88Combined Cooling, Heating and Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Technologies (CHP): Power Technologies (CHP): An OverviewAn Overview

Ted BronsonAssociate DirectorDistributed Energy Resource CenterGas Technology Institute

GTI / NICORCombined Heat and Power SymposiumFebruary 21, 2003

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OverviewOverview

! Introduction! GTI’s Distributed Energy Technology Center! CHP Basics! Benefits / Opportunity for DE / CHP! Existing and Emerging DE Technologies! DE Technologies Environmental

Characteristics! DE / CHP Markets! Conclusions

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GTI DER Center MissionGTI DER Center Mission! Produce a Sustainable Urban Environment through

Distributed Energy Technology Deployment ! Lower Energy Costs! Improve Air Quality! Increase Energy Efficiency! Increase Fuel Diversity/Stabilize Supply

! Two Focuses! Product and System Development

! DETC Optimization and Analysis! Product Demonstrations

! Market Development! Energy and Environmental Planning

! San Diego / Chicago Energy Plans! Industry Consortiums (DE Mutual Fund, Regional Initiatives)

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Purpose:! Technology Development! Risk Reduction! CertificationDE Equipment (10 to 3000 kws)! Reciprocating engines! Turbines / Microturbines! Fuel Cells! Packaged units with

absorption chillers / desiccants! Hybrid Gas / Renewable systems

15kV Switches

Cat 3516GenSet SWGR

4,200 kVATransformer

Test Cell Inertia Pad #1

(300 - 3,000 kW)

Test Cell Inertia Pad #2

(300 - 3,000 kW)

LubeOil

Tank

18' 0" x 29' 6"

Chiller Test Loop CoolingTower /Radiator Banks

MCC

CumminsQSV81GenSet

Intake Air100 TonEngineDrivenChiller

0 - 300 kW TestCell

Operation of Cell" Uses 0 – 300 kW Test Cell for

treatment of intake-air conditions " Modulating dampers for

exhaust pressure" Cooling towers and radiator banks

for testing chiller

GTI’s Distributed Energy GTI’s Distributed Energy Technology Center Technology Center

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Distributed Energy Technology Center

Caterpillar 3516B LE! Output: 1300 kWe! Electrical Efficiency: 33.2% (LHV)! System Efficiency: ~80% (LHV)! Approx. Cost $320k

Cummins QSV81•Output: 1100 kWe•Electrical Efficiency: 36.4% (LHV)•System Efficiency: ~80% (LHV)•Approx. Cost $400k

GTI’ Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power System

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CHP BASICSCHP BASICS

! Distributed Energy (DE, DG, DP, DER) –Generation of power located close to the point of use

! CHP (Cogeneration) – Combined Cooling, Heat and Power – Distributed Energy utilizing recycleable heat from power generation for heating, cooling, or industrial process purposes

! BCHP (IES) – Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power for Buildings – CHP for buildings, utilizing recyclable heat for thermally activated absorption or desiccant cooling technologies

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CHP BASICSCHP BASICS

! DE / CHP Power Generation Technologies! Advanced Reciprocating Engines! Turbines! Microturbines! Fuel Cells! Wind! Solar / PV

! CHP Heat Recovery Technologies! Hot water heat exchanger! HRSG – Heat Recovery Steam Generator! Absorption Chillers! Desiccant Dehumidification Control

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IntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

! Business Week #1 of 21 ideas for the 21st

Century – Distributed Generation ! EIA estimates 42% Growth in Electricity

Demand over next 20 years: > 400GWs! DE provides potential to recover the

waste heat ! Technology Right Here Right Now!

! Existing technology improving! Ultra clean devises being developed

! Business Week #1 of 21 ideas for the 21st

Century – Distributed Generation ! EIA estimates 42% Growth in Electricity

Demand over next 20 years: > 400GWs! DE provides potential to recover the

waste heat ! Technology Right Here Right Now!

