8r all rocks mega packet - mr. leone's science...

8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET

A)

B)

C)

D)

1. What are the rock name and map symbol used torepresent the sedimentary rock that has a grain size of0.006 to 0.2 centimeters?

A) folded metamorphic bedrockB) flat-lying evaporite depositsC) coarse-grained coal bedsD) fine-grained layers of volcanic lava

2. The map below shows the area that, at one time, wascovered by ancient Lake Bonneville. Evidence ofancient shorelines indicates that, near the end of thelast ice age, Lake Bonneville existed in western Utahand eastern Nevada. The Great Salt Lake in Utah is aremnant of the former Lake Bonneville.

Which material that was formerly on the bottom ofLake Bonneville is most likely exposed on the landsurface today?

A) quartz B) fluoriteC) halite D) olivine

3. Which mineral precipitates from oceans and formsrock salt?

A) extrusive igneousB) intrusive igneousC) clastic sedimentaryD) chemical sedimentary

4. Most rocks that form from fragmental rock particlesare classified as


A) The rock is composed of several minerals.B) The rock has a vesicular texture.C) The rock contains fragments of other rocks.D) The rock shows distorted and stretched pebbles.

5. A student classified the rock below as sedimentary.

Which observation about the rock best supports thisclassification?

A) rock salt B) quartziteC) coal D) limestone

6. Soil that contains large quantities of calcium wasmost likely formed by the weathering of

A) sorted by size and not layeredB) sorted by size and layeredC) unsorted and not layeredD) unsorted and layered

7. Most sandstone bedrock is composed of sediment thatwas

A) melting B) runoffC) condensation D) evaporation

8. Which process led to the formation of thick saltdeposits found in the bedrock at some locations inNew York State?


9. Base your answer to the following question on the cross sections below, which represent two bedrockoutcrops 15 kilometers apart. The rock layers have been numbered for identification and some containthe index fossil remains shown.

A) under the ocean B) a desert between high mountainsC) repeatedly covered by lava flows D) glaciated several times

When these rocks were deposited as sediments, this area was most likely


Base your answers to questions 10 through 12 on the drawings of six sedimentary rocks labeled A through F.

A)

B)

C)

D)

10. Which table shows the rocks correctly classified by texture?

A) rock salt and conglomerate B) rock salt and brecciaC) sandstone and shale D) sandstone and limestone

11. Which two rocks are composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals?

A) volcanic eruptions and crystallization B) compaction and/or cementationC) heat and pressure D) melting and/or solidification

12. Most of the rocks shown were formed by

A) an extrusive igneous rockB) an intrusive igneous rockC) a clastic sedimentary rockD) a foliated metamorphic rock

13. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach.A saltwater solution is poured into the sand andallowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from thesaltwater solution cements the sand grains together,forming a material that is most similar in origin to


A) sandstone and limestoneB) shale and coalC) breccia and rock saltD) conglomerate and siltstone

14. The diagram below shows a drill core of sedimentthat was taken from the bottom of a lake.

Which types of rock would most likely form fromcompaction and cementation of these sediments?

A) scoria B) gabbroC) schist D) shale

15. Which type of rock most likely contains fossils?

Base your answers to questions 16 and 17 on the cross section below, which shows a typical bedrockstructure where oil and natural gas deposits are found.

A) coarse-textured igneous rock B) foliated metamorphic rockC) porous clastic sedimentary rock D) intrusive crystalline sedimentary rock

16. According to the diagram, in which type of rock are these natural gas and oil deposits found?


A) principle of superpositionB) principle of original horizontalityC) differences in the density of the three materialsD) differences in the geologic age of the three materials

17. The natural gas, oil, and saltwater have formed layers at different levels in the same rock layer due tothe

A) A B) B C) C D) D

18. The profile below shows the average diameter of sediment that was sorted and deposited in specificareas A, B, C, and D by a stream entering an ocean.

As compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will becomesiltstone?

19. Base your answer to the following question on the cross sections below, which show widely separated outcrops at locations X, Y, and Z.

A) red sandstone B) green shale C) brown siltstone D) conglomerate

Which rock layer was formed by the compaction and cementation of particles that were all less than0.0004 centimeter in diameter?


A) granite B) gneissC) shale D) metaconglomerate

20. Which type of rock is most likely to contain fossils?

A) sandstone B) conglomerateC) quartzite D) granite

21. Particles of sediment collected from a lake bottomaveraged 1.2 centimeters in diameter. If left on thelake bottom to become buried by more sediment andcompressed into rock, these particles would form

Base your answers to questions 22 and 23 on the diagram below, which represents a cross section ofrock layers that have not been overturned.

A) cemented, rounded rock fragments B) cemented, angular rock fragmentsC) intergrown, fine-textured crystals D) microscopic shells

22. The breccia layer is composed mostly of

A) B) C) D)

23. Within which rock type would a fossil most likely be found?


24. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below, which represents a rock samplecontaining fossilized Coelophysis footprints.

A) folding and faultingB) burial and cementationC) weathering and erosionD) deformation and melting

The siltstone layer containing the dinosaur footprintswas turned into rock by

A) The rock is older than the pebbles.B) The rock is igneous.C) The rock is sedimentary.D) The rock resulted from evaporation of sea

water.

25. A rock is composed of several large, roundedpebbles and sand grains cemented together. Whichinference about the rock is best supported by thisdescription?

A) shale B) siltstoneC) sandstone D) conglomerate

26. A stream slows to a velocity of 300 centimeters persecond. Which type of sedimentary rock would mostlikely form from the deposition occurring at thislocation?

A) conglomerate and sandstoneB) siltstone and shaleC) bituminous coal and brecciaD) fossil limestone and chemical limestone

27. Which sedimentary rocks are clastic and consist ofparticles that have diameters smaller than 0.006centimeter?

28. Base your answer to the following question on the rock sample shown below.

A) granite, an igneous rockB) conglomerate, a sedimentary rockC) siltstone, a sedimentary rockD) Weiss, a metamorphic rock

The rounded pebbles of this rock have beencemented together to form

A) breccia B) scoriaC) granite D) quartzite

29. Which rock is made up of angular fragments of rockheld together by a natural cement?

A) shale B) sandstoneC) conglomerate D) siltstone

30. Which sedimentary rock would be formed by thecompaction and cementation of particles 1.5centimeters in diameter?

A) shale B) siltstoneC) sandstone D) conglomerate

31. Which sedimentary rock is formed by thecompaction and cementation of sorted sediments0.05 centimeter in diameter?


A) elastic texture consisting of sand-size particlesB) clastic texture consisting of mixed grain sizesC) nonclastic texture with mixed grain sizesD) nonclastic texture with coarse-grained particles

32. The diagram below shows a sedimentary rock drawnactual size.

This rock is classified as having a

A) Magma must be weathered before it can changeto metamorphic rock.

B) Sediment must be compacted and cementedbefore it can change to sedimentary rock.

C) Sedimentary rock must melt before it canchange to metamorphic rock.

D) Metamorphic rock must melt before it canchange to sedimentary rock.

