86054410 shipping management (1)

8/12/2019 86054410 Shipping Management (1)

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SHIPPING MANAGEMENT

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

LESSON 1: SHIP TRANSPORT

LESSON 2: MODES OF TRANSPORT

LESSON 3: BASIC TYPE OF SHIPS

LESSON 4: THE MARINE SOCIETY

LESSON 5: BAILMENT

LESSON 6: SPECIAL CONTRACTS - INDEMNITY AND GUARANTEE

LESSON 7: GENERAL DAMAGES

LESSON 8: TORT - NEGLIGENCE IN SHIPPING AND DEFENSES AGAINST TORTUOUS

LIABILITIES

LESSON 9: BILLS OF LADING

LESSON 10: HAGUE RULES GO!ERNING LA" AND #URISDICTION

LESSON 11: SHIPMANAGEMENT AND THE ISM CODE


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INTRODUCTION

O$%&'()*&+ , S.)//) M&3&(

To promote and establish the stats o! "ali!ied shippin# personnel in $ommer$ial or#ani%ations and

indstries

To promote the interests o! the shippin# $ommnities and the de&elopment o! impro&ed methods in

the shippin# trade

To stimlate and promote the interest o! shippin# personnel to a$"ire hi#her "ali!i$ation in modern

shippin#

To hold $on!eren$es and meetin#s !or the dis$ssion o! pro!essional a!!airs' interests and dties' the

readin# o! papers' and the deli&er( o! le$tres) to $ompile and re&ise re#isters o! the Institte' to isse

$opies o! s$h papers' le$tres and pro!essional re$ords !rom time to time to *embers o! the

Institte' and #enerall( to $olle$t' and pblish in!ormation o! ser&i$es or s$h interests to members o!

the pro!ession or similar bsiness and the pbli$ at lar#e

To do s$h other la+!l thin#s as are $ond$i&e and in$idental to the attainment o! the ob,e$ts and

+el!are o! the *embers' in$ldin# a!!iliation


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L&++, 1

SHIP TRANSPORT

Ship transport re!ers to the se o! +ater$ra!tto $arr( people' #enerall( re!erred to as passen#ers' and

#oods' #enerall( re!erred to as $ar#o' !rom one pla$e to another-

Altho#h the histori$ importan$e o! sea tra&el !or passen#ers has de$reased de to the

de&elopment o! atomobiles and a&iation' it is still &er( e!!e$ti&e !or short trips and pleasre $rises

Sea transport remains the lar#est $arrier o! !rei#ht in the +orld-

.hile slo+er than air transport' modern sea transport is a hi#hl( e!!e$ti&e method o! mo&in#

lar#e "antities o! non/perishable #oods- Transport b( +ater is si#ni!i$antl( less $ostl( than transport

b( air!or trans/$ontinental shippin#-

Ship transport is o!ten international b( natre' bt it $an be a$$omplished b( bar#e' boat' ship

or sailboato&er a sea' o$ean' la0e' $anal or ri&er- This is !re"entl( nderta0en !or prposes o!

$ommer$e' re$reationor militar(ob,e$ti&es- .hen a $ar#o is $arried b( more than one mode' the

transport is termed Intermodalor $o/modal-

Ships ha&e lon# been sed !or +ar!are' +ith appli$ations !rom na&al sprema$( to pira$(

in&asions and bombardment- Air$ra!t $arriers$an be sed as bases o! a +ide &ariet( o! militar(

operations-

Ship transport is sed !or a &ariet( o! npa$0a#ed ra+ materials ran#in# !rom $hemi$als

petrolem prod$ts' and bl0 $ar#os$h as $oal' iron ore' $ereals'ba1ite' and so !orth- So $alled

2#eneral $ar#o2 $o&ers #oods that are pa$0a#ed to some e1tent in bo1es' $ases' pallets' barrels' and

so !orth- Sin$e the 456s $ontaineri%ation has re&oltioni%ed ship transport

M&'.( +.)//)

7668 re#istration o! mer$hant ships 9'666 #ross re#ister tons9;T< and o&er< per $ontr(-

A nation=s shippin# !leet $omprises the ships that operated b( $i&ilian $re+s sed to transpor

passen#ers or $ar#o- >ependin# on the nation' the terms mer$hant na&(' mer$hant marine' or

mer$hant !leet ma( be sed to re!er to these &essels- There are a nmber o! terms applied to the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-modalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_supremacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_Register_Tonnagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-modalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_supremacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_Register_Tonnage


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people +ho operate the ships' in$ldin# mer$hant seaman' mer$hant sailor' and mer$hant mariner

or simpl( seaman' sailor' or mariner- The terms 2seaman2 or 2sailor2 ma( also re!er to a member o! a

$ontr(=s na&(-

A$$ordin# to the 7668 CIA .orld Fa$t boo0' the +orld total nmber o! mer$hant ships o! '666

ross ;e#ister Tonsor o&er +as 36'435- Statisti$s !or indi&idal $ontries are a&ailable at the List o!

mer$hant marine $apa$it( b( $ontr(-

P,&++), 3)&+

Sea!arers hold a &ariet( o! pro!essions and ran0s' ea$h o! +hi$h $arr( ni"e responsibilities

+hi$h are inte#ral to the s$$ess!l operation o! a sea!arin# &essel- A ship=s $omplement $an

#enerall( be di&ided into !or main $ate#ories: the de$0 department' the en#ineerin# department' the

ste+ard=s department' and other-

D&' &/(3&(

An able seaman stands i$eber# loo0ot on the bo+ o! the !rei#hter ?SNS Sothern

Cross drin# a re/sppl( mission to *$*rdo Station'Antar$ti$a) $ir$a 4@-

O!!i$er positions in the de$0 departmentin$lde bt not limited to: *asterand his Chie!' Se$ond' and

Thirdo!!i$ers- The o!!i$ial $lassi!i$ations !or nli$ensed members o! the de$0 department are Able

Seamanand Ordinar( Seaman-

A $ommon de$0 $re+ !or a ship in$ldes:

9< Chie! O!!i$erChie! *ate

9< Se$ond O!!i$erSe$ond *ate

9< Third O!!i$er Third *ate

9< Boats+ain

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On lar#e passen#er &essels' the Caterin# >epartment is headed b( the Chie! Prser and

mana#ed b( assistant prsers- Altho#h the( en,o( the bene!its o! ha&in# o!!i$er ran0' the( #enerall(

pro#ress thro#h the ran0s to be$ome prsers- ?nder the prsers are the department heads / s$h

as $hie! $oo0' head +aiter' head barman et$- The( are responsible !or the administration o! their o+n

areas-

The $hie! ste+ard also plans mens) $ompiles sppl(' o&ertime' and $ost $ontrol re$ords- *a(

re"isition or pr$hase stores and e"ipment- *a( ba0e bread' rolls' $a0es' pies' and pastries-

A $hie! ste+ard=s dties ma( o&erlap +ith those o! the Ste+ard=s Assistant' the Chie! Coo0

and other Ste+ard=s >epartment $re+members-

In the ?nited States *er$hant *arine' in order to be o$$pied as a $hie! ste+ard a person has

to ha&e a *er$hant *ariner=s >o$ment issed b( the ?nited States Coast ard- Be$ase o!

international $on&entions and a#reements' all $hie! $oo0s +ho sail internationall( are similarl(

do$mented b( their respe$ti&e $ontries-

O(.& D&/(3&(+

Darios t(pes o! sta!! o!!i$er positions ma( e1ist on board a ship' in$ldin# nior Assistan

Prser' Senior Assistant Prser' Prser' Chie! Prser' *edi$al >o$tor' Pro!essional Nrse' *arine

Ph(si$ian Assistant' and Hospital Corpsman' are $onsidered administrati&e positions and are

there!ore re#lated b( Certi!i$ates o! ;e#istr( issed b( the ?nited States Coast ard- Pilots are

also mer$hant marine o!!i$ers and are li$ensed b( the Coast ard- Formerl(' there +as also a radio

department' headed b( a $hie! radio o!!i$er and spported b( a nmber o! radio o!!i$ers- Sin$e the

introd$tion o! *>SS 9Satellite $ommni$ations< and the sbse"ent e1emptions !rom $arr(in#

radio o!!i$ers i! the &essel is so e"ipped' this department has !allen a+a(' altho#h man( ships do

still $arr( spe$ialist radio o!!i$ers' parti$larl( passen#er &essels- *an( radio o!!i$ers be$ame =ele$tro/

te$hni$al o!!i$ers=' and trans!erred into the en#ineerin# department-

L)& ( +&

The tan0er SS O&erseas Ali$e ta0es seas o&er the bo+ drin# a 4@ rn !rom Ne+ Orleans to

Panama-

*ariners li&e on the mar#ins o! so$iet(' +ith m$h o! their li!e spent be(ond the rea$h o! land

The( !a$e $ramped' star0' nois(' and sometimes dan#eros $onditions at sea- Yet men and +omen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steward's_Assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Cookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Mariner's_Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junior_Assistant_Purser&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junior_Assistant_Purser&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senior_Assistant_Purser&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Purser&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Doctorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Physician_Assistant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Physician_Assistant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Corpsmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_pilothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steward's_Assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Cookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Mariner's_Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junior_Assistant_Purser&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junior_Assistant_Purser&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senior_Assistant_Purser&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Purser&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Doctorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Physician_Assistant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Physician_Assistant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Corpsmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_pilot


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still #o to sea- For some' the attra$tion is a li!e nen$mbered +ith the restraints o! li!e ashore- Sea/