! Existing technology improving! Ultra clean devises being developed

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Why is There an Opportunity?Why is There an Opportunity?! Rising Concerns Over

! Blackouts/Brownouts! Power Supply Constraints (Aging infrastructure)! Electricity Prices! Environment! Power Security

! Selected Power Outage Costs

$6,480,000 per hourBrokerage Operations

$2,580,000 per hourCredit Card Operations

$90,000 per hourAirline Reservations

$72,000 per hourTelephone Ticket Sales

$41,000 per hourCellular Communications

Avg. Cost of DowntimeIndustry

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Benefits of DE / CHPBenefits of DE / CHPBenefits of DE / CHP

! Conservation of Natural Resources! Reduce dependence on foreign oil! Over 2/3rds of fuel wasted in power generation

! Addresses Environmental Concerns! High efficiencies currently only existing way to reduce

carbon emissions and work to meet Kyoto accords! Output from generation technologies can be less than

that of average emissions from central power plants! Facilitates deployment of new clean energy

technologies! For buildings, can use to improve indoor air quality

! Improve Reliability! End-user power reliability and quality! Improve grid reliability / supplement aging areas of grid! Reduce peak power load demand on grid

! Lower overall energy costs

! Conservation of Natural Resources! Reduce dependence on foreign oil! Over 2/3rds of fuel wasted in power generation

! Addresses Environmental Concerns! High efficiencies currently only existing way to reduce

carbon emissions and work to meet Kyoto accords! Output from generation technologies can be less than

that of average emissions from central power plants! Facilitates deployment of new clean energy

technologies! For buildings, can use to improve indoor air quality

! Improve Reliability! End-user power reliability and quality! Improve grid reliability / supplement aging areas of grid! Reduce peak power load demand on grid

! Lower overall energy costs

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Government CommitmentGovernment Commitment

! President Bush’s National Energy Policy! U.S. DOE’s CHP Challenge

! Double CHP in U.S. by 2010! U.S. DOE / U.S. CHPA / U.S. EPA roadmap

! U.S. EPA CHP Partnership! Illinois Energy Policy! Chicago Energy Plan

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DE / CHP TechnologiesDE / CHP Technologies! Existing

! Natural Gas Fired Reciprocating Engines (<7.5 MW)! Natural Gas Fired Gas Turbines (>7.5 MW)! Industrial Combined Heat and Power Systems*Key to building bridge to Emerging Clean Energy

Technologies ! Emerging

! Microturbines! Fuel Cells! Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems for

Buildings! Packaged Systems! Prime Movers with Absorption and Desiccan

Dehumidification Technologies! Thermal Storage

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OnOn--site Power Technologies:site Power Technologies:Advanced Reciprocating EnginesAdvanced Reciprocating Engines

20024 25 - 40% Efficiency (LHV)

2-4 grams/kWh NOx

20124 50% Efficiency (LHV)

less than 0.15 grams/kWh NOxIntegrated jacket water and

exhaust gas recovery systems for IES

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Power Generation EmissionsPower Generation Emissions

Emissions by Generation Type (lbs/MWh)1

Generator Type NOx CO2 SOx Natural Gas CCGT 0.09-3.8 770 ~0 Oil (2.2 % sulfur) fueled steam electric plant

3.0-3.7 1,770 25.4

Oil (0.3 % sulfur) fueled combustion turbine

3.7-6.8 2,190 4.4

Coal- Steam Electric 6.1-9.4 1,960-2,310 46.6 Diesel Engine 17.0 1,700 5.0 Natural Gas Engine 3.2 / .5 970 0.01

1 Engine Source: 2002 projections by Distributed Utility Associates for the California Air Resources Board. Other Generating Technology Source: Power Scorecard Methodology by Pace Law School Energy Project. September 22, 2000.

