kxf8af6 df6f] / 9'ª\uf vl;/x]sf] b]lvPdf, dfly kxf8lt/ s'g}gofF d'xfg km'6]df, Ogf/ jf d"nsf] kfgL wldnf] b]lvPdf, kf]v/Lsf] kfgLcrfgs ;'s]df, d'xfg, gx/, gfnL jf gbLsf] kfgL crfgs 36]df, ¿v9n]sf] jf efFlRrPsf] cfjfh ;'lgPdf, hldg wfFhf k/]sf] b]lvPdf,3/jl/kl/sf] hldgaf6 cfjfh cfPdf / 3/sf] 9f]sf 7Ls;Fu gv'n]df jfleQf rls{Pdf klx/f] hfg nfu]sf] 7fGg' k5{ . o:tf ;ª\s]t b]lvgf;fy;'/lIft :yfgtkm{ hfg' k5{ . o;/L cfjf; If]q vfnL ubf{ afnaflnsf,j[4–j[4f, czQm / dlxnfsf] ;'/Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' k5{ .

p4f/ tyf /fxt

klx/f] uPsf] cj:yfdf ;d'bfosf s'g} ;b:o klx/f]df k/]sf] cfef;ePdf ltgLx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ klxnf] st{Jo x'G5 . 7"nf] klx/f] uP/:yfgLo ;|f]t tyf ;fwgn] p4f/ / /fxtsf sfo{ wfGg g;lsPdfglhssf] ;'/Iff lgsfo jf ;]gfnfO{ tTsfn va/ ug'{ k5{ . klx/f] uPsf];dodf kLl8tsf] p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu lgDg ljifodf Wofg lbg' k5{ M

x/fPsf ;b:osf] tTsfn vf]hL ug]{,

3fOt]sf] pkrf/sf] k|aGw ldnfpg],

;'/Iff lgsfo, /]8qm;h:tf p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{df ;+nUg lgsfonfO{


tTsfn} va/ ug]{,

;'/lIft :yfgdf c:yfoL lzlj/ v8f u/L lj:yflktsf] a;f]af;u/fpg],

lzlj/df z'4 vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO, ;ª\s6sfnLg lzIffsf] Joj:yfug]{,

kLl8tnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg] / zflGtsf nflu cfjZos k|aGw ldnfpg],

cfly{s ;|f]tsf] cefj x'g glbg ;/sf/;Fu /fxt dfu ug]{ /:yfgLo lgsfo, ;ª\3;+:yf / gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;xof]u ;ª\sngu/L Jojl:yt ¿kdf ljt/0f ug]{,

;dfhdf pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ljs[lt tyf cdfgjLo b'3{6gf lgoGq0fsfnflu ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

dxfdf/L km}lng;Sg] ;Defjgfk|lt ;ts{ /x]/ ;/;kmfOdf Wofglbg] / cfkTsfnLg cf}iflwsf] k|aGwdf Wofg lbg] .

Ifltu|:t ePsf ljB't\ ljt/0f nfO{g, ;~rf/sf ;fwg, k'n,;8s cflb tTsfn ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg]{ sfo{x¿ ug]{,

kLl8tsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu kxn ug]{ .

k'gM:yfkg

klx/f] uO;s]kl5 ;ª\s6u|:t If]q / kLl8t kl/jf/sf] lj:t[t ;j]{If0fug'{ k5{ . Ifltu|:t ;8s, k'n, l;FrfO s'nf], 6]lnkmf]gnfOg / ljB't\k|;f/0f nfOgsf] dd{t;Def/ u/L ;'rf? ug'{ k5{ . kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{s[lif;fdu|L vl/b ug{ l56f]5l/tf] 9ª\un] kof{Kt ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg],;ª\\s6u|:t If]qsf dflg;sf nflu vfBkbfy{, kz'sf nflu 8fn]3fF; tyf;'/lIft lkpg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug]{h:tf sfd ug'{ k5{ . o:tf sfdsfnflu ;/sf/L lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;d'bfon] ;lqmotfsf ;fycfjZos e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ k5{ .

