8. renaissance and reformation

8/9/2019 8. Renaissance and Reformation

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IES FRAY PEDRO DE URBINA. GEO. AND HISTORY DEPARTMENT

THE RENAISSANCE AND THE REFORMATION

1. Humanism.During the fifteenth century, r!"e in It#y $ifferent %in$"et tht rene&e$ cu#ture

" it h$ 'een (n!&n f!r the )"t *++ yer". Thi" inte##ectu# %!e%ent &" c##e$

Humanism n$ ")re$ t! Eur!)e in the fir"t h#f !f the "i-teenth century.

It" ")re$ &" $ue t! "eer# fct!r" the inenti!n !f the printing press 'y /!hnne"

Guten'erg in the %i$ 01 ##!&e$ t! c!)y '!!(" f"ter, #rger n$ %!re che)#y2 the

e%ergence !f academies, &hich &ere center" f!r%e$ 'y "ch!#r" ine"tigting,trn"#ting n$ teching un$er the )tr!nge !f ")!n"!r2 n$ the $ee#!)%ent !f

universities 3B!#!gn, F#!rence, A#c#4 $e Henre", etc.5.

Hu%ni"% &" chrcteri6e$ 'y c!nce)ti!n !f %n " rti!n# n$ free 'eing2

rene&e$ ttenti!n t! the "tu$y !f Grec!7R!%n cu#ture2 intere"t in "cience, &hich

")re$ the "cientific %eth!$ 3!'"erti!n n$ e-)eri%ent5 n$ the u"e !f ntie

#nguge" 3French, It#in, 8"ti#in, etc.5 " ehic#e !f cu#tur# trn"%i""i!n.

The hu%ni"tic ")irit ")re$ %!ng the '!urge!i"ie in the citie", cu"ing %!re !)en

%ent#ity '"e$ !n in$ii$u#i"%, the cu#t !f )er"!n# eff!rt n$ "ecu#ri6ti!n 3re#igi!n

&" n! #!nger the center !f cu#tur# #ife5. N!'i#ity #"! 'n$!ne$ their !#$ feu$#

cu"t!%" n$ 'egn #iing in citie" n$ intere"te$ in %u"ic, #iterture n$ rt. S!%e !f

the%, #i(e 9!ren6! $e Me$ici, ")!n"!re$ &ith hi" %!ney #!t !f &!r(" n$ rti"t".

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2. Reigi!us Re"!rmati!n.

In the #te Mi$$#e Age", the 8th!#ic 8hurch h$ 'etrye$ it" !rigin# ")irit n$ %ny

)e!)#e critici6e$ "!%e ")ect" high ecc#e"i"tic# hierrchy 3)!)e, cr$in#", 'i"h!)"5

#ie$ &ith n e-ggerte$ #u-ury "ty#e2 the #!&er c#ergy%en h$ #itt#e e$ucti!n n$ h$

re#-e$ their cu"t!%"2 ecc#e"i"tic# !ffice" c!u#$ 'e '!ught n$ "!#$ n$ the fithfu#

c!u#$ !'tin f!rgiene"" !f "in" 'uying 'u##" !r in$u#gence".

In :;:; P!)e 9e! 0 !r$ere$ t! "e## in$u#gence" t! )y f!r the ne& 'ui#$ing church !f St.

Peter<" B"i#ic. Thi" ")r(e$ critici"% fr!% Ger%n %!n(, Martin #ut$er, &h! in

:;:= )u'#i"he$ %& t$eses gin"t the $!ctrine n$ the church hierrchy.

9uther n!t !n#y c!n$e%ne$ in$u#gence" 'ut )r!)!"e$ %!re inti%te n$ )er"!n#

re#igi!"ity tht c#"he$ &ith 8th!#ic i$e". The 9uthern Ref!r%ti!n &" '"e$ !n

"#ti!n 'y fith, the unier"# )rie"th!!$ n$ the uth!rity !f the Bi'#e. Hi" $!ctrine

")re$ thr!ugh!ut centr# n$ n!rthern Eur!)e.

In S&it6er#n$, n!ther the!#!gin, '!$n Cavin, he#$ %!re r$ic# ref!r% tht

$!cte$ the $!ctrine !f )re$e"tinti!n 3G!$ in 8reti!n h$ $eter%ine$ &h! &!u#$ 'e

"e$5 n$ f!rce$ t! #e$ '#%e#e"" %!r# n$ u"tere #ife. 8#ini"% ")re$ in Frnce

3Huguen!t"5, Eng#n$ 3Puritn"5 n$ Sc!t#n$ 3Pre"'yterin5.

In Eng#n$, (ing Henr) *III "trte$ hi" !&n church 3Ang#icn 8hurch5 &hen the P!)e

refu"e$ the nnu#%ent !f hi" %rrige t! 8therine !f Arg!n. In Ang#icn 8hurch,

#th!ugh ery "i%i#r t! the 8th!#ic in $!g%" n$ cu#t", the "u)re%e #e$er i" n!t the

)!)e 'ut the Eng#i"h (ing.