33. Which statement about the formation of a rock isbest supported by geologic evidence?

A) B)

C) D)

34. Which symbol represents the sedimentary rock withthe smallest grain size?

A) siltstone B) dolostoneC) rock salt D) rock gypsum

35. Which sedimentary rock is formed by compactionand cementation of land-derived sediments?

A) Precambrian graniteB) Cambrian shaleC) Pleistocene basaltD) Middle-Proterozoic quartzite

36. Which bedrock would be most likely to containfossils?

A) chemical limestoneB) conglomerateC) graniteD) sandstone

37. The diagram below shows actual sizes and shapes ofparticles removed from a clastic sedimentary rock.

The sediments are from

A) shale B) siltstoneC) sandstone D) limestone

38. Which land-derived sedimentary rock could haveformed by the compaction and cementation ofparticles smaller than 0.0003 centimeter in diameter?


Base your answers to questions 39 and 40 on thediagram below, which is a geologic cross section ofan area where a river has exposed a 300-meter cliffof sedimentary rock layers. The rock layers arelabeled A through I. Line XY represents a gap in thegeologic record (an unconformity).

A) cooling of melted rock materialB) compaction and cementation of sedimentsC) heat and pressure from overlying rock layersD) recrystallization of minerals due to crustal

uplift

39. Rock layer H was most likely formed as a result of

A) brecciaB) gneissC) siltstoneD) chemical limestone

40. If rock layer G contained angular fragments insteadof rounded fragments, it would be classified as a

A) weathering and erosionB) melting and faultingC) deposition and cementationD) folding and metamorphism

41. Which processes most often cause fossil evidence tobe preserved in rock?

A) layering B) foliationC) distorted structure D) glassy texture

42. Which feature is characteristic of sedimentary rocks?

A) conglomerate, sandstone, shaleB) sandstone, shale, conglomerateC) shale, sandstone, conglomerateD) shale, conglomerate, sandstone

43. Which group lists rocks in order by grain size fromsmallest to largest?

A) intrusive igneous B) extrusive igneousC) metamorphic D) sedimentary

44. Which type of rock is likely to show ripple marksand fossils?

Base your answers to questions 45 and 46 on thediagram below.

A) folding and faultingB) melting and solidificationC) compaction and cementationD) heating and application of pressure

45. Which two processes formed this rock?

A) conglomerate B) sandstoneC) siltstone D) shale

46. Which sedimentary rock is shown in the diagram?

A) a high-grade metamorphic rock layer madefrom mixed igneous and sedimentary layers

B) a series of alternating layers of shale andsandstone

C) a basalt lava flow from an ancient volcanoD) a mass of granite in the core of a mountain

47. Which kind of bedrock would most likely containfossils?


A)

B)

C)

D)

48. Which sequence of events occurs in the formation ofa sedimentary rock?

A) conglomerate B) sandstoneC) siltstone D) shale

49. The dot below is a true scale drawing of the smallestparticle found in a sample of cemented sedimentaryrock.

What is this sedimentary rock?

A) shale B) basaltC) siltstone D) conglomerate

50. Which rock was most likely formed from pebblesized sediment deposited in shallow water at anocean shoreline?

A) They are the same age.B) They originated from a larger mass of igneous

rock.C) They all contain the same minerals.D) They have different origins.

51. The diagram below represents a conglomerate rock.Some of the rock particles are labeled.

Which conclusion is best made about the rockparticles?

A) sandstone B) dolostoneC) gabbro D) granite

52. A rock that forms directly from land-derivedsediments is

A) the absolute age of the sediments within therock

B) the mineral composition of the sedimentswithin the rock

C) the particle size of the sediments within therock

D) the density of the sediments within the rock

53. Which characteristic determines whether a rock isclassified as a shale, a siltstone, a sandstone, or aconglomerate?

A) crystalline structureB) distorted structureC) banding or zoning of mineralsD) fragmental particles arranged in layers

54. Which property best describes a rock which hasformed from sediments?

A) conglomerate B) dolostoneC) siltstone D) shale

55. Which sedimentary rock would be composed ofparticles ranging in size from 0.0004 centimeter to0.006 centimeter?

A) hardnessB) a dark colorC) a large grain sizeD) a large amount of cement

56. Which characteristic would best indicate that a rockwas formed from sediments deposited in shallowwater near shore rather than in deep water?

A) shallow marine B) tropical forestC) coastal plain D) interior grassland

57. Brachiopod fossils were found in a layer oflimestone rock. In which type of environment didthe limestone layer form?

A) granite B) shaleC) breccia D) dolostone

58. Which rock is sedimentary in origin and formed as aresult of chemical processes?


A) land-derived sedimentary rockB) chemically formed sedimentary rockC) foliated metamorphic rockD) nonfoliated metamorphic rock

59. Dolostone is classified as which type of rock?

60. Base your answer to the following question on the maps below, which show changes in thedistribution of land and water in the Mediterranean Sea region that scientists believe took place over aperiod of 6 million years.

A) rock salt B) basaltC) sandstone D) metaconglomerate

Which type of rock was precipitated from seawater as the Mediterranean Sea evaporated betweenmillion years ago and 5.5 million years ago?

A) precipitation from seawaterB) solidification of magmaC) folding of clay-sized particlesD) melting of sand-sized particles

61. Which process most likely formed a layer of thesedimentary rock, gypsum?


Base your answers to questions 62 and 63 on the map and cross section below. The shaded areas onthe map represent regions of the United States that have evaporite rock layers (layers of rock formedfrom the evaporation of seawater) under the surface bedrock. The cross section shows the generalizedstructure of the area in which the evaporite layers are found in New York State.

A) sedimentary B) plutonic igneousC) regional metamorphic D) contact metamorphic

62. The surface rocks overlying these evaporite rock layers are most likely which type of rock?

A) chemical processes B) cooling of lavaC) decreased heat and pressure D) melting of magma

63. Each of these evaporite rocks is normally formed by

A) active volcanoesB) continental ice sheetsC) fault zones in the crustD) shallow evaporating seas

64. Large deposits of rock gypsum and rock salt usuallyform in areas of

A) clastic sedimentary rock formed from organicsubstances

B) chemically formed sedimentary rock thatconsists mainly of the mineral calcite

C) regional metamorphic rock with block likefoliation

D) contact metamorphic rock that results from thealteration of limestone by contact with anigneous intrusion

65. Which type of rock is represented by the mapsymbol below?

A) sedimentary rockB) metamorphic rockC) fine-grained igneous rockD) coarse-grained igneous rock

66. The chemical precipitation of dissolved mineralsfrom ocean water results in the formation of


A) has a grain size ranging from fine to coarse(0.006 to 0.2 cm)

B) is composed mainly of grains of quartzC) contains air spaces, making it porous and

permeableD) metamorphoses to quartzite

67. The diagram below represents a geologic crosssection of a location in Texas where an oil well hasbeen drilled into the bedrock.

Oil, water, and natural gas can collect and stay in thesandstone layer because sandstone often

A) metamorphism of unmelted materialB) slow solidification of molten materialC) sudden upwelling of lava at a mid-ocean ridgeD) precipitation of minerals from evaporating

water

68. Which process could lead most directly to theformation of a sedimentary rock?

A) They are active fault zones of the Earth's crust.B) They were once covered by evaporating seas.C) They presently have hot, dry climates.D) They are sites of active volcanoes.