klx/f]af6 cTolws Iflt Joxf]/]sf / cGoq a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf jfhLljsf]kfh{gsf cfwf/ gePsf kl/jf/sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿nfO{


;'/lIft :yfgdf a;f]af; u/fpg] sfo{ ;/sf/sf] bfloTjleq kg]{ ljifoxf] . oblk ;/sf/;Fu kof{Kt ;|f]t gx'g] ePsfn] ;/sf/L ;xof]u k|fKtug{ sl7g x'g ;S5 . t/ ;/sf/n] jg dGqfno, ef}lts of]hgf tyflgdf{0f dGqfnoh:tf lgsfoaLr ;dGjo u/]/ kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ a;f]af;u/fpg ;'/lIft :yfgsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg] eg] x'Fb}g . ;/sf/n] kof{Ktcfly{s ;xof]u ug{ g;s] klg ;'/lIft :yfgdf /x]sf] e"ld kLl8tnfO{lbP/ klx/f]af6 Ifltu|:t e"ldsf] k'gM:yfkg u/L jgsf ¿kdf ljsf;ug{ ;S5 . ;xof]uL ;+:yfx¿n] o:tf ljifodf Wofg lbP/ lj:yflktkl/jf/nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf a;f]af; u/fpg kxn ug'{ k5{ .

;/sf/n] eTs]sf ;8s, k'n ;lxt cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{ldf{0f;dod} ug{' k5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / :yfgLo ;|f]tsf]kl/rfng u/]/ klx/f]sf] lj:tf/ k|lqmofnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ljleGg pkfocjnDag ug'{ k5{ .


klx/f] lgoGq0fsf pkfo

klx/f]sf] cfsf/, ulx/fO / 9'ª\uf–df6f]sf] agf]6sf cfwf/df klx/f]sf]

lgoGq0f ug{ ljleGg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'G5 . o;/L klx/f] lgoGq0f ubf{

eljiodf k'gM klx/f] hfg glbg lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k sfd

ug'{ k5{ . 7"nf] klx/f] uPsf] 7fpFdf 7"n} nufgL u/L lgoGq0fsf pkfo

ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] vr{ k|ltkmnsf t'ngfdf lgs} w]/} x'g klg

;S5 . sltko klx/f] ;fdfGo k|ljlw, :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]uaf6

ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] sfo{n] nufgLsf t'ngfdf k|ltkmn w]/} lbg ;S5 M

afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwsf] k|of]u

9'ª\uf, df6f], l;d]G6, tf/hfnL cflbsf] k|of]uaf6 lgdf{0f x'g] ;+/rgfn]

e"ldsf] k|fs[lts :j¿knfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg g;Sg] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 .

l;d]G6sf] k|of]un] jg:kltsf] k'g?Tkfbg /f]Sg], e"ldsf] kfgL ;f]:g]

Ifdtf z"Go agfpg] / Iflt ePsf ;+/rgfsf] dd{t;Def/df lgs} 7"nf]

vr{ nfUg] ePsfn] afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ljleGg

ljåfg\x¿sf cg';f/ …jg:kltsf] Psn k|of]u jf l;len OlGhgLol/ª

;+/rgf;Fu hLljt jf lghL{j jg:kltsf] PsLs[t k|of]u u/]/ s'g} klg

klx/f] jf e"–IfonfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ afof]OlGhlgol/ª elgG5Ú .