#oin# ad&entre and a $han$e to see the +orld also appeal to man( sea!arers- .hate&er the $allin#

those +ho li&e and +or0 at sea in&ariabl( $on!ront so$ial isolation-

Findin#s b( the Sea!arer=s International ;esear$h Center indi$ate a leadin# $ase o! mariners

lea&in# the indstr( is 2almost in&ariabl( be$ase the( +ant to be +ith their !amilies-2 ?-S- mer$hant

ships t(pi$all( do not allo+ !amil( members to a$$ompan( sea!arers on &o(a#es- Indstr( e1perts

in$reasin#l( re$o#ni%e isolation' stress' and !ati#e as o$$pational ha%ards- Ad&o$a$( #rops s$h

as International Labor Or#ani%ation' a ?nited Nations a#en$(' and the Nati$al Institte are see0in#

impro&ed international standards !or mariners-

O$ean &o(a#es are steeped in rotine- *aritime tradition di$tates that ea$h da( be di&ided into

si1 !or/hor periods- Three #rops o! +at$h 0eepers !rom the en#ine and de$0 departments +or0

!or hors on then ha&e ei#ht hors o!! +at$h0eepin#- Ho+e&er there are man( o&ertime ,obs to be

done dail(- This $($le repeats endlessl(' 7 hors a da( +hile the ship is at sea- *embers o! the

ste+ard department t(pi$all( are da( +or0ers +ho pt in at least ei#ht/hor shi!ts- Operations at sea

in$ldin# repairs' sa!e#ardin# a#ainst pira$(' se$rin# $ar#o' nder+a( replenishment' and other

dties pro&ide opportnities !or o&ertime +or0- Ones ser&i$e aboard ships t(pi$all( e1tends !or

months at a time' !ollo+ed b( protra$ted shore lea&e- Ho+e&er' some seamen se$re ,obs on ships

the( li0e and sta( aboard !or (ears-

In rare $ases' &eteran mariners $hoose ne&er to #o ashore +hen in port- Frther' the o!ten

"i$0 trnarond o! man( modern ships' spendin# onl( a matter o! hors in port' limits a sea!arer=s

!ree/time ashore- *oreo&er' some !orei#n seamen enterin# ?-S- ports !rom a +at$h list o! 78 hi#h/ris0

$ontries !a$e restri$tions on shore lea&e de to se$rit( $on$erns in a post 4 en&ironment

Ho+e&er' shore lea&e restri$tions +hile in ?-S- ports impa$t Ameri$an seamen as +ell- For e1ample

the International Or#ani%ation o! *asters' *ates G Pilotsnotes a trend o! ?-S- shippin# termina

operators restri$tin# seamen !rom tra&elin# !rom the ship to the terminal #ate- Frther' in $ases +here

transit is allo+ed' spe$ial 2se$rit( !ees2 are at times assessed-

S$h restri$tions on shore lea&e $opled +ith red$ed time in port b( man( ships translate into

lon#er periods at sea- *ariners report that e1tended periods at sea li&in# and +or0in# +ith shipmates

+ho !or the most part are stran#ers ta0es #ettin# sed to- At the same time' there is an opportnit( to

meet people !rom a +ide ran#e o! ethni$ and $ltral ba$0#ronds- ;e$reational opportnities ha&e

impro&ed aboard some ?-S- ships' +hi$h ma( !eatre #(ms and da( rooms !or +at$hin# mo&ies'

s+appin# sea stories' and other a$ti&ities- And in some $ases' espe$iall( tan0ers' it is made possible
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underway_replenishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Masters,_Mates_%26_Pilotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underway_replenishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Masters,_Mates_%26_Pilots


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!or a mariner to be a$$ompanied b( members o! his !amil(- Ho+e&er' a mariners o!! dt( time is

lar#el( a solitar( a!!air' prsin# hobbies' readin#' +ritin# letters' and sleepin#-

On modern o$ean #oin# &essels' t(pi$all( re#istered +ith a !la# o! $on&enien$e' li!e has

$han#ed immensel( in the last 76 (ears- *ost lar#e &essels in$lde a #(m and o!ten a s+immin#

pool !or se b( the $re+- Sin$e the E11on Dalde%in$ident' the !o$s o! leisre time a$ti&it( has

shi!ted !rom ha&in# o!!i$er and $re+ bars' to simpl( ha&in# lon#e/st(le areas +here o!!i$ers or $re+

$an sit to +at$h mo&ies- .ith man( $ompanies no+ pro&idin# TDs and >D> pla(ers in $abins' and

en!or$in# stri$t smo0in# poli$ies' it is not srprisin# that the bar is no+ a m$h "ieter pla$e on most

ships- In some instan$es #ames $onsoles are pro&ided !or the o!!i$ers and $re+- The o!!i$ers en,o( a

m$h hi#her standard o! li&in# on board o$ean #oin# &essels- Cre+s are #enerall( poorl( paid' poorl(

"ali!ied and ha&e to $omplete $ontra$ts o! appro1 4 months be!ore retrnin# home on lea&e- The(

o!ten $ome !rom $ontries +here the a&era#e indstrial +a#e is still &er( lo+' s$h as the Philippines

or India- O!!i$ers ho+e&er' $ome !rom all o&er the +orld and it is not n$ommon to mi1 the nationalit(

o! the o!!i$ers on board ships- O!!i$ers are o!ten the re$ipients o! ni&ersit( de#rees and ha&e

$ompleted &ast amonts o! trainin# in order to rea$h their ran0- O!!i$ers bene!it on board b( ha&in#

lar#er' more $om!ortable $abins' table ser&i$e !or their meals' et$- Contra$ts a&era#e at the month

mar0 !or o!!i$ers' +ith #eneros lea&e- *ost O$ean #oin# &essels no+ operate an ?nmanned En#ine

room S(stem allo+in# en#ineers to +or0 da(s onl(- The en#ine room is $ompter $ontrolled b( ni#ht

altho#h the dt( en#ineer +ill ma0e inspe$tions drin# nmanned operation- En#ineers +or0 in a

hot' hmid' nois( atmosphere- Commni$ation in the en#ine room is there!ore b( hand si#nals and

lip/readin#' and #ood team+or0 o!ten stands in pla$e o! an( $ommni$ation at all-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_conveniencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_conveniencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India


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L&++, 2

MODES OF TRANSPORT

.ith the be#innin# o! the $osmi$ era and +ith the in$reasin# $ommer$iali%ation' the demand

!or #oods and prod$ts has been tremendosl( in$reasin# !rom all parts o! the .orld- This means

that the importan$e o! transport $ompanies is on top-

Transport $ompanies are o!!erin# a +ide sele$tion o! ser&i$es to the $stomers +ho are

loo0in# !or shi!tin# their prod$ts or #oods to their desired destination- The( o!ten pro&ide di!!erent

modes o! transport!a$ilities s$h as air' sea' road' and rail- Ho+e&er' there are &arios ad&anta#es

and disad&anta#es +ith the se o! all these modes o! transport-

A*(&+ , A) T+/,((),:

Fastest !or lon# distan$e deli&eries

Cstomer per$eption is hi#h' eas( !or order !l!illment

Der( sa!e mode o! transport

;ed$es lead time on sppliers

Impro&ed ser&i$e le&els

D)+*(&+ , A) T+/,((),:

;is0(

Potential !or !li#ht dela(s andor $an$ellations

Cstoms and E1$ise restri$tions

E1pensi&e &s- other modes

?nsitable !or some #oods'

Limited rotes' and in!le1ible timetables

En&ironmental polltion

Airport ta1es

A*(&+ , S& T+/,((),:

Ideal !or transportin# hea&( and bl0( #oods
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Sitable !or prod$ts +ith lon# lead times

Cheap !or lar#e &olmes

D)+*(&+ , S& T+/,((),:

Der( slo+' lon#er leaddeli&er( times

>i!!i$lt to monitor e1a$t lo$ation o! #oods in transitCstoms and E1$ise restri$tions

Cold be $ostl(

In!le1ible rotes and timetables

Port dt(ta1es

;e"ires inland transportation !or door/to/door deli&er(

A*(&+ , R) T+/,((),:

Fast deli&er(

Capa$it(

Cost e!!e$ti&e

Sa!e mode o! transport

;eliable

*ore en&ironmentall( !riendl( than alternati&es

>oes not add to $on#estion

D)+*(&+ , R) T+/,((),:

Potential o! dama#es' !rom shntin#

Sb,e$t to n!oreseen dela(s

;elian$e on rail !rei#ht operator=s timetable

Sppliers$stomers are not al+a(s lo$ated near a rail !rei#ht depot and deli&er( to!rom the depot

$an be $ostl( and time $onsmin#

Limited rotes' in!le1ible rotes and timetables

A*(&+ , R, T+/,((),:

Cost e!!e$ti&e

Fast deli&er(' Ideal !or short distan$es

Ideal !or transportin# perishables

Eas( to monitor lo$ation o! #oods

Eas( to $ommni$ate +ith dri&er


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Ideal !or sendin# b( $orier shorta#es to $stomers

Pri&ate

D)+*(&+ , R, T+/,((),

Transport sb,e$t to tra!!i$ dela(s

Transport sb,e$t to brea0do+noods ss$eptible to dama#e thro#h $areless dri&in#

Bad +eather

>ri&in# re#lations $an $ase dela(s

Polltes the en&ironment

Less sa!e than alternati&es

Can be e1pensi&e +here there are $on#estion or road $har#es-

It is ad&isable to de$ide be!ore (o in&esti#ate a transport $ompan( +hat t(pe o! ser&i$es (o

are loo0in# !or- Some o! the $ommon t(pes o! ser&i$es are door/to/door $ar transport' terminal/to/

terminal transport' spe$ial $ar mo&er' and deli&er( to a spe$i!ied lo$ation-

*an( transport $ompanies are o!!erin# +orld+ide #oods transportation soltions to the

indi&idals or bsiness se$tors- These $ompanies spe$iali%e in reliable and e!!i$ient- The( al+a(s