69. The map below shows certain mineral deposits in thesurface bedrock in areas of the United States.

What do each of these areas of mineral deposits havein common?

A) cooling of molten rock under the oceansB) metamorphosis of conglomerate rockC) precipitation from evaporating waterD) radioactive decay of dolostone

70. Limestone can form as a result of

A) gypsum and limestoneB) fossil limestone and shaleC) sandstone and siltstoneD) conglomerate and dolostone

71. Which sedimentary rocks are formed by chemicalprecipitation from seawater?

A) granite B) sandstoneC) shale D) salt

72. Which rock is formed by precipitation fromevaporating water?


A) melting and solidificationB) evaporation and precipitationC) erosion and depositionD) weathering and metamorphism

73. Limestone, gypsum, and salt are rocks formed by theprocesses of

A) large forestsB) a range of volcanic mountainsC) many terrestrial animalsD) a warm, shallow sea

74. Large rock salt deposits in the Syracuse area indicatethat the area once had

A) local metamorphism of marbleB) biological deposition of skeletons and shellsC) chemical replacement of limestoneD) mechanical deposition of silts

75. Dolostone is formed by the

A) conglomerate B) sandstoneC) shale D) limestone

76. Which sedimentary rock could form as a result ofevaporation?

Base your answers to questions 77 and 78 on the diagram below, which represents a rock composedof cemented pebbles and sand.

A) The density of the pebbles and sand would decrease.B) The rock would become a plutonic rock composed mostly of quartz.C) The rock would become more felsic with a higher concentration of magnesium.D) The pebbles would become distorted and the sand would be recrystallized.

77. Which change would most likely occur if this rock became buried deep within Earth's crust and wassubjected to intense heat and pressure, but did not melt?

A) an intrusive igneous rock B) an extrusive igneous rockC) a bioclastic sedimentary rock D) a clastic sedimentary rock

78. This rock should be classified as


A) clay B) siltC) sand D) pebbles

79. Most of the sediment that is compacted and laterforms shale bedrock is

A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) D and E

80. The geologic cross section below shows several rock units of Earth's crust. Some rock units arelabeled A through E.

Which two rock units formed from sediments deposited in horizontal layers?

A) limestone B) gneiss C) schist D) coal

81. The diagram below shows three stages in the formation of a specific rock.

Which rock is formed as a result of these three stages?

A) melting and solidificationB) heat and pressureC) compaction and cementationD) evaporation and precipitation

82. Which two processes lead directly to the formationof both breccia and conglomerate?


A) siltstone B) basalt C) quartzite D) limestone

83. The diagram below shows some features in a cave.

Which type of rock was chemically weathered by acidic groundwater to produce the cave and itsfeatures?

A) tropical vegetation B) glacial depositsC) volcanic ash D) ocean water

84. The presence of brachiopod, nautiloid, and coralfossils in the surface bedrock of a certain areaindicates the area was once covered by

A) rock gypsum B) phylliteC) breccia D) coal

85. Which rock was organically formed and sometimescontains fossilized plant impressions?


A) The rock was formed by the metamorphism ofsedimentary rock deposited in a terrestrialenvironment during the Cretaceous Period.

B) The rock was formed by the compaction andcementation of sediments deposited in aterrestrial environment during the TriassicPeriod.

C) The rock was formed by the compaction andcementation of sediments deposited in amarine environment during the CambrianPeriod.

D) The rock was formed from the solidification ofmagma in a marine environment during theTriassic Period.

86. The fossil below was found in surface bedrock in theeastern United States.

Which statement best describes the formation of therock containing this fossil?

A) low density, maficB) chemical precipitateC) organic plant remainsD) glassy texture, volcanic

87. Which phrase best describes coal?


A) conglomerate B) shale C) rock salt D) coal

88. The sequence of diagrams below represents the gradual geologic changes in layer X, located justbelow Earth's surface.

Which type of sedimentary rock was formed at layer X?

A) sedimentary rock that formed in an oceanenvironment

B) sedimentary rock that formed in a landenvironment

C) igneous rock that formed in an oceanenvironment

D) igneous rock that formed in a land environment

89. The diagram below represents the fossils found in abedrock formation located in central Rhode Island.

In which type of rock were the fossils most likelyfound?

A) B)

C) D)

90. Which map symbol is used to represent anorganically formed sedimentary rock composedmostly of carbon?

A) limestone B) graniteC) quartzite D) metaconglomerate

91. Fossils would most likely be found in a sample of


92. Base your answer to the following question on theindex fossil below, which was found in surfacebedrock in Connecticut.

A) basalt B) graniteC) limestone D) anthracite coal

The surface bedrock in which this index fossil wasfound is most likely composed of

A) shale B) siltstoneC) fossil limestone D) breccia

93. Which sedimentary rock may form as a result ofbiologic processes?

A) granite B) basaltC) sandstone D) limestone

94. Which rock most likely formed as a result ofbiologic processes?

A) gabbro B) quartziteC) limestone D) metaconglomerate

95. Which rock type most often contains fossils?

A) sediments eroded by running waterB) materials deposited by glaciersC) shells of marine animalsD) particles removed from

the atmosphere by precipitation

96. Sedimentary rocks of organic origin would mostlikely be formed from

A) shale B) gypsumC) limestone D) conglomerate

97. Which sedimentary rock formed from thecompaction and cementation of fragments of theskeletons and shells of sea organisms?

A) meltingB) recrystallizationC) metamorphismD) biologic processes

98. Limestone is a sedimentary rock which may form asa result of

A) diorite B) gabbroC) andesite D) pumice

99. The photograph below shows an igneous rock withmineral crystals ranging in size from 2 to 6millimeters. The rock is composed of 58%plagioclase feldspar, 26% amphibole, and 16%biotite.

What is the name of this rock?

A) weathering and erosionB) compaction and cementationC) heat and pressureD) melting and solidification

100. Which processes lead directly to the formation ofigneous rock?

A) glassy B) vesicularC) fine grained D) coarse grained

101. Which texture best describes an igneous rock thatformed deep underground?

A) chemical reaction of elements in seawaterB) cooling and solidification of magmaC) deposition of sediments by a glacierD) metamorphism of bituminous coal

102. Mineral crystals of quartz, biotite mica, andamphibole are produced primarily by the


A) light colored and igneousB) light colored and sedimentaryC) dark colored and igneousD) dark colored and sedimentary

103. What is the color and type of rock that formsoceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges?

A) slowly, deep below Earth's surfaceB) slowly, on Earth's surfaceC) quickly, deep below Earth's surfaceD) quickly, on Earth's surface

104. Obsidian's glassy texture indicates that it formed

A) slowly, resulting in fine-grained mineralsB) slowly, resulting in coarse-grained mineralsC) rapidly, resulting in coarse-grained mineralsD) rapidly, resulting in fine-grained minerals

105. The flowchart below illustrates the change frommelted rock to basalt.

The solidification of the melted rock occurred

A) B)

C) D)

106. Which graph best represents the relative densities of three different types of igneous rock?


A) obsidian B) rhyoliteC) gabbro D) scoria

107. Which igneous rock is dark colored, cooled rapidlyon Earth's surface, and is composed mainly ofplagioclase feldspar, olivine, and pyroxene?