afof]OlGhlgol/ªsf] dxTj

klx/f] cyjf e"–Ifo /f]Sg 7"nf kvf{n cyjf cGo dxFuf ;+/rgfx¿

u|fdL0f :t/df lgdf{0f ug{ k|fljlws, cfly{s, ef}uf]lns sf/0fn] lgs}

sl7g x'G5 . t/ afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwaf6 klx/f] lgoGq0f ug{ rflxg]

clwsf+z ;fdfu|L :yfgLo :t/d} pknAw x'g], :yfgLo ;Lkaf6 g}

agfpg ;lsg], hgzlQm klg ufpFd} pknAw x'g] ePsfn] of] k|ljlw

lgs} pkof]uL dflgPsf] 5 . o; k|ljlwaf6 x's]{sf ¿vaf6 :yfgLo


cfjZostfsf bfp/f, v/, 3Ff;kft cflb pknAw x'g] / k|fs[lts

jftfj/0f sfod /xg] ePsfn] of] k|ljlw ljsl;t d'n'sdf ;d]t

nf]slk|o /x]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0f / pkof]usf b[li6n] klg of]

k|ljlwsf] dxTj a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o; k|ljlwsf] dxŒj lgDg sf/0fn]

klg a9]sf] 5 M

c8\ofpg]c8\ofpg]c8\ofpg]c8\ofpg]c8\ofpg]

jg:kltsf] km]bn] jiff{sf] kfgLnfO{ tLj| ultdf aUg jf n]bf] df6f]nfO{

;f]xf]l/P/ aUgaf6 /f]S5 . To;}u/L a'6\ofgn] kfvf]af6 9'ª\uf–df6f]nfO{

/f]s]/ jf c8\ofP/ l:y/ agfpF5 .

k|lt/f]wk|lt/f]wk|lt/f]wk|lt/f]wk|lt/f]w

emf/kftn] hldgsf] ;txnfO{ 9fs]/ e"–;txdf jiff{sf] kfgLsf] bafa kg{

glbg] x'Fbf e"Ifosf] k|lqmof lgolGqt x'G5 .

h]lng]h]lng]h]lng]h]lng]h]lng]

jg:kltsf h/fx¿ ;txsf] 9'ª\uf–df6f]leq h]lnP/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . h;n]

ubf{ ToxfFsf] hldg rNg kfpFb}g / sd ulx/fOaf6 aUg] e"ldut hnsf]

k|jfxsf] c;/nfO{ sd u5{ .

c8\sfpg]c8\sfpg]c8\sfpg]c8\sfpg]c8\sfpg]

¿vsf] d"nh/f hldgsf] leq;Dd uPsf] x'G5 . o:tf] h/fn] le/fnf]

hldgaf6 v:g ;Sg] 9'ª\uf–df6f]nfO{ /f]S5 .

;xf/f;xf/f;xf/f;xf/f;xf/f

¿vsf] d"nh/f tyf ;xfos h/fn] jl/kl/sf] df6f]nfO{ hs8]sf] x'G5 hf]

lgs} alnof] / :yL/ x'G5 . o;/L l:y/ ePsf] df6f]sf sf/0f 9'ª\uf klg

hsl8P/ l:y/ /xG5 .

kfgLsf] lgsf;kfgLsf] lgsf;kfgLsf] lgsf;kfgLsf] lgsf;kfgLsf] lgsf;

jg:kltn] hldgsf] ;tx jf ;txeGbf d'lgsf] cgfjZos kfgLnfO{

h/fsf] dfWodaf6 hldgleq l5/fO{ tsf{pg] sfd u5{g\ .


cGo pkof ] lutfcGo pkof ] lutfcGo pkof ] lutfcGo pkof ] lutfcGo pkof ] lutf

jg:kltn] jiff{sf] j]unfO{ /f]s/, hldgsf] kfgLnfO{ ;f];]/, h/fåf/f u|x0f

u/]/ tyf k|sfz;+Zn]if0f lqmofåf/f kfgLsf] jfikLs/0f u/]/ e"–Ifo

lgoGq0f / k|fs[lts rqmsf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ sfod /fVg of]ubfg lbG5 .

lgoGq0f ;+/rgfdf afof]OlGhlgol/ª

afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwcGtu{t ljleGg ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f;Fu} pko'Qm

k|hfltsf jg:klt x'sf{P/ df6f]nfO{ l:y/ agfpg ;lsG5 . ;a} If]qdf

j[Iff/f]k0f u/]/ dfq gk'Ug] x'Fbf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f;Fu} la?jf /f]lkG5 .