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OnOn--site Power Technologies:site Power Technologies:Advanced TurbinesAdvanced Turbines

20024 36 - 40% Efficiency (LHV)

Prototype 3.8 MW

20124 > 40% Efficiency (LHV)

multiple sizesexhaust gas recovery

systems for IES

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OnOn--site Power Technologies:site Power Technologies:MicroturbinesMicroturbines

20024 17-30% Efficiency (LHV)

28 – 100 kWDouble digit ppm NOx

Niche markets

20124 40% Efficiency (LHV)

28 – 400 kWSingle digit ppm NOx

Integrated and temperaturematched IES

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Future OnFuture On--site Power site Power Technologies:Technologies:Stationary Fuel CellsStationary Fuel Cells

20024 $4500 - $15,000 / kW

20124 $1500 / kW

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Thermally Activated Thermally Activated Technologies:Technologies:LiBr Absorption ChillersLiBr Absorption Chillers

20124 Significant market penetration through

25% cost reduction 30% more efficiency and integration with

IES – e.g. air cooled condensers units less than 150 RT, and

temperature matching

20024 Good technologies,

but limited penetration

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Thermally Activated Thermally Activated Technologies:Technologies:Desiccant DehumidifiersDesiccant Dehumidifiers

20024 Niche market equipment

for high value humidity control applications

20124 Mainstream humidity control using

new solid desiccant materials & new liquid technologies resulting

in 50% cost reductions

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Packaged BCHP System CharacteristicsPackaged BCHP System Characteristics

! High Efficiency – Up to 80%! Plug and Play System

! Natural Gas Input, Chilled Water, Hot Water, and Electricity Output

! Designed for Specific Market Applications! Systems Optimized to:

! Reduce Capital Cost! Improve Energy Efficiency! Reduce Maintenance Costs! Improve Reliability

! Opportunity for Improved Indoor Air Quality

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CHP Modular/Packaged SystemCHP Modular/Packaged System

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CHP Market CHP Market ! Industrial: Traditional CHP

! Approximately 1000 installations, 45 GWs! Average 45 MWs, Mean 25 MWs! Remaining Potential: 88 GWs (30 % penetration)! Key industries: Chemical, paper, oil refining, food,

primary metals, plastics, waste treatment! Commerical: Emerging CHP

! Approximately 1000 installations, 5 GWs ! Average 5 MWs, Mean, .7 MWs! Remaining Potential: 75 GWs (94%)! Key applications: Colleges, District Energy,

Government, Hospitals, Health Care, Offices, hotels! Focus on Reliability / Control of Energy Costs

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Source: Nexus

Other11%

Potential for CHP in Commercial Potential for CHP in Commercial Applications Is LargeApplications Is Large

Estimated CHP Potential: 75 GW

Health Care24%

Education27%

Food Sales/Serv

10% Lodging7%

Office Buildings

21%

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ConclusionsConclusionsConclusions! DE / CHP can present considerable benefits to consumers

! Improved environment! Improved electricity reliability! Local economic development! Greater control / stability of energy costs

! DE / CHP technologies are here today! Continued development on even cleaner products! Existing technologies required for advancement of emerging

ultra- clean technologies such as microturbines and fuel cells! Regional support available for projects

! Midwest CHP Application Center! EPA CHP Partnership! NICOR

! DE / CHP can present considerable benefits to consumers! Improved environment! Improved electricity reliability! Local economic development! Greater control / stability of energy costs

! DE / CHP technologies are here today! Continued development on even cleaner products! Existing technologies required for advancement of emerging

ultra- clean technologies such as microturbines and fuel cells! Regional support available for projects

! Midwest CHP Application Center! EPA CHP Partnership! NICOR

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For Information Contact:For Information Contact:Mr. Theodore L. BronsonAssociate Director, Distributed Energy Resource CenterGas Technology InstitutePhone: 847-768-0637ted.bronson@gastechnology.org

Ms. Leslie FarrarProgram Manager, Midwest CHP Applications CenterUniversity of Illinois at Chicago, Energy Resources Center Phone: 312-413-3825cuttica@uic.edu