108. Base your answer to the following question on on the data table below, which shows information about the four largest asteroids found in our solarsystem.

A) basalt and scoria B) dunite and graniteC) peridotite and pumice D) rhyolite and pegmatite

The surface rocks of Vesta contain significant amounts of the mineral pyroxene. If rocks on Vestaare similar to rocks on Earth, which two igneous rocks would most likely be found on the surface ofVesta?


109. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below.

Old Man's Loss Felt in New Hampshire

FRANCONIA, N.H. — Crowds of visitors were drawn to Franconia Notch on Sunday tomourn the loss of New Hampshire's well-known symbol — the Old Man of the Mountain graniteprofile. The 700-ton natural formation was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its1,200-foot-high mountainside perch. It was unclear when the outcropping fell because cloudshad obscured the area Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered the collapseSaturday morning. The famous mountain's history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a40-foot-tall profile resembling an old man's face, and it eventually became New Hampshire'smost recognizable symbol.

The Buffalo News, May 5, 2003

A) sediments were buried B) a volcano eruptedC) magma cooled underground D) limestone recrystallized

The granite bedrock formed when


110. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and map below. The map shows thegeneralized landscape regions of Vermont.

Landscape Regions of Vermont

Most of Vermont's landscape regions consist of ancient, weathered mountains that were coveredby several ice sheets during the last ice age. When the ice melted, sand, cobbles, and boulders weredeposited throughout the state, Vermont is divided into six landscape regions.

(1) The Vermont Lowlands region has a mild climate, with Lake Champlain moderating itstemperature.(2) The Green Mountains run the length of Vermont and were formed over 400 million yearsago. Most of the bedrock is metamorphic and the region is known for its deposits of talc andasbestos.(3) The Taconic Mountains extend into New York State. Slate and marble are commonly minedin this region.(4) The Valley of Vermont is a narrow valley between two mountain ranges. Most of thebedrock in the region is limestone and marble.(5) The Vermont Piedmont covers the largest area of the state. This region consists of rollinghills and valleys. Granite mining is an important industry.(6) The Northeast Highlands is a mountainous region composed of granite bedrock.


A) compaction and cementation of sedimentsB) cooling and solidification of magmaC) uplift and weathering of bedrockD) application of heat and pressure to shale

Which processes formed the granite that is mined in Vermont?

Base your answers to questions 111 and 112 on the block diagram below, which shows a portion ofEath's crust. Letters A, B, C, and D indicate sedimentary layers.

A) subduction and melting B) uplift and solidificationC) heat and pressure D) compaction and cementation

111. Which processes produced rock layer B?


A) granite B) pegmatite C) gabbro D) pumice

112. The igneous rock is mostly composed of potassium feldspar and quartz crystals that have an averagegrain size of 3 millimeters. The igneous rock is most likely

A) plutonic with slow coolingB) plutonic with rapid coolingC) volcanic with slow coolingD) volcanic with rapid cooling

113. The photograph below shows an igneous rock.

What is the origin and rate of formation of thisrock?

A) andesite B) pegmatiteC) pumice D) scoria

114. Which igneous rock has a vesicular texture andcontains the minerals potassium feldspar andquartz?

A) lava that cooled slowly on Earth’s surfaceB) lava that cooled quickly on Earth’s surfaceC) silt that settled slowly in ocean waterD) silt that settled quickly in ocean water

115. What is the origin of fine-grained igneous rock?


116. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. The black triangle represents Mt.Hekla, a volcano in Iceland. The isolines represent the thickness of ash, in centimeters, that settledon Earth's surface after a volcanic eruption of Mt. Hekla on March 29, 1947. Point X is a location onthe surface of the ash.

A) light-colored metamorphic B) dark-colored metamorphicC) fine-grained igneous D) coarse-grained igneous

In addition to the ash, solid rock formed on Mt. Hekla from the lava extruded during this eruption.This rock is most likely


Base your answers to questions 117 and 118 on the two tables below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. Table 1 shows the composition, hardness, and average density of four minerals often used asgemstones. Table 2 lists the minerals in Moh's Scale of Hardness from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest).

A) corundum B) diamond C) fluorite D) topaz

117. Sapphire is a gemstone variety of which mineral on Moh's scale of hardness?

A) fracture B) hardness C) luster D) streak

118. Part of a gemstone's value is based on the way the gemstone shines in reflected light. The way amineral reflects light is described as the mineral's


A) granite B) rhyoliteC) gabbro D) basalt

119. Which intrusive igneous rock could be composedof approximately 60% pyroxene, 25% plagioclasefeldspar, 10% olivine, and 5% amphibole?

A) more mafic and less denseB) more mafic and more denseC) more felsic and less denseD) more felsic and more dense

120. Biotite mica and muscovite mica have differentchemical compositions. Compared to the magmafrom which biotite mica forms, the magma fromwhich muscovite mica forms is usually

A) gabbro B) graniteC) andesite D) basalt

121. Which igneous rock, when weathered, couldproduce sediment composed of the mineralspotassium feldspar, quartz, and amphibole?

A) low densityB) light colorC) felsic compositionD) very coarse texture

122. The photograph below shows the intergrowncrystals of a pegmatite rock.

Which characteristic provides the best evidencethat this pegmatite solidified deep underground?

A) precipitation of minerals from evaporatingseawater

B) metamorphism of unmelted rock materialC) deposition of quartz sandD) explosive eruption of lava from a volcano

123. Which process could lead directly to the formationof pumice rock?

A) amphibole, calcite, and hematiteB) amphibole, biotite mica, and gypsumC) plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and olivineD) plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar,

and quartz

124. Which three minerals are most commonly found inthe igneous rock granite?


A) B)

C) D)

125. The graph below shows the relationship between the cooling time of magma and the size of thecrystals produced.

Which graph correctly shows the relative positions of the igneous rocks granite, rhyolite, andpumice?

A) a sedimentary rockB) an igneous rockC) a metamorphic rockD) sediments

126. When granite melts and then solidifies, it becomes


A)

B)

C)

D)

127. Which rock most probably formed directly fromlava cooling quickly at Earth's surface?

A) granite B) gabbroC) basalt D) rhyolite

128. The photograph below shows actual crystal sizes ina light-colored igneous rock that contains severalminerals, including potassium feldspar, quartz, andbiotite mica.

The rock should be identified as


129. Base your answer to the following question on the map below of Iceland, a country located on theMid-Atlantic Ridge. Four locations are represented by the letters A through D.

A) rapid cooling of the molten rock B) high density of the molten rockC) numerous faults in the island's bedrock D) high pressure under the island

The fine-grained texture of most of the igneous rock formed on the surface of Iceland is due to

A) rock gypsum B) slateC) rhyolite D) coal

130. Which common rock is formed from thesolidification of molten material?


A)

B)

C)

D)

131. The diagrams below represent four rock samples.Which rock was formed by rapid cooling in avolcanic lava flow? [The diagrams are not to scale.]


A) B)

C) D)

132. The diagrams below show the crystals of four different rocks viewed through the same hand lens.Which crystals most likely formed from molten material that cooled and solidified most rapidly?