;fdfGotof e"Ifo ePsf jf klx/f] uPsf If]qdf afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwaf6

lgdf{0f ul/g] ;+/rgf lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M

km]bL kvf{n

;–;fgf klx/f] uPsf] If]qsf] k'gM:yfkg tyf ;8s, s'nf] jf cGo lgdf{0f

sfo{ ubf{ km]bL s6fg ePsf] If]qdf 6]jf kvf{n nufP/ dflysf] e"ld tn

v:gaf6 /f]Sg e"ldsf] km]bLdf sl/a !–@ ld6/ prfOsf] kvf{n agfP/

6]jf lbg] tyf km]bLsf] s6fgaf6 arfpg agfOg] ;+/rgfnfO{ km]bL kvf{n

elgG5 .

vf8n k'g]{

hldg rls{P/ jf wl;P/ 7"N7"nf vfN8f kg{ ;S5g\ . o:tf vfN8 a9\b}

uPdf To;df kfgL hd]/ jf cGo sf/0fn] bafa pTkGg eP/ klx/f] hfg

;S5 . To;}n] To:tf vfN8f k'/]/ e":vng lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

6]jf kvf{n

s8f / g/d r§fg ePsf] 7fpFdf t'ngfTds ¿kdf g/d r§fg w]/}

lvOG5 / s8f r§fg cl:y/ eP/ emg{ ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf s8f

r§fgnfO{ c8\ofP/ v:g glbg s8f r§fgnfO{ hu agfP/ g/d r§fgsf]

7fpFdf agfOg] kvf{nnfO{ 6]jf kvf{n elgG5 . o:tf kvf{nx¿ agfpFbf

cfjZostf cg';f/ kfgL lgSng] Kjfnx¿ klg /fVg] ul/G5 .


dfGb|] kvf{nle/fnf] ;txdf ;':t axg ePdf jf ;txdf n]bf] au]df To;nfO{ /f]Sg

;–;fgf ux|f agfpg afF;sf lsnf uf8]/ afF;s} ef6fx¿n] dfGb|f]h:t}

a'g]/ agfOPsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ dfGb|] kvf{n elgG5 . dflyaf6 v;]sf

j:t'x¿ Tof] kvf{n leq k5{g\ / e"ldsf] le/fnf]kgdf la:tf/} sd x'Fb}

hldg l:y/ eP/ klx/f]sf] hf]lvd Go"g x'G5 .

9'ª\uf 5fKg]

e"Ifo a9]/ klx/f]sf] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf vf]N;fx¿nfO{ ulxl/g glbg

kfgL aUg] 7fpFdf 9'ª\uf 5fk]/ e"Ifo lgoGq0f ul/G5 . t/, 7"nf] If]qdf

9'ª\uf 5fKg] sfo{ ck|fs[lts dfq geO{ a9L vlr{nf] ;d]t x'g] ePsfn]

To;sf] ljsNkdf cGo afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlwnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf

lbg' k5{ .

lgoGq0f af“wvf]N;f] ag]sf] s'n];f]df kfgLsf] axfault 36fpg jf kfgL;Fu aUg] 9'ª\uf

df6f]nfO{ /f]s]/ vf]N;f]sf] kLFwnfO{ l:y/ /fVg agfOg] ;+/rgfnfO{ lgoGq0f

afFw elgG5 . o:tf] afFwsf] hu alnof] agfOG5, h;af6 vf]N;fsf

lsgf/;d]t lgolGqt x'G5 .

h'6sf] hfnLklx/f] uPsf] gfª\uf] / le/fnf] hldgdf jiff{n] k'gM df6f] aufpgaf6 /f]Sg/ la?jf x'sf{pg h'6sf] hfnL agfP/ le/fnf] ;txnfO{ 5f]lkG5 . o:tf]af]/f leh]kl5 ;'Sg w]/} ;do nfUg] x'gfn] le/fnf] tyf anf}6] hldgdfla?jf x's{G5 . kl5 ToxL hfnL s'lxP/ la?jfnfO{ dnsf] sfd lbG5 .aLpnfO{ 5fkf] xfNg] 3fF;, k/fn cfbL c8\sfpg klg of] hfnLsf] k|of]uug{ ;lsG5 .

