8/8/2015 mit202newspapers1 print, news, and newspapers mit202
TRANSCRIPT
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04/21/23 MIT202Newspapers 1
Print, News, and Newspapers
MIT202
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Print/Modes of Reading
1. Individualism
2. “Dangers” of Private Reading
3. Mobile Reading
4. Silent/Vocalized Reading
5. Middle/Upper Classes Working Classes
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Women Readers
1. Fear unleashed emotions1. Novels/fiction
2. Bible/devotional works
3. Challenge to patriarchal authority
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Print/Modes of Reading
1. Critical Reading
2. Intensive to Extensive Reading
3. Format Changes
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Reformation/Printing (1520s to 1640s)
1. Printing Press not “causal”
2. Variety of Printed Matter1. Information Supply, not
advance Literacy
3. Illiterates and New Ideas
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Reformation
1. Vernacular Bible1. German, etc.
2. Catholic Prohibition
2. Bible Reading/Personal Salvation
3. Counter-Reformation
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Censorship
Catholic Church –Index of Prohibited Books Protestant theology Erasmus, Machiavelli,
Dante England: Stationer’s Co.
1550s/1790s Inspect manuscripts
before printing
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Censorship Effects
1. Interest in banned titles
2. Clandestine publishing & communication
3. Printing abroad
4. Allegory
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Print Culture
1. Fixity of Texts
2. Accumulation of Knowledge
3. Destabilize Knowledge
4. Additive not Substitutive
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Pre-Newspaper/Printing Press Communication Networks (early 1400s)
1. Catholic Church
2. State/Political Authorities1. Administration of
Territory
2. Diplomacy
3. Commerce
4. Itinerant Peddlers1. Balladeers, entertainers,
merchants
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New Communication Networks (15th/16th centuries) Postal Services
France, 1464, Royal Post Hapsburg, 1500s England (1500s) 1700s: networks throughout Europe Slow
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Printed News (late 1400s)
1. Leaflets, broadsheets, posters
2. distant news
3. hawkers
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Early Newspapers (Corantos)
1. Corantos1. weekly journals German
cities, 1609-
2. Postmaster as news provider
3. Thomas Archer, 1621-
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English Civil War & Newspapers
1. 1640-1660
2. Press freedom
3. Growth of newspapers1. pamphlets, political
tracts
4. Domestic news
5. Restoration (1660) & press control
6. Monopolies of Knowledge/dialectic
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British Newspapers
1. Samuel Buckley, Daily Courant, 1702
2. Specialized papers
3. 1750: 5 dailies; 5 weeklies 1. some w/100,000+ circ.
2. postal/countryside
4. Coffee houses, taverns1. Readership/Circulation
2. J. Habermas/Public Sphere
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Stamp Acts/Press Freedom
1. Stamp Act, 1712-
2. State Revenue/Press Restraint
3. Curb Abuse of State Power
4. Stamp Act, 1765, (US)
5. Freedom of Press 1. First Amendment of US
Constitution
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British North America/Canada
1. None in New France
2. Halifax Gazette, 1752
3. Quebec Gazette, 1764
4. Upper Canada Gazette (1793) state
5. Canada Constellation (1798) private
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Upper Canada, 19th century
1. 1815-1860 Growth:1. Immigration,
economic development
2. Growth of towns with newspapers
1. 1819- 6
2. 1849- 39
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Upper Canada Newspapers (pre/post 1820)
Polite Sociability
1. Essays/letters
2. Morals/manners
3. History/literature
4. Genteel/Cultivate mind
5. Not discuss politics
6. State organs (some)
7. “Polite conversation”
Democratic Sociability
1. Reflect/Create public opinion
2. Partisanship
3. Discuss Legislative topics
4. Government watchdog
5. Responsible Govt (Legislature/Council)
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Newspapers/Rights of Citizens
1. Joseph Howe 1. Nova Scotian 1827-
2. Newspaper: defender of people vs. arbitrary state
3. Responsible Government
4. Publisher-Editor-Politician
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Politicized Newspapers
Editor-Politicians
1. Opinionated Press1. Etienne Parent (Le Canadien)
2. William Lyon Mackenzie (Colonial Advocate)
2. Responsible Government
3. 1837 Rebellion Mackenzie: Publisher-Editor-
Politician-Armed Rebel
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Disseminating Newspapers
1. Postal Networks
2. Preferential rates1. Heavily subsidized
2. Lax enforcement
3. Newspaper Agent
4. Media as Complex, Integrated Systems
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Readers (Upper Canada)
1. Circulation rates: Growth
2. Social classes of readers
3. Subscription Costs
4. Reading aloud/sharing newspapers
1. Non-paying readers
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Civic and Mass Newspaper
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Yellow Press/Mass/Entertainment NewspaperJoseph Pulitzer (World), 1883-
1. Advertising over subscription
2. Sensationalism
1. Local news, crime, scandal
3. Entertainment
4. Self-Advertising
5. Illustrations
6. Large Headlines
7. ‘Use-paper’
8. Commuter Friendly
9. Lead/Inverted Pyramid
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Mass/Entertainment Newspaper (CDA)Hugh Graham Montreal Star 1880s
John R. Robertson Toronto Telegram
1. Advertising
2. Higher Costs
3. Local news (crime, scandal)
4. Entertainment over information function
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From Civic to Mass Newspaper
Civic Newspaper (1820-1890)
(Democratic Sociability)
1. Political advocate
2. Public defender
3. Public responsibility
4. Civic education
5. Editor-publisher, small shop
6. Opinion-making
1. Editorial pages
7. Public record of legislative proceedings
8. “public utility”
Mass Newspaper (1890-)
1. Commercial Enterprise
2. Advertising reliant
3. Corporations & Chains (Southam, Sifton, Thomson)
4. Heavily capitalized
5. Decline of editorial pages
6. Less partisan
7. higher circulation, fewer newspapers
8. READERSHIP OVER PARTISANSHIP
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Space-Biased Media (Innis)
1. Dialectic1. liberty & monopolies of knowledge
2. Printing Press
2. Balance: 1. time/space
2. centrifugal/centripetal
3. democratic society
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Newspaper: Summary
Corantos Press Freedom Democracy/Responsible Government Postal System Polite Sociability/Democratic Sociability Civic Newspaper/Mass Newspaper Public Opinion/Commercial Profit Circulation/Subscription/Advertising News as Commodity