A) white quartz B) aluminumC) pink feldspar D) iron

133. Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneousrocks contain greater amounts of

A) rhyolite B) graniteC) gabbro D) basaltic glass

134. An extrusive igneous rock with a mineralcomposition of 35% quartz, 35% potassiumfeldspar, 15% plagioclase feldspar, 10% biotite,and 5% amphibole is called

A) erosion B) depositionC) solidification D) metamorphism

135. Which process is necessary for the formation ofigneous rocks?

A) quartz B) calciteC) pyroxene D) olivine

136. For an igneous rock to be classified as rhyolite, itmust be light colored, be fine grained, and contain

A) slowly, deep below Earth's surfaceB) slowly, on Earth's surfaceC) quickly, deep below Earth's surfaceD) quickly, on Earth's surface

137. The picture below shows the igneous rock obsidian.

The obsidian's glassy texture indicates that itformed from a magma that cooled


A) granite B) peridotiteC) diorite D) basalt

138. The table below provides information about themineral composition of a sample of beach sandfrom Hawaii.

If the sand deposited on this beach recentlyweathered from only one type of igneous rock, therock was most likely

A) granite B) andesiteC) peridotite D) scoria

139. A fine-grained igneous rock composed mostly ofplagioclase feldspar and hornblende and containingno quartz or pyroxene would be classified as

A) layers of rounded fragmentsB) distorted bands of large mineral crystalsC) noncrystalline glassy textureD) mineral cement between grains

140. Which characteristic provides the best evidencethat obsidian rock formed in an extrusiveenvironment?

A) andesite B) graniteC) rhyolite D) gabbro

141. The geologic cross section below shows variationsof mineral composition that can be observed in thePalisades Sill. The Palisades Sill is an intrusiveigneous rock called diabase.

Which other igneous rock is closest to diabase inmineral composition?


142. Base your answer to the following question on themap below, which shows seismograph recordingstations at locations A, B, and C. Location D is anearthquake epicenter. The distances from locations A and B to this epicenter are given in kilometers.

A) The bedrock below D is mostly basalt;below A, B, and C, the bedrock is mostlygranite.

B) The bedrock below D is mostly granite; belowA, B, and C, the bedrock is mostly basalt.

C) The bedrock below A, B, C, and D is mostlybasalt.

D) The bedrock below A, B, C, and D is mostlygranite.

Which statement best describes the igneous crustalbedrock below locations A, B, C, and D?

A) rhyolite B) gabbroC) granite D) basalt

143. Which extrusive igneous rock is composed ofapproximately 40% quartz, 20% potassiumfeldspar, 20% plagioclase feldspar, 10% biotitemica, and 10% hornblende?

A) gabbro B) marbleC) breccia D) pumice

144. Some Moon rock samples have coarse intergrowncrystals composed of plagioclase feldspar,hornblende, and olivine. These Moon rock samplesare most similar to Earth rock samples of

A) rhyolite and dioriteB) pumice and scoriaC) peridotite and andesiteD) gabbro and basalt

145. Which two igneous rocks could have the samemineral composition?

A) weathering and erosionB) great heat and pressure that did not produce

meltingC) rapid cooling of molten materialD) burial and cementation of sediment

146. A fine-grained igneous rock was probably formedby


Base your answers to questions 147 through 150 on the block diagram below which shows a cross section of Earth's crust. Letter A identifies a lake, andletters B through G represent different types of bedrock.

A) rapid cooling of lava from volcanic eruptions .B) regional metamorphism of a previously existing rockC) compaction and cementation of angular quartz fragmentsD) precipitation of minerals from evaporating water

147. Rock C most likely resulted from the

A) extrusive igneous rock with a coarse texture and felsic compositionB) extrusive igneous rock with a fine texture and a mafic compositionC) intrusive igneous rock with a coarse texture and a felsic compositionD) intrusive igneous rock with a fine texture and a mafic composition

148. Rock B is a dark-colored crystalline rock that formed when a lava flow cooled and solidified quicklyon the surface of Earth.

Rock B is classified as an

A) B) C) D)

149. Which diagram best represents a sample of rock G?


A) B) C) D)

150. Which graph best represents a possible comparison of the average grain sizes for rocks D, E, and F?

A) a high concentration of silicon and a lowconcentration of iron

B) a high concentration of iron and a lowconcentration of aluminum

C) a high concentration of aluminum and a lowconcentration of iron

D) a high concentration of aluminum and a lowconcentration of magnesium

151. Which relative concentration of elements is foundin a mafic rock?

A) a high concentration of aluminum and alow concentration of iron

B) a high concentration of iron and a lowconcentration of aluminum

C) a high concentration of magnesium and a lowconcentration of iron

D) a high concentration of magnesium and a lowconcentration of aluminum

152. Which relative concentrations of elements arefound in a felsic rock?

A) granite B) rhyoliteC) gabbro D) basalt

153. A fine-grained igneous rock contains 11%plagioclase, 72% pyroxene, 15% olivine, and 2%amphibole. This rock would most likely beclassified as

A) B)

C) D)

154. The diagrams below represent four rock samples.Which rock took the longest time to solidify frommagma deep within the Earth?


155. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below, which represents samples of soiland bedrock at Earth's surface. The arrowsrepresent possible infiltration of rainwater.

A) biotite, olivine, and hornblendeB) quartz, pyroxene, and olivineC) potassium feldspar, quartz, and hornblendeD) plagioclase feldspar, biotite, and pyroxene

Which three minerals are usually found in granite?A) rhyolite B) pumiceC) granite D) gabbro

156. In the diagram below, each angle of the trianglerepresents a 100 percent composition of the mineralnamed at that angle. The percentage of the mineraldecreases toward 0 percent as either of the otherangles of the triangle is approached. Letter A represents the mineral composition of an igneousrock.

Rock A is a coarse-grained igneous rock that canbest be identified as

A) cementing and compacting of sedimentsB) changes caused by heat and pressure on

preexisting rocksC) slow cooling of magma deep under the surfaceD) rapid cooling of molten rock in lava flows

157. The bedrock of the flat areas on the Moon is mostlybasalt. This fine-grained igneous rock was mostlikely formed by the

A) iron and magnesiumB) magnesium and potassiumC) aluminum and ironD) aluminum and potassium

158. The end product of the weathering of gabbro orbasalt rocks is a solution of dissolved material thatmost likely would contain high amounts of

A) fine-grained and maficB) fine-grained and felsicC) coarse-grained and maficD) coarse-grained and felsic

159. Which is the best description of the properties ofbasalt?


160. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation and the cross section below. The crosssection represents a possible model of the Moon'sinterior.

Seismographs left on the Moon by astronauts haveprovided enough data to develop a model of theMoon's interior. Scientists believe that the Moonhas a layered interior and that its crustal thicknessvaries greatly from one side of the Moon to theother.

A) fossil limestoneB) volcanic rockC) sedimentary conglomerateD) nonclastic evaporite

According to the cross section, which kind ofsurface bedrock is found in large amounts on theMoon?