;tx 9fSg]

kfgL kfg]{lalQs} hldg ;f]:g] / t'?Gt} km';km';] klx/f] hfg] If]qdf ;tx

9fSg] sfo{ ul/G5 . o:tf] ;txdf 3'/\ofg tyf Knfli6sn] 5f]Kg' k5{ .


k|m]Gr 8]«g

klx/f]leq cyjf kfvf]leq hDdf ePsf] e"ldut kfgLnfO{ pQm :yfgaf6

;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ k7fpg agfOg] ;+/rgfnfO{ k|m]Gr 8]«]g elgG5 .

o;df rf/}lt/ Kjfn kfl/Psf] Knfli6ssf] kfOk nufOG5 . hldgleq

hDdf ePsf] jf kl5 hDdf x'g ;Sg] kfgL kfOkaf6 aflx/ lg:s]/

hldgleq a9]sf] bafa sd x'G5 . k|m]Gr 8«]gsf] k|of]u e"ldut kfgLsf

sf/0f x'g] klx/f] /f]Sg ul/G5 .

9'ª\u] afln:6

le/fnf] hldgnfO{ v08–v08 eP/ 6'lqmg / tn v:g nfu]sf] 9'ª\uf

df6f]nfO{ klx/f]sf] ¿kdf v:g glbg le/fnf] ;txdf 58\s] jf t];f]{ u/]/

Uoflaog tf/ /fvL To;leq 9'ª\uf e/]/ 9'ª\u] aflni6 agfOG5 . o;n]

5l/P/ au]sf] kfgLnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L Psf]xf]¥ofpg d2t u5{ . of] k|ljlw

k|foM df6f] emg]{ le/fnf] If]qdf k|of]u ul/G5 .

ef/axg kvf{n

9'ª\uf–df6f] ePsf] 7fpFnfO{ elTsgaf6 hf]ufpg cyjf klx/f] uPsf] jf

hfg;Sg] cl:y/ kfvf]nfO{ c8\ofpg agfOg] ;+/rgfnfO{ ef/axg kvf{n

elgG5 . of] ;+/rgf 9'ª\uf–df6f]sf] bafanfO{ y]Ug lgdf{0f ul/G5 .

9'ª\uf–df6f]sf] agf]6, prfO{, le/fnf]kg cflbsf cfwf/df 9'ª\ufsf] dfq,

9'ª\uf / l;d]G6sf] hf]8fO ePsf], Uoflaog hfnLdf 9'ª\uf e/]sf] jf kSsL

ef/axg kvf{n lgdf{0f ul/G5 .

gfnL lgdf{0f

hldgsf] ;tx jf s]xL ulx/fOdf ePsf] kfgL tsf{pg 9'ª\u], kSsL] cflb

ljleGg k|sf/sf gfnL agfOG5 . 9'ª\u] gfnL agfpFbf klxn] vfN8f] vGg'

k5{ / To;nfO{ h'6sf] hfnL jf af]/fn] 9fSg' k5{ . o;f] ubf{ hldg

leqsf] kfgL ;lhn} gfnLdf cfpF5 . h'6sf] hfnL jf af]/fdfly dl;gf]

9'ª\uf / afn'jfsf] !)–@) ;]lG6ld6/sf] tx /fVg' k5{ . gfnLsf] ;aeGbf

ulx/f] efudf Pp6f Kjfn /fvL To;dfly qmd}n] 7"nf 9'ª\uf eb}{ hfg'


k5{ . gfnLsf] 5]p5]pdf eg] dl;gf 9'ª\uf / afn'jf eg'{ k5{ . dflyNnf]

efudf kfgL hfgnfO{ 9'ª\uf 5fk]sf] s'n];f] agfpg' k5{ .