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8ATHO9I8ISM 9UTHERANISM 8A91INISM ANG9I8ANISM

ORIGIN St. Pu# Mrtin 9uther /!hn 8#in Henry 1III

SA91ATION Fith n$ &!r(" Fith Fith Fith n$ &!r("

9EADERSHIP P!)e N!ne N!ne >ing !f Eng#n$

SA8RAMENTS Seen T&! T&! Seen

AUTHORITY Bi'#e n$

tr$iti!n

Bi'#e Bi'#e Bi'#e n$

tr$iti!n

BE9IEFS AND

?ORSHIP

1irgin n$ Sint"

9i"h

cere%!nie"

D! n!t 'e#iee

in 1irgin n$

Sint". Si%)#e

cere%!nie" n$

un$ec!rte$

churche"

D! n!t 'e#iee

in 1irgin n$

Sint". Si%)#e

cere%!nie" n$

un$ec!rte$

churche"

D! n!t 'e#iee

in 1irgin n$

Sint". 9i"h

cere%!nie"

+. Cat$!ic C!unter,Re"!rmati!n.

The ")re$ !f the Pr!te"tnt Ref!r%ti!n in Eur!)e c!nince$ the 8th!#ic re#igi!u"

uth!ritie" !f the nee$ t! )reent further e-)n"i!n. On !ne hn$, the In-uisiti!n &"

re"t!re$ " n ecc#e"i"tic# tri'un# t! )r!"ecute n$ )uni"h heretic". The"e &ere )ut

!n tri#, c##e$ ut! $e fe . If n!t '@ure their 'e#ief" they &ere "entence$ t! )ri"!n !r

the "t(e. An Inde !" /!!0s, c!ntrry t! 8th!#ic $!ctrine n$ f!r'i$$en t! 'e#ieer",

&" #"! crete$.

On the !ther hn$, the 8hurch urge$ rene&# %!e%ent (n!&n " C!unter,

Re"!rmati!n i%e$ t c!rrecting the %i"t(e" n$ $efen$ing the $!g%" !f the

8th!#ic fith. The 8!unter7Ref!r%ti!n &" he#$ t the C!unci !" Trent 3:;;7:;C5,

&h!"e %eeting" &ere tten$e$ 'y the highe"t ecc#e"i"tic# hierrchie". The 8!unci#

"ere$ t! ref!r% the err!r" the "#e !f in$u#gence" &" 'nne$, "e%inr" &ere

crete$ t! trin c#ergy n$ )rie"t" &ere urge$ t! #e$ n e-e%)#ry #ife. But Trent #"!

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reffir%e$ the 8th!#ic $!g%" "#ti!n !'tine$ thr!ugh fith n$ g!!$ &!r(", the

cu#t !f the 1irgin n$ the "int" n$ the "een "cr%ent".

T! "hre thi" re#igi!u" ")irit %ny re#igi!u" !r$er" &ere ref!r%e$ n$ crete$ "!%e "

the S!ciet) !" 'esus, f!un$e$ 'y St. Igntiu" !f 9!y!# in :;C=, &hich e-ten$e$ the

8!unter7Ref!r%ti!n 'y %ny c!untrie" thr!ugh "ch!!#" n$ %i""i!n".

. T$e Renaissance.

Reni""nce rt e%erge$ in It#y in the fifteenth century n$ inugurte$ ne& "ty#e

in fr!nt !f the %e$ie# rt 3R!%ne"ue n$ G!thic5 'y intr!$ucing "erie" !f chnge"

in the "u'@ect %tter n$ techniue. The rti"t "igne$ hi" &!r(", en@!ying )re"tige n$

"!ci# rec!gniti!n.

Fir"t, the rec!ery !f the rt !f ncient Greece n$ R!%e &" )r!%!te$ n$ rti"t"

!)ene$ t! ne& "ecu#r "u'@ect" fr!% c#""ic# %yth!#!gy n$ )!rtrit" n$ "cene" !f

eery$y #ife, 'ut they $i$nt "t!) %(ing &!r(" !f re#igi!u" c!ntent 3'i'#ic# "cene",

i%ge" !f "int", etc.5.

Sec!n$#y, the rti"t" &nte$ t! c)ture in their &!r(" the i$e# 'euty n$ &ere ery

c!ncerne$ f!r the "tu$y !f nture n$ hu%n nt!%y, hence the e%ergence !f %ny

)!rtrit" n$ nu$e" in )inting" n$ "cu#)ture".

Architectur# 'euty &" ""i%i#te$ t! "i%)#e #ine" n$ hr%!ni!u" )r!)!rti!n"2

c#""ic# cn!n" &ere rec!ere$ in "cu#)ture n$ )er")ectie &" $!)te$ in )inting t!

)r!i$e i%ge" !f ")ti# $e)th.

.1. T$e uattr!cent!.