$ommit in sendin# dama#e/!ree prod$ts at the !inal destination- Ne!ab is a leadin# transport

$ompan( that o!!ers di!!erent modes o! transport!a$ilities !or the $stomers $on&enien$e arond the

.orld-

N(&- S)))''&

.ater transport is $onsidered as a portent o! modem $i&ili%ation' a sor$e o! emplo(ment and

an a$ti&e a#ent o! pro#ress and the de&elopment- .ater transport is the oldest and $heapest !orm !or

mo&in# #oods !rom one pla$e to another pla$e- It operates on natral tra$0s and hen$e does not

re"ire h#e $apital in&estments in the $onstr$tion and maintenan$e o! +ater+a(s- The path is

pro&ided b( natre and less in&estment is re"ired in la(in# do+n the tra$0 and its maintenan$e- This

mode o! transport has the lar#est $arr(in# $apa$it( and sitable !or transport o! bl0 #oods o&er lon#

distan$e-

The landmass in the +orld is $onne$ted +ith &arios +ater+a(s thro#h o$ean- >e to thais

$onne$ti&it( the +ater transport is $onsidered as the best means !or transport o! bl0 $ommodities-

This !orm o! transport is e1tensi&el( sed !or the international trade- O$ean transport is !a&orable

be$ase o! #eo#raphi$al !a$t that the o$eans and seas are inter$onne$ted- British Empire $old

establish se&eral $olonies all o&er the +orld de to its +ell/de&eloped' +ell/e"ipped o&erseas +ater
http://www.nefab.com/Modes_of_transport_Packaging_Information.aspxhttp://www.nefab.com/Modes_of_transport_Packaging_Information.aspx


12/108

transport s(stem- .ater transport $an easil( $arr( #oods and $ommodities o! lo+ &ales and hi#h

&olme- A!ter dis$o&er( o! &arios o$ean rotes' the e$onomi$ importan$e o! these rotes has been

in$reased si#ni!i$antl(- O$eans are $onsidered to be the $heapest and the sa!est hi#h+a( to $arr(

passen#er and $ar#o- .ater transport $an be $lassi!ied into Inland +ater transport and O$ean

transport-

I "(& T+/,(

Transport b( ri&ers' $anals and la0es are re!erred to as =Inland .ater Transport=- Inland

.ater+a(s ha&e #reatl( e1panded drin# 76th $entr( in man( $ontries o! the +orld- It is pla(in# an

important role in internal trade and $ommer$e in man( $ontries- Inland +ater+a(s ma( be natra

s$h as na&i#able ri&ers or la0es or ma(be arti!i$ial s$h as $anals- *an( ri&ers pro&ide natra

+ater+a(s' +hi$h $an be sed !or pro&idin# transport ser&i$es thro#h small boats as +ell as bi#

bar#es- ;i&er transport +as one o! the oldest modes o! transport- It pla(ed a &er( important role prior

to the de&elopment o! modern means o! land transport- It pro&ides transport !a$ilities to ina$$essible

!orest areas and other natral re#ions not $onne$ted b( roads-

Canals are arti!i$ial +ater+a(s basi$all( made !or irri#ation or =na&i#ation or !or the both-

Canals $an be sed as +ater+a(s !or inland +ater transport' bt h#e amont o! $apital in&estment is

re"ired in the $onstr$tion and maintenan$e o! s$h man made arti!i$ial +ater+a(- The $ost o! $anal

transport is hi#her than that o! the ri&er transport- Apart !rom this' pro&idin# ade"ate +ater in the

$anal to !a$ilitate mo&ement o! bi# boats is $onsidered as a bi# problem !or this mode o! transport-

Natral la0es pro&ide transport !a$ilities to its $oastal areas- Altho#h' the distan$e $o&ered b( la0e/

transport is less' it pro&ides lo+ $ost transport !a$ilities to the areas $onne$ted b( the la0es-

A*(&+ , I "(& T+/,(

- Inland +ater transport is the $heapest mode !or $ertain 0ind o! tra!!i$ both !or lon# and short hals

pro&ided the points o! ori#in and destination are lo$ated on +ater!ront and no trans/shipment o!

#oods is in&ol&ed-

7- It is also one o! the most e!!i$ient modes o! transport !rom the point o! &ie+ o! ener#( $onsmption-

3- It $an pro&ide immediate a$$ess +here&er +ater e1ists +ithot re"irin# in&estment in line ha

$apa$ities as in other mode o! transport-


13/108

- Inland +ater transport is a labor/intensi&e mode and #enerates more emplo(ment per rpee o!

in&estment than an( other mode and so parti$larl( bene!its +ea0er se$tion o! so$iet(-

8- It pro&ides transport !or hea&(' bl0(' non/perishable and lo+/#rade tra!!i$ +ith a lo+ pri$e relati&e

to +ei#ht +here speed is not an important !a$tor-

5: It pro&ides e$onomi$al means o! transportation o! minerals and other bl0( dr( and li"id ra+

materials !or indstries-

- Bein# #i!t o! natre' the +ater+a(s re"ire no in&estment !or its maintenan$e-

@- In montain areas' inland +ater transport pro&ides e1$ellent ser&i$e !or do+nhill mo&ement o!

#oods and passen#ers-

L)3)((),+ , I "(& T+/,(

9i< This !orm o! transport is slo+ as $ompared to other !orms o! land transport-

9ii< Na&i#able +ater+a(s are not perennial in natre in man( areas-

9iii< Transport a$ti&it( be$omes &er( m$h/limited in polar re#ion be$ase !ree%in# o! +ater

ma( $ase hindran$e-

9i&< Hea&( $apital in&estment is also re"ired in $onstr$tion maintenan$e and dred#in#

operation o! $anals-

9&< Climati$ !a$tors e1er$ise #reater in!len$e in $ase o! inland +ater transport than in an(

other mode o! transport i-e-' the rotes are o!ten blo$0ed b( i$e in +inter-

9&i< This !orm o! transport $an be sed +here speed and time are not important- Perishable

prod$ts $annot #enerall( be transported b( inland +ater transport !or a lon#er distan$e-

National .ater+a(s' The o&ernment o! India has so !ar identi!ied ten important +ater+a(s !or

de$larin# them as =National .ater+a(s=- Three ot o! these ten +ater+a(s ha&e alread( been

de$lared as National .ater+a(s-

T.& &()+ N(), (&;+ & + ,,+:

9a< National .ater+a( No-l/9Allahabad and Haldia 6'576 0m< stret$h o! the an#a/Bha#irathi/Hoo#l(


14/108

ri&er s(stemC< and b( oa Bar#e O+ners= Asso$iation-

9b< National .ater+a( No-7 9@4 0m- The Sadi(a/>hbri stret$h o! the ri&er Brahmaptra


15/108

91ii< To arran#e pro#ram o! te$hni$al trainin# !or inland +ater transport personnel-

91iii< To maintain liaison +ith the ship(ards and ship repairin# indstries to meet the re"irements

o! the inland +ater transport !leets' repairs and ne+ $onstr$tions-

91i&< To re#ister $ontr( boats and me$hani%ed $ra!ts and isse o! $erti!i$ate o! !itness !or &essels

pl(in# on +ater+a(s-

91&< To isse permit !or li$ense !or ri#ht o! operations-91&i< To isse $erti!i$ateli$ense !or &arios $ate#ories o! $re+ o! inland &assals-

91&ii< To per!orm an( other !n$tions related to I.T assi#ned b( the #o&ernment-

O'& T+/,(

Na&i#ation thro#h the open sea is 0no+n as o$ean or sea transportation- Na&i#ation alon#

indented or bro0en $oastline is 0no+n as $oastal shippin#- Coastal shippin# is s(non(mos +ith

domesti$ shippin# b( sea bet+een t+o points in the same $ontr(- O$ean transportation is in !a$t an

e1tension o! $oastal shippin# to +ider e1panses o! +ater- So' as !ar as the transportation o! #oods is

$on$erned inland +ater transportation and the $oastal shippin# are o! national and intra/re#iona

importan$e- O$ean transportation is &er( si#ni!i$ant and &ital !or the #ro+th o! international trade

O$ean transport has its ori#in in the be#innin# o! hman $i&ili%ation- It is $onsidered as an

indispensable means !or de&elopment o! !orei#n trades- It has bro#ht di!!erent parts o! the +orld

$loser !or de&elopin# one bi# +orld mar0et- On a$$ont o! its operation in natral o$ean tra$0s' this

!orm o! transport #enerall( re"ires no in!rastr$tre in&estment !or pro&idin# transport !a$ilit(

C,+( S.)//)

Coastal shippin# is the most ener#( e!!i$ient and $omparati&el( $heaper mode o! transport !or

$arria#e o! bl0 tra!!i$s o&er lon# hals' parti$larl( +hen the ori#in and destination o! a tra!!i$ stream

is lo$ated alon# the $oast- It is ideall( sited to $arr( lon# distan$e bl0 $ar#o and passen#er tra!!i$

espe$iall( !or destinations lo$ated on the +ater!ront- Coastal shippin# $an' pla( an important role in

inte#rated transport net+or0 o! the $ontr(' parti$larl( +hen inland modes are strained-

F'(,+ &(&3)) O'& ,(&+

enerall( o$ean #oin# ships !ollo+ +ell/de!ined rotes- The( in #eneral !ollo+ reat Cir$le

;ote i-e- the shortest distan$e bet+een t+o points- Ho+e&er at times the( ha&e to $hoose di!!erent

rotes be$ase o! ph(si$al and e$onomi$ $onsiderations- The !a$tors responsible !or s$h de&iation

are as !ollo+s:


16/108

9a< Sitable +eather $onditions- The rote shold be !ree !rom storm and !o#- Altho#h stron# a#ainst

+ind is not a problem !or smooth sailin# o! the ships' it is desirable to sail the ship +ith +ind !rom

e$onomi$al point o! &ie+ as it sa&es !el $ost- Fo##( and storm( and i$( $oast area shold be

a&oided as !ar as pra$ti$able !or nderta0in# $ommer$ial shippin#-

9b< >eep .aters- Shippin# in shallo+er +ater shold be a&oided- >eepness o! the +ater is a pre/

re"isite !eatre !or smooth sailin# o! the ship- .hile $hoosin# a rote dan#eros shoals and other

perils +hi$h ma( endan#er the sa!et( o! the ship and $arr(in# $ar#o shold be a&oided in this rote-

9$< A&ailabilit( o! Harbors and Ports- The presen$e o! #ood ports and harbors +ith "i$0 loadin# and

nloadin# !a$ilities are also responsible !or $hoosin# a parti$lar rote b( the transporters-

9d< A&ailabilit( o! !ll load o! tra!!i$- The e$onomies o! shippin# transport deals +ith Ship $arr(in# lar#e

&olme o! tra!!i$- ?nless !ll load o! tra!!i$ is #aranteed' the shippin# $ompanies ma( !a$e loss

Hen$e the( al+a(s tr( to $hoose a parti$lar rote +hen !ll load o! tra!!i$ is #aranteed not onl( on

ot/+ard ,orne( bt also drin# the retrn ,orne(-

9e< A&ailabilit( o! $heaper rote and !el spplies- Ships #enerall( se those $anal rotes +here des

are $omparati&el( less- Frther a&ailabilit( o! !el spplies and ship maintenan$e !a$ilities at di!!erent

ports en$ora#es the shippin# $ompanies to $hoose a parti$lar rote-

9!< Shippin# Ser&i$es- The shippin# ser&i$es are or#ani%ed a$$ordin# to the natre and re"irements

o! #oods tra!!i$ in International trade' +hi$h pro&ides the demand !or s$h ser&i$es- .orld trade $an

be $lassi!ied in to t+o broad $ate#ories' bl0 and non/bl0 dependin# on the t(pe o! $ar#o- Bl0

Car#oes in$lde li"id bl0 li0e petrolem and dr( bl0 li0e ores' !ertili%ers' !ood #rains' et$- Tra!!i$ in

non/bl0 $ate#or( is $omposed o! man!a$tred' semi/man!a$tred' pro$ess and semi/pro$essed

#oods and materials mo&in# in $ases' pa$0a#es' par$els' bales et$- These items are #enerall(

re!erred to as K#eneral mer$handise in shippin# parlan$e- So a&ailabilit( o! both t(pes o! $ar#o

ma0es a rote $ommer$iall( &iable-


17/108

Lesson 3

BASIC TYPE OF SHIPS

9a< S)& D&' !&++&+

S$h &essels ha&e one $ontinos de$0' +hi$h means eas( a$$ess +ith one hat$h !or ea$h

hold- The hat$h is an openin# in a ship=s de$0- Hat$hes are sed !or lo+erin# and ta0in# ot lar#e

ob,e$t into and ot o! the $ar#o hold o! a ship- *an( sin#le des0 &essels ha&e lar#e hat$hes and

some are 0no+n as Ksel! trimmers2 be$ase o! the pro&ision !or the $ar#o to !lo+ into all $orners o!

the held- These t(pes o! &essels are sitable onl( !or hea&( bl0 $ar#oes li0e #rain' iron ore' $oal et$-

9b< T) D&' !&++&+

S$h &essels ha&e additional de$0s 9t+in de$0< belo+ the main de$0' rnnin# the !ll len#th o!

the &essel- These &essels are sitable !or #eneral $ar#o- The spa$e is di&ided into separate tiers and

the de$0s eliminate the ris0 o! $ar#o dama#e b( pre&entin# too m$h +ei#ht to be pt on the $ar#o at

the bottom-

9$< S.&(& D&' !&++&+

These &essels ha&e additional de$0 abo&e the main de$0=s shelter de$0' +hi$h pro&ides more

nder de$0/ spa$e !or $arr(in# li#ht $ar#oes- The shelter de$0 &essels ma( be a $lose t(pe or open

t(pe- The di!!eren$e relates to the measrement o! a ship-

9d< O(.& T;/&+ , !&++&+

(i) U)()>& ', +.)/+ +/&'))>& *&++&+- These t(pes o! &essels in$lde

pallet &essels' bar#e $arriers' $ontainer ships' ;OLO ships' OBOs' #as $arriers'

+ood $arriers' $ar $arriers' oil tan0ers' re!ri#erator ships et$-

(ii) R,-,-R,-, +.)/+


18/108

sln# ba#s and $ontainers- The $ar#o operations in a ;O/;O ship are e1tremel(

speedier and are independent o! spe$ial shore !a$ilities-

(iii) B& +.)/+?Bar#e ships are standard si%ed ships' +hi$h $an be to+ed or pshed

b( t#s into ports and island +ater +a(s and +hi$h $an be hoisted abroad spe$ia

Bar#e $arriers +ith adopted e"ipment !or the Sea &o(a#e- Bar#es are not

internationall( standardi%ed- *ain ad&anta#e o! the Bar#e s(stem o&er othertransport s(stem is its red$ed dependen$e on the in!rastr$tre !a$ilities in the ports

and on land- Li0e $ontainers bar#es $an also be prepared spe$iall( !or transportin#

&arios $ommodities assists !or "i$0 trnarond o! pbli$i%ed ships- Darios t(pes o!

bar#es are Lash' Sea/bee' Ba$at' Sper sea/bee-

(iv) C& +.)/+?S$h ships ha&e holds desi#ned to !orm a series o! $ells into +hi$h

the $ontainers are pla$ed-

(v) P3@?The bl0 $arriers +ith a breadth +hi$h $an pass thro#h the Panama

Canal 965 !t +ide< are des$ribed as the panama1 t(pe- S$h bl0 $arriers $arr( p

to @6'666 tonnes o! $ar#o and are poplar as the handi si%ed bl0ers +ith 6'666

d+t-

(vi) B& ',()& ')&?The $ontainer or bl0er is a re$ent de&elopment- S$h

ships are also 0no+n as 2Conbl0ers-

(vii) !&; & '& ')&+

&er( lar#e $rde $arriers +ith a $apa$it( ran#in# bet+een 7' 66'666 to 3' 66'666 d+t-'

+hile ?LCCs are ltra lar#e $rde $arriers in the si%e ran#e o! o&er 3' 66'666 d+t-

9e< M()-//,+& !&++&+

In re$ent (ear=s mlti/prpose &essels ha&e been de&eloped to $ater the need o! transportin# di!!erent

&ariet( o! $ar#o- These &essels $har#e more !or transportin# than liner &essels' bt $heaper than

$ontainer ships' ;o/;o &essels and bar#e ships- These &essels $an be $lassi!ied into !or main

$ate#ories)

9i< C,3$)(), G&& C, L)& C,()&+? These &essels are desi#ned to

a$$ommodate not onl( $ontaineri%ed $ar#o bt also #eneral $ar#o-

9ii< C,3$)(), B C)&+ C,()& !&++&+?The open hat$h natre o! man(

modern bl0 $arriers also $arr( $ontaineri%ed $ar#o- The !le1ibilit( o! &essels o! this t(pe

!a$ilitates their se on di!!erent rote- The hat$h is an openin# in a ship=s de$0- hat$hes are

sed !or lo+erin# and ta0in# ot lar#e ob,e$ts into and ot o! the $ar#o hold o! a ship-


19/108

9iii< BO-RO *&++&+?There are ships' +hi$h $an $arr( ;O/;O $ar#o and $ontainers on the

one le# o! the &o(a#e and bl0 $ar#o on the retrn trip-'

9i&< C,3$)(), C,()& RO-RO !&++&?.ith the ad&ent o! mltimodal transport

these &essels are &er( important- The( #enerall( $arr( $ontainer on de$0 and in the !rontholds' +hile rollin# $ar#oes are loaded thro#h ;amps o!ten lo$ated in the stern- ;amps are

sloppin# passa#es $onne$tin# t+o di!!erent le&els- These are sed !or mo&ement bet+een

de$0s in ;O/;O ships-

T;/& , S.)//) S&*)'&+

Basi$all( there are three t(pes o! shippin# &i%-

9I< Tramp Shippin# or $harterin#'

9II< Liner shippin#' and

9III< Tan0ers shippin#-

I- TRAMP SHIPPING

A$$ordin# to ;o,er Como( 2the tramp is a !rei#ht &essel that does not rn in an( re#lar line bt ta0es

$ar#o +here&er the shippers desire2- Tramps are #enerall( $hartered !or a !ll and $omplete $ar#o- Its

main prpose is the $arr(in# o! !ll shipload o! $ar#o o! +ide &ariet( !rom man( shippers to man(

re$ei&ers- S$h ships o!!er ser&i$es basi$all( on ind$tion- There is no $ommitment to pro&ide the

ser&i$e at a !i1ed rate and a$$ordin# to the s$hedle- .hen a tramp ship is en#a#ed !or $arria#e o!