jfg:klts ;+/rgfdfly plNnlvt ;+/rgf;Fu jg:kltsf pko'Qm k|hflt /f]k]/ x'sf{pg

;lsG5 . To:tf ;+/rgfn] klx/f] tyf e"Ifo lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd u5{g\ .

afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|0ffnLdf ;fgf l;len OlGhlgol/ª ;+/rgfsf ;fy

jg:klt /f]k]/ x'sf{pFbf lbuf] x'g] / k|fs[lts jftfj/0f;Fu ldNg] x'gfn]

x/]s If]qdf nf]slk|o x'Fb} uPsf] kfOG5 . jg:klt /f]Kg] k|lqmof / k|hfltsf]

5gf]6af/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lng' pko'Qm x'g]5 .

3f“; /f]Kgcl:y/ le/fnf] hldgdf kfgLåf/f x'g] s6fg jf e"Ifo /f]Sg t];f]{, 7f8f] /

58\s] nfOgdf 3fF;sf la?jf tyf l56} x's{g] l;dfnL, c;'/f], lv/f]{h:tf

a'6\ofgL jg:kltsf xfFuf sf6]/ /f]lkG5 . o:tf k|hflt v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf]

sfGnfdf, afFemf] tyf le/fnf] hldgdf /f]lkG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm klx/f]

uO;s]sf] :yfg tyf ;8ssf] lsgf/ ;'/lIft /fVg klg o:tf jg:klt

/f]lkG5 .

hLljt 5]saf/;fgf vf]N;fx¿df kSsL afFwsf] ;§f hLljt 5]saf/ klg nufpg

;lsG5 . of] 5]saf/ l56f] ;g]{ ¿v tyf a'6fsf xfFufaf6 agfOG5 .

vf]N;f k/]sf] 7fpFdf vGtLn] Kjfn kf/]/ xfFuf /f]kL jl/kl/sf] df6f]nfO{

/fd|/L lyRg' k5{ .

hLljt 5]saf/sf] dflylt/ sfd gnfUg] xfFufx¿ uf8]/ dfGb|] kvf{ndf

h:t} 6f6L jf kml/sf] agfpg' k5{ . o;/L agfOPsf] af/ vf]N;fsf] b'a}

lsgf/df /fd|/L c8\sfpg' k5{ .

¿v jf a'6f /f]Kg]le/fnf] kfvf]df ¿v tyf a'6f /f]Kg' k5{ . ¿v jf a'6fsf a]gf{x¿ sl/a

! ld6/sf] b"/Ldf nx/} /f]lkG5 . tL la?jf x'ls{Pkl5 h/fn] hldgnfO{


h]n]/ c8\sfpg] / ;xf/f lbg] sfd u5{ . la?jfsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ sf];]bf/

nx/] la?jfx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . To:tf la?jfn] cl:y/

hldgsf] pa{/f zlQm klg a9fpg] x'Fbf k|fs[lts ¿kdf jg:kltsf cGo

k|hflt klg x'ls{P/ cl:y/ e"ldnfO{ l:y/ agfpF5 .

af“; /f]Kg]

ufFlhg] jf em\ofª\lug] hftsf afF; /f]Kgfn] df6f]sf] axfjdf lgoGq0f

cfpF5 . afF;sf h/fn] df6f]nfO{ h]n]/ le/fnf] e"ldsf] km]bLnfO{ ;xf/f

lbG5 . o:tf] jfg:klts ;+/rgfn] km]bL kvf{nsf] klg sfd u5{ .

klx/f] hfg ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf jf klx/f] uPsf If]qdf o:tf ;+/rgf

lgdf{0f ubf{ eljiodf hfg ;Sg] klx/f]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u

k'U5 . oxfF pNn]v ePsf s]xL k|ljlwafx]s clwsf+z k|ljlw :yfgLo

;|f]t, ;fwg, ;Lk / k|ljlw;Fu glhs ePsfn] ;d'bfon] cfˆg} kxndf

klg o:tf sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d'bfosf] k|of; dfq kof{Kt gx'g]

cj:yfdf ;/sf/sf :yfgLo lgsfo, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / k|sf]k

Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+:Yffx¿;Fu ;xof]u lnP/ sfo{ ug'{ k5{ .

pk;+xf/klx/f] k|fs[lts k|sf]kh:tf] nfu] klg ;r]tgf/lxt dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn]

o;sf] hf]lvd j[l4 u/fO/x]sf] 5 . oBlk o;nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf lgoGq0f

ug{ g;lsP klg pko'Qm k|ljlw ckgfP/ ;–;fgf hf]lvd Go"g ug{

;lsG5 . vf;u/L sdnf] / cl:y/ df6f]nfO{ l:y/ agfpg afof]OlGhlgol/ª

k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{ pQd x'g]5 . o;af6 klx/f] hfg] k|lqmof Go"g eP/

dfgj, h}ljs ;Dkbf tyf ef}lts ;DklQsf] ljgfznfO{ w]/} xb;Dd sd

ug{ ;lsG5 .

klx/f]sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fdf k|of]u x'g] sltko k|ljlw dxFuf x'G5g\ /

jftfj/0f d}qL klg xF'b}gg\ . t/ afof]OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlw ;:tf] / jftfj/0f

d}qL x'G5 . ;Lldt ;fwg / ;|f]t ePsf] xfd|f] d'n'ssf] kl/k|]Iodf

klx/f]sf] /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf nflu cfw'lgs k|ljlw;Fu} h}ljs k|ljlwsf]

;dfof]hg ug'{ plrt x'G5 .


g]kfndf klx/f]af6 jif]{gL x'Fb} cfPsf] Iflt sd ug{ o;sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{

k|efjsf/L agfpg' h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu k|sf]k tTk/tf, p4f/ /

/fxtsf] Joj:yfkg;Fu} k'gM:yfkg / k'glg{df{0fsf sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L

agfpg' k5{ . k|sf]k tTk/tfsf nflu klx/f]sf] hf]lvd ePsf] If]qsf

afl;GbfnfO{ klx/f] hfg] ;ª\s]t, klx/f] uPdf ckgfpg] pkfo / 3/df

tof/L /fVg'kg]{ cfjZos ;fdu|Laf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg' k5{ . o:t}, p4f/,

/fxt, k'gM:yfkg / k'glg{df{0fh:tf sfo{df ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo,

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;lqmo

;+nUgtf /xg' cfjZos 5 .

;Gbe{;fdu|L

Bhubanesh Kumar Pradhan, A consultancy report of DisasterPreparedness for Natural Hazards Current Status in Nepal,Internacional Centre for Integrated Mountain Development(ICIMOD) May 2007.

Disaster Scenario of Nepal, Government of Nepal, Ministry of HomeAffairs, July 2004.

a;Gt >]i7, jL/]Gb| ah|frfo{ / ;'lzn k|wfg -cg'jfbs– an/fd /fof_, ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL

M Ps kl/ro, cGt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf; s]Gb| (ICIMOD), l7;]Da/

@))% .

World Disaster Report, Focus on reducing risk- 2002. InternationalFederation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,

;fd'bflos k|sf]k Joj:yfkg -kl/ro k'l:tsf_, ;xeflutfTds k|sf]k Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd,

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd, k|yd ;+:s/0f, @)^! .

kof{j/0f dfl;s, k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ljz]if, k"0ff{ª\s %@, @)^@, / cGo cª\sx¿ jftfj/0f tyf

afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf– g]kfn (ECO-Nepal) .

;ljGb| l;+x, kof{j/0f e"uf]n, k|ofu k':ts ejg, Onfxafb, @))! .

http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_landslide.html

http://unisdr.org

ljleGg ldltdf g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt b}lgs tyf dfl;s kqklqsfx¿ .

8. landslide and its controll dks 8

Education

klxf lgogq0f ug

n klxfsf hflvd sd ug

kfde ug

kfgksfzs klxf lgogq0fsf

ls6fg ug

ksflzt ug

nf klxf hfg usf

gkfndf klxfsf hflvd