A) quartz and plagioclase feldsparB) potassium feldspar (orthoclase) and quartzC) plagioclase feldspar and potassium feldspar

(orthoclase)D) biotite mica and hornblende amphibole

161. Which minerals are present in granite but are neverpresent in gabbro?

A) B)

C) D)

162. Which granite sample most likely formed frommagma that cooled and solidified at the slowestrate?

A) density B) colorC) crystal grain size D) mineral content

163. The four igneous rocks below are classified intotwo groups.

What is the basis for this classification?

A) gabbro B) graniteC) basalt D) rhyolite

164. The diagram below shows the mineral compositionof an igneous rock drawn actual size.

This igneous rock is


165. Base your answer to the following question on thefield map below, which shows the average size ofparticles deposited by streams that drained an areaof Maryland during the Pleistocene Epoch. Thefield values represent particle diameters incentimeters.

A) granite B) gabbroC) sandstone D) limestone

Particles of sediment collected at location Y containintergrown crystals of quartz, potassium feldspar,and hornblende. From which rock did thesesediments most likely weather?

A) It cooled at the Earth's surface, more slowlythan rock X.

B) It cooled beneath the Earth's surface, moreslowly than rock X.

C) It cooled at the Earth's surface, more quicklythan rock X.

D) It cooled beneath the Earth's surface, morequickly than rock X.

166. Rock X and rock Y are igneous rocks with identicalmineral composition. Rock X has no visible crystalsand rock Y has large, visible crystals. What can beinferred about rock Y?

A) minerals quartz and feldsparB) minerals calcite and gypsumC) elements iron and magnesiumD) elements carbon and hydrogen

167. Analysis of a granite pebble would probably showthat the pebble consists mostly of the

A) solidification and evaporationB) melting and solidificationC) crystallization and cementationD) compression and precipitation

168. Which two processes result in the formation ofigneous rocks?

A) high densityB) intrusive formationC) abundant felsic mineralsD) coarse-grained texture

169. Which property is common to most dark-coloredigneous rocks?

A) felsic, with low densityB) felsic, with high densityC) mafic, with low densityD) mafic, with high density

170. Olivine and pyroxene are commonly found inigneous rocks that are

A) high in density and dark in colorB) high in density and light in colorC) low in density and dark in colorD) low in density and light in color

171. A mafic igneous rock is most likely to be relatively


172. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below which shows a top view of thebedrock geology of a portion of the Earth's surface.Two faults (F1 and F2) and three periods of igneousactivity have occurred in this area.

A) rhyolite B) basaltC) conglomerate D) granite

Based on the diagram of a sample of igneous rock Y, its mineral composition and crystal size, what isigneous rock Y?

A) olivine and quartzB) olivine and pyroxeneC) pyroxene and orthoclaseD) orthoclase and quartz

173. Which minerals are found in the igneous rocksgabbro and basalt?

A) index fossilsB) faults in the rockC) the crystal size of its mineralsD) the disintegration of radioactive substances

174. The best evidence for determining the cooling rateof an igneous rock during its solidification isprovided by

A) monomineralic igneous rockB) polymineralic igneous rockC) monomineralic sedimentary rockD) polymineralic sedimentary rock

175. Rhyolite is an example of a

A) B)

C) D)

176. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween the length of time molten magma takes tocool and the size of the crystals in the rock formedby the magma?

A) pebbles and cobblesB) sandstone and limestoneC) plagioclase feldspar and pyroxeneD) quartz and olivine

177. Which substances could be found in the sameigneous rock?


A) B)

C) D)

178. Which graph best shows the relationship between the compositions of different igneous rocks andtheir densities?

A) rapidly at Earth's surfaceB) slowly at Earth's surfaceC) rapidly, deep undergroundD) slowly, deep underground

179. The igneous rock gabbro most likely formed frommolten material that cooled

A) basalt B) graniteC) rhyolite D) gabbro

180. A coarse-grained rock contains 50% plagioclase,45% pyroxene, and 5% hornblende. This rockshould be identified as

A) mineral composition of the magmaB) cooling rate of the magmaC) fossil content of the rockD) color of the rock

181. Large crystals in an igneous rock most likely formas a result of the

A) limestone B) sandstoneC) basalt D) shale

182. A fossil is not likely to be found in

A) fine-grained B) dark-coloredC) mafic D) felsic

183. Rhyolite and granite are alike in that they both are

A) kind of cementB) mineral compositionC) number of minerals presentD) types of fossils present

184. Which property would be most useful foridentifying igneous rocks?


A)

B)

C)

D)

185. Which graph best represents the comparison of theaverage grain sizes in basalt, granite, and rhyolite?

A) lighter in colorB) greater in densityC) more mafic in compositionD) more fine grained in texture

186. Compared to basalt, granite is

A) olivine and pyroxeneB) potassium feldspar and quartzC) plagioclase and pyroxeneD) olivine and nepheline

187. Which two mineral grains would most likely befound in soil formed from granite?

A) The percentage of plagioclase feldspars ingabbro can vary.

B) Gabbro always contains less plagioclase thanpyroxene.

C) Plagioclase feldspars always make up 25% ofa gabbro sample.

D) Gabbro contains no plagioclase feldspars.

188. Which statement best describes the percentage ofplagioclase feldspars in a sample of gabbro?

A) B)

C) D)

189. The diagrams below represent magnifications ofrocks. Which is most likely a diagram of anon-sedimentary rock?

A) gabbro B) basaltC) granite D) rhyolite

190. Which is a fine-grained igneous rock made upprimarily of pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar?

A) melting and solidificationB) heat and pressureC) erosion and depositionD) compaction and cementation

191. Most igneous rocks form by which processes?

A) plagioclase feldspars and pyroxeneB) hornblende and quartzC) biotite and olivineD) potassium feldspar and quartz

192. Gabbro is composed mainly of

A) rhyolite B) basaltC) granite D) gabbro

193. Which rock is of felsic composition, low in density,light in color, and coarse grained?


A) B)

C) D)

194. Which graph best shows the relationship betweenthe size of the crystals in an igneous rock and thelength of time it has taken the rock to solidify?

A) They are light in color.B) They are felsic.C) They have a high aluminum content.D) They contain iron.

195. Which is usually a characteristic of igneous rockswith a high density?

A) basalt B) rhyoliteC) granite D) gabbro

196. A coarse-grained igneous rock contains plagioclasefeldspars and pyroxenes, but no quartz. This rock ismost likely

A) sandstone B) schistC) gabbro D) rhyolite

197. Which rock was subjected to intense heat andpressure but did not solidify from magma?

A) marble B) schistC) slate D) anthracite coal

198. The photograph below shows a large outcrop ofrock composed primarily of visible crystals ofmica, quartz, and feldspar.

Based on the composition and foliated texture, thisrock can best be identified as

A) sandstone B) anthracite coalC) dunite D) schist

199. The photograph below shows the texture of a rockcomposed of various minerals as seen through amicroscope.

Which rock is most likely shown above?


Base your answers to questions 200 through 202 on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science.