$ar#o' it is said to be nder $harter as either the +hole o! the bl0 or one $harterer hires its spa$e-

The rates in the tramp mar0et are determined prel( b( the !ree interpla( o! !or$es o! demand and

sppl(-

N(& , T3/ T&

9a< The mar0et !or sppl( and demand !or shippin# ser&i$es o! bl0 $ommodities has been

traditionall( 0no+n as the 2tramp mar0ets2 or 2$hartered mar0et2- Tramp trade re!ers to the bsiness

o! hirin# ot the bl0 $arriers to $arr( $ar#oes o! homo#eneos &ariet( in lar#e "antities !rom one

port to another- A tramp ship means a ship' +hi$h is not $ommitted to an( dis$ipline in terms o! rates

!or its ser&i$e- Tramps are $ar#o &essels sitable !or mo&ement o! bl0( #oods-


20/108

9b< Tramp trade does not ha&e an( !i1ed ports o! loadin# the dis$har#e- There is no periodi$it(

o! shipments and tramps are en#a#ed on terms and $onditions in$ldin# !rei#ht rates hire $har#es'

+hi$h is mtall( a#reed bet+een ship o+ners and the $harters-

9$< Tramp o+ners are al+a(s loo0in# !or ports' +here pro!itable $ar#o is li0el( to be !ond-

Charters are loo0in# !or tramps' +hi$h are a&ailable !or hirin# at $ompetiti&e rates- Frei#ht rate hire/

$har#e in tramp trade is #enerall( de$ided b( the loss o! sppl( and demand o! tonna#e$ar#oes and&arios other te$hni$al and $ommer$ial !a$tors- Ths' tramp en#a#ement is a$$omplished +ithot

an( #i&en set o! $onditions and rles-

II? LINER SHIPPING

The mar0et !or shippin# ser&i$es to transport #eneral mer$handise is 0no+n as Liner shippin#-

Liners ships !ollo+ $ertain rotes and pl( on the ad&ertised dates irrespe$ti&e o! the "antit( o! $ar#o

the( re$ei&e !or transportation- Bt' the need to a$hie&e e$onomies in operation' a&ailabilit( o! !ll

load o! $ar#o is a ne$essit(- *an!a$tred and semi/man!a$tred #oods re"ire s$h shippin#

ser&i$es as these #oods $an be !or+arded !rom one point to another in s$h a +a( that the mar0etin#

re"irements are met at re#lar inter&als- The( render speedier shippin# ser&i$es to di!!erent

mar0ets' at reasonable rates o! !rei#ht !or di!!erent items and on a re#lar basis a$$ordin# to a

s$hedle- There are t+o t(pes o! liner shippin#-

9a< P++&& L)&+

These liners primaril( $arr( passen#ers and mails' bt ma( also $arr( $omparati&el( small $ar#o-

These liners ha&e a !ast speed and pro&ide a $om!ortable ser&i$e- In order to ma0e better se o!

$apa$it() passen#er liners emplo( their &essels !or $rises' parti$larl( in the o!!/seasons-

9b< C, L)&+

These liners are the ships meant primaril( !or $arr(in# $ar#o and at the same time also the( $arr( a

!e+ passen#ers- The( also ha&e a rapid speed bt are not as spa$ios as passen#er liners- This t(pe

o! steamer reall( per!orms the !n$tion o! both tramp as +ell as a liner as it $arries lar#e "antities o!

$ar#o and limited nmber o! passen#ers- Some o! the ships are spe$iall( bilt and $ontain !a$ilities o!

$old stora#e and re!ri#eration- These liners are spe$iali%ed in transportin# parti$lar $ar#o- These

liners are e"ipped +ith loadin# and nloadin# e"ipment to and !rom "a(s or li#hters sin# their

o+n #ear e1$lsi&el(- 2=In order to minimi%e manal handlin# $ost' #oods are $ate#ori%ed and

$lassi!ied to meet the re"irements o! me$hani$al handlin#- This $an be done b( $ontaineri%ation-

Palettes or $ontainers pro&ide #reat ease in handlin# $ar#o loads- Both passen#er and $ar#o liners

ha&e re#lar !i1ed rotes' time and rate s$hedles-

III- TANER SHIPPING


21/108


22/108

C,3/((), , F&).(?For en#a#in# a tramp on &o(a#e basis the $hatterer has to pa( $ertain

!rei#ht- Frei#ht $an be $ompted either on a lmp/sm basis or per/ton basis- Ths' +here !rei#ht

pa(able is on the a$tal "antit( o! $ar#o loaded' !rei#ht is $al$lated on per/ton basis or on dead

+ei#ht $apa$it( pt on a $harterers disposal- Alternati&el( lmp/sm !rei#ht ma( also be $har#ed-

P,(+Indias $oastline o! abot 5'666 0m is dotted +ith 3 ma,or and @8 other ports- Nearl( 48 per

$ent o! the $ontr(s !orei#n $ar#o 9b( &olme< mo&es b( sea and' there!ore' portsand their

de&elopment assme an important pla$e in poli$( ma0in#- >e&elopment and maintenan$e o! Indias

ma,or ports are the responsibilit( o! the Central o&ernment' +hile Other Ports are in the Con$rrent

list-

M%, P,(+

Indias ma,or ports are #o&erned b( the Indian ports A$t 46@ and the *a,or Port Trsts A$t

453- The !ormer allo+ the Stattor( to de$lare an( port a ma,or port' de!ine port limit' le&( $har#es

et$- +hile the !ormation o! Port trst Boards and &ests the administration $ontrol and mana#ement o!

ma,or ports in these Boards-

>e&elopment o! port a!ter the independen$e' the de&elopment o! ma,or ports +as ta0en p in a

planned manner- *e$hani%ation and moderni%ations o! $ar#o/handlin# !a$ilities at Ports ha&e been a

thrst area in re$ent (ears' +ith emphasis on de&elopment o! dedi$ated in!rastr$tre- >eepenin# o!

ports to re$ei&e la#er &essels has been another priorit( area- Disha0hapatnam and Chennai ports

ha&e alread( been deepened-

N3& , (.& 1 3%, /,(+

Cal$tta' Haldia' Paradeep' *mbai' Chennai' Co$hin' Tti$orin' a+aharlal Nehr Port at

Nha&a She&a' Jandla' Disha0hapatnam' Ne+ *an#alore' *arm#ao and Ennore Port Trst

All these ma,or ports are e"ipped +ith latest material handlin# e"ipment- The $apa$it( o! India

Ports in$reased !rom 76 million tonnes o! $ar#o handlin# in 48 to 346 million tonnes as on *ar$h

766- The nmber o! $ar#o &essels handled at ma,or ports is abot 5'666 per annm

Containeri%ation o! ma,or ports is in$reasin# rapidl(-

Conse"ent pon adoption o! open mar0et e$onom(' Port se$tor has been opened !or pri&ate

in&estment- Darios areas o! Port Fn$tionin# s$h as leasin# ot e1istin# assets o! the port' $reation

o! additional assets' leasin# o! e"ipment !or port handlin# and leasin# o! !loatin# $ra!t !rom pri&ate


23/108

se$tor' pilota#e and $apti&e !a$ilities !or port based indstries ha&e been identi!ied !or

parti$ipationin&estment b( the pri&ate se$tor-

Ship transport infrastructure

For a port to e!!i$ientl( send and re$ei&e $ar#o' it re"ires some infrastructure- Harbors

seaportsand marinashost +ater$ra!t' and $onsist o! $omponents s$h aspiers' wharfs' docksandroadsteads-

A port is a !a$ilit( !or re$ei&in# shipsand trans!errin# $ar#oto and !rom them- The( are sall(

sitated at the ed#e o! an o$eanor sea' ri&er' or la0e- Ports o!ten ha&e $ar#o/handlin# e"ipmen

s$h as $ranes 9operated b( ste&edores< and !or0li!ts !or se in loadin#nloadin# o! ships' +hi$h

ma( be pro&ided b( pri&ate interests or pbli$ bodies- O!ten' $anneries or other pro$essin# !a$ilities

+ill be lo$ated &er( $lose b(- Harbor pilots' bar#es and t#boatsare o!ten sed to sa!el( mane&er

lar#e ships in ti#ht "arters as the( approa$h and lea&e the do$0s- Ports +hi$h handle internationa

tra!!i$ +ill ha&e $stoms!a$ilities-

A$$ess to other transport s(stems' s$h as rail and tr$0 terminals $an $ontribte to a port=s

e!!i$ien$(- Some ports !eatre $anals' allo+ !rther mo&ement inland-

The presen$e o! deep +ater in $hannelsor berths'the pro&ision o! prote$tion !rom the +ind

+a&esand storm sr#esand a$$ess to intermodal transportation s$h as trainsor tr$0sare $riti$a

to a #ood port- A port mst also ha&e na&i#ational aids s$h as li#hthoses' bo(sandsea mar0s-

Ships and watercraft

Shipsand other +ater$ra!tare sed !or ship transport- Darios t(pes $an be distin#ished b(

proplsion' si%e or $ar#o t(pe- ;e$reational or ed$ational$ra!t still se +ind po+er' +hile some

smaller $ra!t se internal $ombstion en#inesto dri&e one or more propellers' or in the $ase o! ,et

boats' an inboard +ater ,et- In shallo+ dra!t areas' s$h as the E&er#lades' some $ra!t' s$h as the

ho&er$ra!t' are propelled b( lar#e psher/prop !ans-

*ost modern mer$hant ships $an be pla$ed in one o! a !e+ $ate#ories' s$h as:

B ')&+' s$h as the Sabrina I seen here' are $ar#o shipssed to

transport bl0 $ar#oitems s$h as oreor !ood staples 9ri$e' #rain' et$-

and similar $ar#o- It $an be re$o#ni%ed b( the lar#e bo1/li0e hat$hes on

its de$0' desi#ned to slide otboard !or loadin#- A bl0 $arrier $old be
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_(maritime)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadsteadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevedorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(harbour)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(geography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_markhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergladeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovercrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_(maritime)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadsteadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevedorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(harbour)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(geography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_markhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergladeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovercrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore


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either dr( or +et- *ost la0es are too small to a$$ommodate bl0 ships

bt a lar#e !leet o! la0e !rei#htershas been pl(in# the reat La0esand

St- La+ren$e Sea+a(o! North Ameri$a!or o&er a $entr(-

C,()& +.)/+are $ar#o shipsthat $arr( their entire load in tr$0/si%e

$ontainers' in a te$hni"e $alled $ontaineri%ation- The( !orm a $ommon

means o! $ommer$ial intermodal !rei#ht transport- In!ormall( 0no+n as

2bo1 boats'2 the( $arr( the ma,orit( o! the +orld=s dr( $ar#o- *os

$ontainer ships are propelled b( diesel en#ines' and ha&e $re+s o

bet+een 6 and 36 people- The( #enerall( ha&e a lar#e a$$ommodation

blo$0 at the stern' dire$tl( abo&e the en#ine room-

T&+ are $ar#o ships !or the transport o! !lids' s$h as $rde oil

petrolem prod$ts' li"e!ied petrolem #as' li"e!ied natral #as and

$hemi$als' also &e#etable oils' +ineand other !ood / the tan0er se$to

$omprises one third o! the +orld tonna#e-

R&&& +.)/+ are $ar#o ships t(pi$all( sed to transport perishable

$ommodities +hi$h re"ire temperatre/$ontrolledtransportation' mostl(

!rits' meat' !ish' &e#etables' dair( prod$tsand other !oodst!!s-

R,-,,-, +.)/+' s$h as the Chi/Cheeman' are $ar#o ships

desi#ned to $arr( +heeled $ar#os$h as atomobiles'trailersor rail+a(

$arria#es- ;O;O 9or roro< &essels ha&e bilt/in ramps +hi$h allo+ the

$ar#o to be e!!i$ientl( 2rolled on2 and 2rolled o!!2 the &essel +hen in port

.hile smaller !erries that operate a$ross ri&ersand other short distan$es

still o!ten ha&e bilt/in ramps' the term ;O;O is #enerall( reser&ed !o

lar#er o$ean/#oin# &essels-

C,+( () *&++&+' also 0no+n as ',+(&+' are shallo+/hlled

shipssed !or trade bet+een lo$ations on the same island or $ontinent

Their shallo+ hlls mean that the( $an #et thro#h ree!s +here sea

#oin# ships sall( $annot 9sea/#oin# ships ha&e a &er( deep hll !o

spplies and trade et$-


25/108

operate on re#lar' !re"ent' retrn ser&i$es- A !oot/passen#er !err( +ith

man( stops' s$h as in Deni$e' is sometimes $alled a +aterbs or +ate

ta1i- Ferries !orm a part o! the pbli$ transport s(stems o! man(

+aterside $ities and islands' allo+in# dire$t transit bet+een points at a

$apital $ost m$h lo+er than brid#es or tnnels- *an( o! the !erries

operatin# in Northern Eropean +aters are roro ships- See the Herald oFree Enterpriseand *S Estoniadisasters-

C)+& +.)/+are passen#er shipssed !or pleasre &o(a#es' +here the

&o(a#e itsel! and the ship=s amenities are $onsidered an essential part o

the e1perien$e- Crisin# has be$ome a ma,or part o! the torism

indstr(' +ith millions o! passen#ers ea$h (ear as o! 7665- The indstr(=s

rapid #ro+th has seen nine or more ne+l( bilt ships $aterin# to a North

Ameri$an $lientele added e&er( (ear sin$e 766' as +ell as others

ser&i$in# Eropean $lientele- Smaller mar0ets s$h as theAsia/Pa$i!i$

re#ion are #enerall( ser&i$ed b( older tonna#e displa$ed b( ne+ ships

introd$ed into the hi#h #ro+th areas- On the Balti$ sea this mar0et is

ser&ed b( ')+& &)&+-

C$& ;&is a deep/sea &esseldesi#ned and sed to la( nder+ate

$ables !or tele$ommni$ations' ele$tri$it(' and s$h- A lar#e

sperstr$tre' and one or more spools that !eed o!! the transom

distin#ish it-

A ($,( is a boat sed to mane&er' primaril( b( to+in#or pshin#

other &essels 9see shippin#< in harbors' o&er the open sea or thro#h

ri&ersand $anals- The( are also sed to to+ bar#es' disabled ships' o

other e"ipment li0e to+boats-

A&&9sometimes also $alled a dred#e< is a ship sed to e1$a&ate

in shallo+ seas or !resh +aterareas +ith the prpose o! #atherin# p

bottom sedimentsand disposin# o! them at a di!!erent lo$ation-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_taxihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_taxihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_of_Free_Enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_of_Free_Enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M/S_Estoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiseferryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towboatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredgerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredgerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dredge_No-4_(2).JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FS_Le_Four_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cable_layer_ship.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CelebrityCruises_Century.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_taxihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_taxihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_of_Free_Enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_of_Free_Enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M/S_Estoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiseferryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towboatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredgerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment


26/108


27/108

L&++, 4

THE MARINE SOCIETY

The *arine So$iet( +as the +orld=s !irst sea!arers $harit(- In 85' at the be#innin# o! the

Se&en Years= .ar a#ainst Fran$e' Astria' ;ssia' S+eden and Sa1on( 9and sbse"entl( Spain

and Port#al< Britain r#entl( needed to re$rit men !or the na&(- onas Han+a(97/@5


28/108

Incorporated by Act of Parliament

The s$heme reall( too0 o!!- B( 53' the So$iet( had re$rited o&er 6'666 men and bo(s) in

7' s$h +as its per$ei&ed importan$e in the li!e o! the nation' it +as in$orporated in an A$t o

Parliament-Admiral Nelsonbe$ame a stal+art spporter and trstee o! the $harit(' s$h that b( the

time o! the Battle o! Tra!al#ar9@68< at least 8M o! British manpo+er +as bein# spplied' trained

and e"ipped b( The *arine So$iet(- The relati&e pro!essionalism o! these men' the #reat British

na&al hero readil( a$0no+led#ed' pla(ed a part in his &i$tories-

Hostilities cease, Education starts

Bt the end o! hostilities meant that na&al re$ritment +as no lon#er the nations !irst priorit(

altho#h Admiral Bos$a+en +as later to +rite: 2No scheme for manning the navy, within my

!nowledge, has ever had the success as the Marine Societys2

Han+a( no+ !ormlated plans !or trans!errin# bo(s to the mer$hant ser&i$eon their dis$har#e

!rom na&al ships and !rom then on' the So$iet( +as e"all( in&ol&ed +ith both ;o(al and *er$han

na&ies-

Earl( reports !rom $ommandin# o!!i$ers had indi$ated that the nmber o! desertions mi#ht be

red$ed i! bo(s e"ipped b( the So$iet( +ere #i&en a period o! trainin# be!ore bein# sent to sea-

Initiall( the So$iet( hired a s$hoolmasterand bandmasterto tea$h some o! the bo(s and in

@5 pr$hased a mer$hant ship the Beatt(' +hi$h +as $on&erted to a trainin# ship and renamed

*arine So$iet(- The So$iet( ths be$ame the !irst or#anisation in the +orld to pioneer nati$a

trainin# !or bo(s in its spe$ial s$hool ship +hi$h +as moored in the Thamesbet+een >ept!ordand

reen+i$h-

This e1ample +as !ollo+ed in the nineteenth $entr( b( man( other or#anisations in ports

rond the British Isles- From 44 ntil 4@ The Admiralt(pro&ided a s$$ession o! trainin# ships

the last t+o o! +hi$h +ere renamed "ar spite- In 477 the So$iet( $ommissioned H*S Hermioneas

the third "ar spite- Ho+e&er the otbrea0 o! the Se$ond .orld .ar !or$ed the So$iet( to e&a$ate

the ship o+in# to the probabilit( o! air atta$0-

From 85 to 46 the So$iet( re$rited o&er 6'666 men and bo(s !or the ;o(al Na&(' the

British East India Compan(and *er$hant ser&i$e- ;e$ords sho+ that !rom 85 to @8 the $harit(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Nelsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Boscawenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolmasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandmasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Admiraltyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warspitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hermione_(1893)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hermione_(1893)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Nelsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Boscawenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolmasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandmasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Admiraltyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warspitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hermione_(1893)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company


29/108

pro&ided some t+el&e per$ent o! na&al manpo+er' all the more &alable to the nation sin$e ea$h one

+as a &olnteer-

After the Second World War

A!ter the Se$ond .orld .ar' the So$iet( $on$lded that there +ere b( then s!!i$ient !a$ilities

!or sea/trainin# pro&ided b( national athorities- It $ontined to pro&ide sea/0its !or man( (on#

sea!arers and' +here ne$essar(' o!!ered #rants !or their ed$ation' bt in the 486s the So$iet(

be#an to insist that $adetsths helped shold ha&e $ompleted a #ood #eneral ed$ation' obtainin# a

minimm o! !or CE passes at O le&el- In this +a( The *arine So$iet( pioneered +hat +as

sbse"entl( a$$epted as standard pra$ti$e !or the entr( o! o!!i$ers into the *er$hant Na&(-

Bet+een 46 and 4@' as the So$iet(s reser&es in$reased' +as not onl( able to help

indi&idal sea!arers bt also to ma0e #rants to man( maritime $harities- In 4@ it pro&ided the base

!nds !or the *arine Ad&entre Sailin# Trst'a limited li!e in&estment trst !nd' +hi$h enabled it to

ma0e !rther sbstantial #rants to the Sea Cadet Corps' TS Fodro(ant' O$ean Yoth Clband other

maritime (oth $harities-

In 45 the So$iet( amal#amated +ith &arios other maritime $harities +ith similar aims

in$ldin# the In$orporated Thames Nati$al Trainin# Trst 9H*S "orcester


30/108

It +as be$ase o! these ties pls the $omplementar( ob,e$ti&es o! the t+o $harities and' more

spe$i!i$all(' the mtal desire to introd$e an element o! *er$hant Na&( ethos to the Sea Cadet