The fir"t "tge !f the Reni""nce ")#en$!r e%erge$ $uring the fir"t h#f !f the

fifteenth century in F#!rence, n$ i" c##e$ &ith the It#in ter% uttr!cent!.

The arc$itecture i" '"e$ !n "i%)#e, !r$ere$ n$ "h)e#y e#e%ent" tht crete

rti!n# ")ce, in")ire$ 'y Grec!7R!%n %!$e#" rch, c!#u%n", )e$i%ent", etc., n$ the

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$$iti!n !f $!%e". Brune##e"chi 3Sn 9!ren6! n$ the cthe$r# $!%e in F#!rence5 n$

A#'erti 3Snt Mri N!e##5 "t!!$ !ut.

The scupture &" intere"te$ in )re"enting the hu%n '!$y un$er the c#""ic# cn!n"

thr!ugh "h)e#y figure" 3nu$e", 'u"t", eue"trin )!rtrit", etc.5 %$e in 'r!n6e !r

%r'#e. The %!"t rec!gni6e$ rti"t" &ere D!nte##! 3Di$5 n$ Ghi'erti 3')ti"tery

$!!r" in F#!rence5.

3ainting intr!$uce$ the u"e !f )er")ectie n$ $ee#!)e$ the re)re"entti!n !f

#n$"c)e" n$ the $ee)ening !f the )"ych!#!gy !f the chrcter" in the )!rtrit".

Pr!%inent %!ng )inter" &ere Fr Ange#ic! 3The Annunciti!n5 n$ B!ttice##i 3Birth !f

1enu"5.

.2. T$e Cin-uecent!.

In the "i-teenth century, the rt c)it# &" %!e$ fr!% F#!rence t! R!%e, &here the

"tge (n!&n " 8inuecent! 'egn. The &!r(" cuire$ %!re %ture n$ refine$

$e"ign, n$ gret %"ter" e%erge$ in )inting n$ "cu#)ture.

In arc$itecture, the high#ight i" the c!n"tructi!n !f St. Peter<" B"i#ic in R!%e, &h!"e

$!%e &" &!r( !f Miche#nge#!. Thi" rti"t &" #"! gret "cu#)t!r n$ )inter. In

scupture they trie$ t! fin$ 'etter e-)re""i!n !f fee#ing", " in the &!r(" !f

Miche#nge#! hi%"e#f 3Di$, The Piet, M!"e", etc.5 !r 8e##ini 3Per"eu"5. In painting the

&!r(" !f 9e!nr$! $ 1inci re f%!u", uthentic Reni""nce rti"t %!$e# 3The

Gi!c!n$, 9"t Su))er52 Rfe# 3Sch!!# !f Athen"52 Miche#nge#! 3$ec!rti!n !f the

Si"tine 8h)e# the 9"t /u$ge%ent5 n$ the Sch!!# !f 1enice un$er Titin, Tint!rett!

n$ Gi!rgi!ne.

.+. T$e Renaissance !utside Ita).

In Fanders, the ne& "ty#e &" chrcteri6e$ 'y ttenti!n t! $eti#, re#i"%, )!rtrit"

n$ the '"ence !f reference" t! c#""ic# ntiuity. A%!ng the rti"t" "tn$ !ut f!r

generti!n", R!ger n $er ?ey$en 3The De"cent5 n$ /n n Eyc( 3The Arn!#fini

5



c!u)#e52 B!"ch 3The Gr$en !f De#ight"5 !r Brueghe# the E#$er 3i##ge ?e$$ing5.

In France, the Reni""nce "tn$" f!r 'ui#$ing c"t#e" "uch " F!ntine'#eu. /u"t

Sch!!# &" e"t'#i"he$ r!un$ tht )#ce, &ith F#e%i"h n$ It#in inf#uence" n$

re"u#ting in ery refine$ n$ !rn%ent# rt.

In 4erman), )!rtrit" n$ #n$"c)e" 'ec%e the f!rite "u'@ect". A%!ng it" rti"t"

A#'recht Drer "tn$" !ut " $rft"%n n$ )rint%(er, cret!r !f %ny )icture" n$

&!r(" " A$% n$ Ee.

Activities

:. Fin$ in the $icti!nry the &!r$" )tr!n, heretic, in$u#gence, D!g%, "ecu#ri6ti!n.

. 8!%%ent the te-t

C. Sh!u#$ 'e tught t! 8hri"tin" &h! gie" t! the )!!r !r #en$" t! the nee$y $!e"

'etter thn 'uying in$u#gence".

. The true tre"ure !f the 8hurch i" the H!#y G!")e#.

Mrtin 9uther<" J; The"e", :;:=.

C. 9in( &ith rr!&" n uth!r &ith hi" &!r(

Miche#nge#! The Sch!!# !f Athen"

The B!"c! 9 Gi!c!n$

9e!nr$! $ 1inci The Birth !f 1enu"

B!ttice##i The Gr$en !f Erth#y De#ight"

Rfe# The Piet.

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8. renaissance and reformation

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