The graph shows the temperature, pressure, and depth environments for the formation of the threemajor rock types. Pressure is shown in kilobars (kb). Letters A through D identify differentenvironmental conditions for rock formation.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

200. Which letter represents the environmental conditions necessary to form gneiss?

A) quartzite B) scoria C) shale D) granite

201. Which rock is most likely to form directly from rock material at a depth of 30 km and a temperatureof 1000°C?

A) 2 kb and 150°C B) 6 kb and 200°CC) 10 kb and 400°C D) 12 kb and 900°C

202. At what pressure and temperature is sand most likely to be compacted into sandstone?


A) A B) B C) C D) D

203. The data table below lists characteristics of rocks A, B, C, and D.

Which rock is most likely phyllite?

A) slate B) hornfelsC) dunite D) marble

204. Which rock is only formed by regionalmetamorphism?

205. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section below. Location A iswithin the metamorphic rock.

A) marble B) quartzite C) phyllite D) slate

The metamorphic rock at location A is most likely

A) cementing together of individual miner grainsB) cooling and crystallization of magmaC) evaporation of an ancient oceanD) heat and pressure during metamorphism

206. Wavy bands of light and dark minerals visible ingneiss bedrock probably formed from the


Base your answers to questions 207 and 208 on the graph below, which shows the crustal temperature and pressure conditions under which threedifferent minerals with the same chemical composition (Al2SiO5) crystallize.

A) weathering B) solidificationC) metamorphism D) cementation

207. If bedrock at a collisional plate boundary contains andalusite crystals, these crystals are changedinto sillimanite and/or kyanite as temperature and pressure conditions increase. What is this processcalled?

A) 300°C and 6000 atmospheres B) 500°C and 2000 atmospheresC) 600°C and 4000 atmospheres D) 700°C and 8000 atmospheres

208. Under which crustal temperature and pressure conditions will andalusite form?


A) slate B) duniteC) gneiss D) quartzite

209. The rock shown below has a foliated texture andcontains the minerals amphibole, quartz, andfeldspar arranged in coarse-grained bands.

Which rock is shown?

A) glassy texture with gas pocketsB) clastic texture with angular fragmentsC) bioclastic texture with cemented shell

fragmentsD) foliated texture with microscopic mica

crystals

210. Which physical characteristic best describes therock phyllite?

A) schist B) gabbroC) marble D) gneiss

211. During the Permian Period, sedimentary bedrock inthe Appalachian Region was subjected to hightemperature and pressure. Calcite deposits that hadexisted in this environment would most likely haveformed

A) conglomerate B) hornfelsC) pegmatite D) quartzite

212. Which nonfoliated rock forms only in a zone ofcontact metamorphism?

A) diorite B) marbleC) limestone D) hornfels

213. During the intrusion of the Palisades Sill, contactmetamorphism changed sandstone and shale into

A) phyllite B) schistC) gneiss D) quartzite

214. Which rock is foliated, shows mineral alignmentbut not banding, and contains medium-sized grainsof quartz and pyroxene?

A) shale and conglomerateB) shale and sandstoneC) limestone and sandstoneD) limestone and granite

215. Which two kinds of adjoining bedrock would mostlikely have a zone of contact metamorphismbetween them?

A) breccia B) conglomerateC) dolostone D) shale

216. Which sedimentary rock is most likely to bechanged to slate during regional metamorphism?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

217. The diagram below shows four rock samples.

Which sample best shows the physical propertiesnormally associated with regional metamorphism?

A) shale schist phyllite slate gneissB) shale slate phyllite schist gneissC) shale gneiss phyllite slate schistD) shale gneiss phyllite schist slate

218. Which sequence of change in rock type occurs asshale is subjected to increasing heat and pressure?

A) Quartzite contains the mineral quartz andschist does not.

B) Quartzite forms from regional metamorphismand schist does not.

C) Schist is organically formed and quartzite isnot.

D) Schist is foliated and quartzite is not.

219. How do the metamorphic rocks schist and quartzitediffer?


Base your answers to questions 220 through 224 on the diagrams below which represents the samerock material at five stages of development. The graph below shows the temperature and depth ofburial at which stages A through D develop Stage E has intentionally been omitted from the graph.

A) B)

C) D)

220. Which graph correctly shows where magma would begin to crystallize into granite (stage E)?

A) uplift, weathering, and erosion of the schistB) cementing of sediment grains followed by compactionC) melting of the schist followed by coolingD) heat and/or pressure applied to the schist

221. In the simple rock-cycle diagram, which processes along path X would change the schist (stage C)directly into a pile of sediments (stage A)?


A) noncrystalline B) foliated C) clastic D) glassy

222. The rocks in stages C and D are both

A) temperature and pressure both decreaseB) temperature and pressure both increaseC) temperature decreases and the pressure increasesD) temperature increases and the pressure decreases

223. Clayey sandstone will form gneiss if the

A) 10 km B) 7 km C) 3 km D) 0 km

224. According to the graph, gneiss is formed at a depth of approximately

A) felsic volcanic rocksB) clastic sedimentary rocksC) inorganic sedimentary rocksD) regionally metamorphosed rocks

225. The cartoon below presents a humorous look athistory.

What kind of rocks does the complaining rockcollector want?

A) gneiss B) slateC) marble D) obsidian

226. The geologic cross section below shows limestonethat was intruded. Part of the limestone (zone A)was heated intensely but was not melted.

Which type of rock most likely formed in zone A?

A) B)

C) D)

227. Which diagram best represents a sample of themetamorphic rock gneiss? (Diagrams show actualsize.)


228. Base your answer to the following question on thegeologic cross section shown below.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

At which location is metamorphic rock most likelyto be found?

A) metamorphic rockB) sedimentary rockC) igneous rockD) volcanic rock

229. The recrystallization of unmelted material underhigh temperature and pressure results in

A) on mountaintops that have horizontal layerscontaining marine fossils

B) within large lava flowsC) as a thin surface layer covering huge areas of

the continentsD) along the interface between igneous

intrusions and sedimentary bedrock

230. Where is metamorphic rock frequently found?

A) Hornfels is foliated; quartzite is nonfoliated.B) Hornfels contains plagioclase; quartzite

doesnot contain plagioclase.

C) Hornfels is produced by regionalmetamorphism; quartzite is produced bycontact metamorphism.

D) Hornfels is medium grained; quartzite is finegrained.

231. What is one difference between the metamorphicrocks quartzite and hornfels?

A) vertical sortingB) graded beddingC) contact metamorphismD) chemical evaporites

232. Heat and pressure due to magma intrusions mayresult in

A) granite B) gneissC) rock gypsum D) bituminous coal

233. Which rock forms by the recrystallization ofunmelted rock material under conditions of hightemperature and pressure?

A) erosion and depositionB) melting and solidificationC) evaporation and condensationD) temperature and pressure changes

234. Which processes change sedimentary rocks intometamorphic rocks?


Base your answers to questions 235 and 236 on thecross section below which shows the surface andsubsurface rock formations near New York City.