Corps' that the mer#er o! the Sea Cadet Asso$iation +ith The *arine So$iet( $ame abot 36

No&ember 766- The ne+ $harit( thereb( $reated is 0no+n as The *arine So$iet( G Sea Cadets-

As the ?Js lar#est maritime $harit(' the *arine So$iet( and Sea Cadets e1ists to o!!er

sea!arers and prospe$ti&e sea!arers a ran#e o! ser&i$es to enhan$e their +ell/bein# and li!est(le- The

$ombination o! these t+o po+er!l brands also ma0es !or a potent !or$e in the promotion o! maritime

$areers and the tas0 o! raisin# the pro!ile o! shippin# and its importan$e- Its ed$ation deli&er( arm is

The *arine So$iet( Colle#e o! the Sea The *arine So$iet( Colle#e o! the Sea

T& ,(&

A trade rote is a lo#isti$al net+or0identi!ied as a series o! path+a(s and stoppa#es sed !or

the $ommer$ial transport o! $ar#o- Allo+in# #oods to rea$h distant mar0ets' a sin#le trade rote

$ontains lon# distan$e arteries +hi$h ma( !rther be $onne$ted to se&eral smaller net+or0s o!

$ommer$ial and non $ommer$ial transportation-

Histori$all(' the period !rom 837 BCE CE sa+ the .estern Asian' *editerranean' Chinese

and Indianso$ieties de&elop ma,or transportation net+or0s !or trade- Erope=s earl( tradin# rotes

in$lded theAmber ;oad' +hi$h ser&ed as a dependable net+or0 !or lon# distan$e trade- *aritime

tradealon# the Spi$e rotebe$ame prominent drin# the middle a#es) nations resorted to militar(

means !or $ontrol o! this in!lential rote- >rin# the *iddle A#es or#ani%ations s$h as the

Hanseati$ Lea#e' aimed at prote$tin# interests o! the mer$hants and trade' also be$ame

in$reasin#l( prominent-

.ith the ad&ent o! modern times' $ommer$ial a$ti&it( shi!ted !rom the ma,or trade rotes o! the

Old .orld to ne+er rotes bet+een modern nation states- This a$ti&it( +as sometimes $arried ot

+ithot traditional prote$tion o! trade and nder international !ree tradea#reements' +hi$h allo+ed

$ommer$ial #oods to $ross borders +ith rela1ed restri$tions- Inno&ati&e transportation o! the modern

times in$ldes pipeline transport' and the relati&el( +ell 0no+n trade sin# rail rotes' atomobiles

and $ar#o airlines-

D&*&,/3&( , &; ,(&+

E; &*&,/3&(
http://www.ms-sc.org/http://www.mscos.ac.uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics_and_accounting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_routehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_airlineshttp://www.ms-sc.org/http://www.mscos.ac.uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics_and_accounting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_routehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_airlines


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The period e1tendin# !rom the middle o! the 7nd millennim BCE to the be#innin# o! the

Common Erasa+ the .estern Asian' *editerranean) Chinese and Indian so$ieties de&elop ma,or

transportation net+or0s !or trade-

One o! the &ital instrments +hi$h !a$ilitated lon# distan$e trade +as porta#e and the

domesti$ation o! beasts o! brden- Or#ani%ed $ara&ans' &isible b( the 7nd millennim BCE' $old

$arr( #oods a$ross a lar#e distan$e as !odder +as mostl( a&ailable alon# the +a(- The domesti$ation

o! $amels allo+edArabiannomadsto $ontrol the lon# distan$e trade in spi$es and sil0!rom the Fa

East to the Arabian Peninsla- Ho+e&er' $ara&ans +ere se!l in lon#/distan$e trade lar#el( !or

$arr(in# l1r( #oods' the transportation o! $heaper #oods a$ross lar#e distan$es +as not pro!itable

!or $ara&an operators- .ith prod$ti&e de&elopments in iron and bron%e te$hnolo#ies' ne+er trade

rotes / dispensin# inno&ations o! $i&ili%ations / be#an to rise slo+l(-

M)()3& (&

Disible maritime trade bet+een $i&ili%ations $an be tra$ed ba$0 to at least t+o millennia

Na&i#ation +as 0no+n in smmerbet+een the th and the 3rd millennim BCE' and +as probabl(

0no+n b( the Indians and the Chinese peoplebe!ore the Smerians- The E#(ptianshad trade rotes

thro#h the ;ed sea' importin# spi$es !rom the 2Land o! Pnt2 9East A!ri$a< and !rom Arabia

*aritime trade be#an +ith sa!er $oastal trade and e&ol&ed +ith the maniplation o! the monsoon

+inds' soon resltin# in trade $rossin# bondaries s$h as theArabian Seaand the Ba( o! Ben#al

Soth Asiahad mltiple maritime trade rotes +hi$h $onne$ted it to Sotheast Asia' thereb( ma0in#

the $ontrol o! one rote resltin# in maritime monopol( di!!i$lt- Indian $onne$tions to &arios

Sotheast Asian states b!!ered it !rom blo$0a#es on other rotes- B( ma0in# se o! the maritime

trade rotes' bl0 $ommodit( trade be$ame possible !or the ;omans in the 7nd $entr( BCE- A

;oman tradin# &essel $old span the *editerranean Seain a month at one/si1tieth the $osto! o&er/

land rotes-

!)+)$& (& ,(&+

The peninsla o!Anatoliala( on the $ommer$ial land rotes to Erope !romAsiaas +ell as the

sea rote !rom the *editerranean to the Bla$0 Sea-5;e$ords !rom the 4th $entr( BCE attest to

the e1isten$e o! anAss(rianmer$hant $olon( at Janesh in Cappado$ia9no+ in modern Tr0e(


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to the desire o! the Israelitesand theAramaeansto $ontrol the northern end o! the In$ense rote

+hi$h ran p !rom Sothern Arabia and $old be tapped b( $ommandin# Trans,ordan-

errha / inhabited b( Chaldean e1iles !rom Bab(lon/ $ontrolled the In$ense trade rotes

a$ross Arabia to the *editerranean and e1er$ised $ontrol o&er the tradin# o! aromati$sto Bab(lon in

the st $entr( BC- The Nabateanse1er$ised $ontrol o&er the rotes alon# the In$ense ;ote' and

their hold +as $hallen#ed / +ithot s$$ess / b(Anti#ons C($lops' emperor o! S(ria and Palestine

The Nabatean $ontrol o&er trade !rther in$reased and spread in man( dire$tions-

The repla$ement o! ree$eb( the ;oman Empireas the administrator o! the *editerranean

basin led to the resmption o! dire$t trade +ith the East and the elimination o! the ta1es e1tra$ted

pre&iosl( b( the middlemen o! the soth- A$$ordin# to *ilo Jearne( 97663< 2The Soth Arabs in

protest too0 to pirate atta$0s o&er the ;oman ships in the l! o! Aden-In response' the ;omans

destro(ed Aden and !a&ored the .estern Ab(ssinian $oast o! the ;ed Sea-2 Indian ships sailed to

E#(pt as the maritime rotes o! Sothern Asia +ere not nder the $ontrol o! a sin#le po+er-

P&-C,3$) (&

Some similarities bet+een the *esoameri$anand theAndean$ltres s##est that the t+o

re#ions be$ame a part o! a +ider +orld s(stem' as a reslt o! trade' b( the st millennim BCE- The

$rrent a$ademi$ &ie+ is that the !lo+ o! #oods a$ross the Andean slopes +as $ontrolled b(

instittions distribtin# lo$ations to lo$al #rops' +ho +ere then !ree to a$$ess them !or tradin#- This

trade a$ross the Andean slopes / des$ribed sometimes as 2&erti$al trade2 / ma( ha&e o&ershado+ed

the lon# distan$e trade bet+een the people o! the Andes and the nei#hborin# !orests- The Calla+a(a

herbalists traded in tropi$al plants bet+een 5th and the 6th $entries' +hile $opper +as dealt b(

spe$iali%ed mer$hants in the Per&ian&alle( o! Chin$ha- Lon# distan$e trade ma( ha&e seen lo$a

elites resortin# to str##le in order !or maniplation and $ontrol-

Prior to the In$adominan$e' spe$iali%ed lon# distan$e mer$hants pro&ided the hi#hlanders

+ith #oods s$h as #old n##ets' $opper hat$hes' $o$oa' salt et$- !or redistribtion amon# the lo$als

and +ere 0e( pla(ers in the politi$s o! the re#ion- Hat$het shaped $opper $rren$( +as prod$ed b(

the Per&ian people' in order to obtain &alables !rom pre ColmbianE$ador- A maritime e1$han#e

s(stem stret$hed !rom the +est $oast o! *e1i$oto sothernmost Per' tradin# mostl( in Spond(ls

+hi$h represented rain' !ertilit( and +as $onsidered the prin$ipal !ood o! the #ods b( the people o! the

In$a Empire- Spond(ls +as sed in elite ritals and the e!!e$ti&e redistribtion o! it had politi$a

e!!e$t in the Andes drin# the pre/Hispani$ times-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaeanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transjordanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonus_Cyclopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Adenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamericahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre_Columbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaeanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transjordanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabateanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonus_Cyclopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Adenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamericahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre_Columbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_empire


