8.19-8.23. karyotype- magnified images of chromosomes that are arranged in order a human karyotype
TRANSCRIPT
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Alterations of C’some Structure & Number
8.19-8.23
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1. Karyotype
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Karyotype- magnified images of chromosomes that are arranged in order
A human karyotype
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Mistakes during meiosis lead to gametes that have an incorrect dumber of c’somes or have major changes in the structure of the c’some
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2. Down Syndrome
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Called trisomy 21 b/c instead of two num 21 c’somes there are three
Usually human embryos w/ an abnormal amount of c’somes are self aborted.
Down syndrome produces mild to severe mental retardation
It is characterized by:increased susceptibility to
many diseases higher frequency of some
birth defectsMothers over 35 have an
increased risk of having a child w/ down syndrome
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3. Alterations in C’some Number
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Meiosis occurs over & over again in our testes and ovaries to produces gametes w/o error
Nondisjunction- occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate.
The result is abnormal c’some number
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4. Abnormal C’some Num. of Sex C’somes
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Abnormal numbers of sex c’somes (X or Y) do not affect the survival of the individual
Y chromosomes is very small has fewer genes than other c’somesThe Y chromosome mostly affects
maleness, which noes not dictate survival
Cells can tolerate only one copy of a functioning X c’some in each cell b/c the other copies are usually inactivated in each cell
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Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
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Turner Syndrome (X0)Only one X
c’some in each cell
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5. Chromosomal Alterations
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Abnormalities in chromosomes structure can cause disorders
Deletion- involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome
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Duplication- produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome.
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Inversion- reverses the direction of parts of chromosomes
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Translocation-occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another