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Dia *aris' literall( Latin!or 2the +a( o! the sea'2 +as an an$ient hi#h+a( sed b( the ;omans

and the Crsaders- The states $ontrollin# the Dia *aris +ere in a position to #rant a$$ess !or trade to

their o+n $iti%ens and $olle$t tolls !rom the otsiders to maintain the trade rote- The name #ia Maris

is a Latin translation o! a Hebre+phrase related to Isaiah- >e to the Bibli$alsi#ni!i$an$e o! this

an$ient rote' man( attempts to !ind its present da( lo$ation ha&e been made b( Christianpil#rims

3th $entr( tra&eler and pil#rim Br$hard o! *ont Qionre!ers to the Dia *aris rote as a +a(leadin# alon# the shore o! the Sea o! alilee-

T+ S. (&

*ap indi$atin# lo$ations +ith si#ni!i$ant nmbers o! Tare# people' +ho e1er$ised in!len$e

o&er the Trans Saharan Trade-

Earl( *slim +ritin#s $on!irm that the people o! .est A!ri$aoperated a sophisti$ated net+or0

o! trade' sall( nder the athorit( o! a monar$h +ho le&ied ta1es and pro&ided brea$rati$ and

militar( spport to his 0in#dom- Sophisti$ated me$hanisms !or the e$onomi$ and politi$a

de&elopment o! the in&ol&ed A!ri$an areas +ere in pla$e be!ore Islam !rther stren#thened trade

to+ns and #o&ernment in +estern A!ri$a- The $apital' $ort and trade o! the re#ion !ind mention in the

+or0s o! s$holarAbR =?ba(d =Abd Allh al/Ba0r) the mainsta( o! the trans Saharan trade +as #old

and salt-

The po+er!l Saharan tribes' Berberin ori#in and later adaptin# to *slim and Arab $ltres'

$ontrolled the $hannels to +estern A!ri$a b( ma0in# e!!i$ient se o! horse/dra+n &ehi$les and pa$0

animals- The Son#haien#a#ed in a str##le a#ainst the Sa=di d(nast( o! *oro$$oo&er the $ontrol o!

the trans Saharan trade' resltin# in dama#e on both sides and a +ea0 *oro$$an &i$tor(' !rther

stren#thenin# the nin&ol&ed Saharan tribes- Str##les and distrban$es $ontined till the th

$entr(' b( +hi$h the *andUmer$hants +ere tradin# +ith the Hasa' bet+een La0e Chadand the

Ni#er-@

Ne+er trade rotes de&eloped !ollo+in# e1tension o! trade-

H+&()' (&

*ain tradin# rotes o! the Hanseati$ Lea#e-

Shortl( be!ore the 7th $entr( the ermanspla(ed a relati&el( modest role in the north

Eropean trade- Ho+e&er' this +as to $han#e +ith the de&elopment o! Hanseati$ trade' as a reslt o
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusadershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_'Ubayd_'Abd_All%C4%81h_al-Bakr%C4%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route#cite_note-EB1-47%23cite_note-EB1-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusadershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_'Ubayd_'Abd_All%C4%81h_al-Bakr%C4%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route#cite_note-EB1-47%23cite_note-EB1-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans


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+hi$h erman traders be$ame prominent in the Balti$ and the North Sea re#ions- Follo+in# the

death o! Eri$ DI o! >enmar0' erman !or$es atta$0ed and sa$0ed >enmar0' brin#in# +ith them

artisans and mer$hants nder the ne+ administration +hi$h $ontrolled the Hansa re#ions- >rin# the

third "arter o! the th $entr( the Hanseati$ trade !a$ed t+o ma,or di!!i$lties: e$onomi$ $on!li$t

+ith the Flandersand hostilities +ith >enmar0- These e&ents led to the !ormation o! an or#ani%ed

asso$iation o! Hanseati$ to+ns' +hi$h repla$ed the earlier nion o! erman mer$hants- This ne+Hansa o! the to+ns / aimed at prote$tin# interests o! the mer$hants and trade / be$ame prominent !or

the ne1t hndred and !i!t( (ears-

Philippe >ollin#er asso$iates the do+n!all o! the Hansa to a ne+ allian$e bet+een Lbe$0

Hambr#and Bremen' +hi$h otshado+ed the older instittion- He !rther sets the date o! dissoltion

o! the Hansa at 536 and $on$ldes that the Hansa +as almost entirel( !or#otten b( the end o! the

@th $entr(- S$holar eor# Friedri$h Sartoris pblished the !irst mono#raph re#ardin# the

$ommnit( in the earl( (ears o! the 4th $entr(-

P&,3)(; 3)()3& ,(&+

R,3-I) ,(&+

ThePtolemai$ d(nast(had initiated re$o/;omanmaritime trade $onta$t +ith India sin# the

;ed Sea ports- The ;oman historian Strabomentions a &ast in$rease in trade !ollo+in# the ;oman

anne1ation o! E#(pt' indi$atin# that monsoon +as 0no+n and maniplated !or trade in his time- B(

the time o!A#stsp to 76 ships +ere settin# sail e&er( (ear !rom *(os Hormosto India' tradin#

in a di&erse &ariet( o! #oods-Arsinoe' Bereni$e Tro#lod(ti$aand *(os Hormos +ere the prin$ipa

;oman ports in&ol&ed in this maritime tradin# net+or0' +hile the Indian ports in$lded Barbari$m

Bar(#a%a' *%irisandAri0amed-

The Indians +ere present in Ale1andria and the Christian and e+ settlers !rom ;ome

$ontined to li&e in India lon# a!ter the !all o! the ;oman empire' +hi$h reslted in ;ome=s loss o! the

;ed Seaports' pre&iosl( sed to se$re trade +ith India b( the re$o/;oman +orld sin$e the time

o! the Ptolemai$ d(nast(-

S/)'& R,(&

This !i#re illstrates the path o! Das$o da ama headin# !or the !irst time to India 9bla$0< as

+ell as the trips o! Pero da Co&ilha9oran#e< andA!onso de Pai&a9ble


38/108

As trade bet+een India and the re$o/;oman +orldin$reased spi$es be$ame the main import

!rom India to the .estern +orld' b(passin# sil0 and other $ommodities- The Indian $ommer$ia

$onne$tion +ith Soth East Asia pro&ed &ital to the mer$hants o! Arabia and Persia drin# the th

$entr( and the @th $entr(-

TheAbbasidssed Ale1andria' >amietta' Adenand Sira!as entr( ports to India and China

*er$hants arri&in# !rom India in the port $it( o! Aden paid tribte in !orm o! ms0' $amphor' amber#ris

and sandal+ood to Ibn Qi(ad' the sltano! Yemen- *ol$$anprod$ts shipped a$ross the ports o!

Arabia to the Near East passed thro#h the ports o! India and Sri Lan0a- Indian e1ports o! spi$es !ind

mention in the +or0s o! Ibn Jhrdadhbeh 9@86


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the 4th $entries- Amon# the $hallen#es !a$ed b( the +a#on rote operators +ere $rossin# ri&ers

montains and hostile Nati&e Ameri$ans- Preparations +ere also made a$$ordin# to the +eather and

prote$tion o! trade and tra&elers +as ensred b( a !e+ #ards on horseba$0- .a#on !rei#htin# +as

also essential to Ameri$an #ro+th ntil it +as repla$ed b( the railroadand the tr$0-

R); ,(&+

;ote o! the !irst Ameri$an trans$ontinental railroad !rom Sa$ramento' Cali!ornia' to Con$i

Bl!!s' Io+a-

The @ ;ail+a( a$t o! En#land$ompelled at least one trainto a station e&er( da( +ith the

third $lass !ares pri$ed at a penn(a mile- Trade bene!ited as the +or0ers and the lo+er $lasses had

the abilit( to tra&el to other to+ns !re"entl(- Sbrban $ommnities be#an to de&elop and to+ns

be#an to spread ot+ards- The British $onstr$ted a &ast rail+a( net+or0 in India' bt it +as

$onsidered to ser&e a strate#i$ prpose in addition to the $ommer$ial prpose- The e!!i$ient se o!

rail rotes helped in the ni!i$ation o! the ?nited States o! Ameri$a-

The modern times sa+ nations str##le !or the $ontrol o! rail rotes: The Trans/Siberian

;ail+a( +as intended to be sed b( the ;ssian#o&ernment !or $ontrol o! *an$hria and later

China) the erman!or$es +anted to establish Berlin/Ba#hdad ;ail+a(in order to in!len$e the Near

East) and the Astrian #o&ernment planned a rote !rom Dienna to Saloni0a !or $ontrol o! the

Bal0ans-

A$$ordin# to the En$($lopedia Britanni$a 97667


40/108


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remained si#ni!i$antl( important e&en as the ad&ent o! railroads and atomobiles reslted in a stead(

de$line o! $anals- Inland +ater transport is still sed !or the transportation o! bl0 $ommodities e-#

#rains' $oal' and ore-

.ater+a( $ommer$e +as histori$all( important to Erope' parti$larl( to ;ssia- A$$ordin# to

the En$($lopedia Brittani$a 97667


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L&++, 5

BAILMENT

Bailment is the pro$ess o! ma0in# deli&er( o! an asset or other t(pe o! propert(- enerall(' this

t(pe o! transa$tion in&ol&es the o+ner o! the assets $hoosin# to temporaril( pla$e them in the $ontro

o! another indi&idal- The person +ho deli&ers the asset is sall( 0no+n as the bailor' +hile there$ipient o! the assets is 0no+n as the bailee-

The pro$ess o! bailment is not a $asal sitation +here an indi&idal is as0ed to !n$tion as a

$areta0er !or a short period o! time- Part o! the pro$edre +ith bailment it that a le#al relationship is

established bet+een the o+ner and re$ipient-

86054410 shipping management (1)

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