A) heat and pressure exerted on previouslyexisting rock

B) melting and solidification of crustal rocks atgreat depths

C) tectonic plate boundaries diverging at themid-ocean ridge

D) compaction and cementation of sedimentsunder ocean waters

235. The rock types shown on the left side of thisgeologic cross section were mainly the result of

A) Palisades sill B) Fordham gneissC) Inwood marble D) Manhattan schist

236. Which rock formation was originally limestone?

A) sediments are cemented and compactedB) magma cools slowly, deep undergroundC) flows of lava cool rapidlyD) rocks are subjected to heat and pressure

237. Most metamorphic rocks are formed when

A) a long period of weatheringB) glacial activityC) wind erosionD) extreme pressure

238. The diagram below represents a rock with adistorted layer structure.

The distorted structure of this rock is most likelythe result of

A) marble B) quartziteC) schist D) slate

239. Which metamorphic rock will have visible micacrystals and a foliated texture?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

240. The diagram below shows an igneous rockintrusion in sedimentary rock layers.

At which point would metamorphic rock mostlikely be found?


Base your answers to questions 241 through 245 onthe diagrams below of five rock samples.

A) gneiss B) graniteC) sandstone D) basalt

241. Which sample would most likely contain fossils?

A) conglomerate B) sandstoneC) gneiss D) granite

242. Which sample is composed of sediments 0.006centimeter to 0.2 centimeter in size that werecompacted and cemented together?

A) sandstone B) conglomerateC) basalt D) granite

243. Which sample is igneous and has a coarse texture?

A) heat and pressureB) melting and solidificationC) compaction and cementationD) erosion and deposition

244. The basalt was most likely formed by

A) conglomerate B) sandstoneC) gneiss D) basalt

245. If granite were subjected to intense heat andpressure, it would most likely change to

A) precipitation from evaporating waterB) melting and solidification in magmaC) erosion and deposition of soil particlesD) heat and pressure causing changes in

existing rock

246. Metamorphic rocks form as the direct result of


A) sedimentary layering B) intrusion of magmaC) metamorphism D) weathering

247. The diagram below indicates physical changes that accompany the conversion of shale to gneiss.

Which geologic process is occurring to cause this conversion?

A) erosion of rocksB) recrystallization of rocksC) cooling and solidification of molten magmaD) compression and cementation of soil particles

248. Metamorphic rocks result from the

A) sandstone and limestoneB) granite and limestoneC) shale and sandstoneD) conglomerate and siltstone

249. Which rocks would most likely be separated by atransition zone of altered rock (metamorphic rock)?

A) Many metamorphic rocks contain only onemineral.

B) Many metamorphic rocks have an organiccomposition.

C) Many metamorphic rocks exhibit bandingand distortion of structure.

D) Many metamorphic rocks contain a highamount of oxygen-silicon tetrahedra.

250. What is the main difference between metamorphicrocks and most other rocks?

A) densityB) porosityC) permeabilityD) number of fossils present

251. Which characteristic of rocks tends to increase asthe rocks are metamorphosed?

A) tilted B) horizontalC) faulted D) folded

252. Most of the sand that makes up the sandstone foundin New York State was originally deposited inwhich type of layers?


253. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of Earth shown below. Letters B, C, andD represent layers of Earth. Letter Q represents a location on Earth's surface.

A) 1.0 g/cm3 B) 2.7 g/cm3 C) 3.0 g/cm3 D) 5.5 g/cm3

What is the probable density of the granitic bedrock at Q?


Base your answers to questions 254 and 255 on the cross section below. Rock units are labeled 1 through 8. The line between A and A' indicates anunconformity.

A) marble B) basalt C) quartzite D) hornfels

254. Which rock most probably formed in the contact metamorphic zone within rock unit 6?

A) very hard B) coarse textureC) light color D) felsic composition

255. Which characteristic of the granite intrusion provides the most evidence that it solidified deepunderground?


A) B)

C) D)

256. Which diagram represents a landscape where fine-grained igneous bedrock is most likely to befound?

A) textureB) crystal or grain sizeC) method of formationD) mineral composition

257. Rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary, ormetamorphic based primarily on their

A) sediments that were deposited on the oceanfloor

B) heat and pressure that changed apreexisting rock

C) volcanic lava that cooled on Earth's surfaceD) a meteor impact on Earth's surface

258. The diagram below shows a rock with deformedstructure and intergrown crystals.

The rock was probably formed by

A) color B) densityC) origin D) age

259. Rocks can be classified as sedimentary, igneous, ormetamorphic based primarily upon differences intheir

Base your answers to questions 260 and 261 on thepictures of four rocks shown below. Magnified viewsof the rocks are shown in the circles.

A) They show cleavage.B) They contain minerals.C) They are organically formed.D) They formed on Earth’s surface.

260. What do all four rock samples have in common?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

261. Which rock is metamorphic and shows evidence offoliation?


Base your answers to questions 262 and 263 on the diagram below which shows the structure of a student-developed chart for identifying some rocksamples. The circles labeled choice 1 through choice 4 represent decision-making steps leading eitherto path (a) or path (b). Choice 5 has not been completed.

A) mineral composition B) crystal sizeC) the temperature at which rocks form D) the appearance of the rock grains

262. Before the student can select either path (a) or path (b) at choice 1, the student must make adecision about

A) a random arrangement of mineral crystalsB) distorted structure and crystal alignmentC) bands of mineral crystalsD) layers of same-sized crystals

263. At choice 2, the student should generally select path (a) if the student observes


A) distorted bandingB) an organic compositionC) a mixture of mineralsD) crystals from precipitation

264. The diagram below represents a sample of a rock.

This rock would be classified as metamorphicbecause it shows

A)

B)

C)

D)

265. Which diagram best represents a sample of themetamorphic rock gneiss? [Diagrams show actualsize.]

A) color B) textureC) hardness D) streak

266. Which characteristic of an igneous rock wouldprovide the most information about theenvironment in which the rock solidified?

A) means by which they are locatedB) conditions under which they are formedC) minerals of which they are composedD) locations in which they are found

267. The main difference between sedimentary andnonsedimentary rocks is the

A) structureB) colorC) crystal sizeD) mineral composition

268. Which characteristic of nonsedimentary rockswould provide the least evidence about theenvironment in which the rocks were formed?

A)

B)

C)

D)

269. Which diagram below shows an area in whichfine-grained igneous rocks are most likely to befound?

A) the color of the rockB) the size of the rockC) the texture of the rockD) the thickness of the rock

270. Which characteristic provides the best evidenceabout the environment in which a rock wasformed?

A) large area during a short period of timeB) large area during a long period of timeC) small area during a short period of timeD) small area during a long period of time

271. Volcanic ash deposits found in the geologic recordare most useful in correlating the age of rock layersif the volcanic ash was distributed over a


A) 100-130 ft B) 230-260 ftC) 330-360 ft D) 650-680 ft

272. The graph below shows the concentration(percentage) of copper at various depths in thebedrock at a mine in Arizona.

Between which depths should the bedrock bemined in order to obtain rock with the highestpercentage of copper?

Base your answers to questions 273 and 274 on the table below which provides information about thecrystal sizes and the mineral compositions of four igneous rocks, A, B, C, and D.

A) B) C) D)

273. Which diagram best represents the texture, composition, and intergrown crystals of rock A?


A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) A and D

274. Which two rocks most likely formed farthest below the surface of Earth?

Base your answers to questions 275 through 278 on the diagram below, which represents a schemefor classifying rocks. The letters A, B, C and X, Y, Z represent missing labels.

A) shale, slate, and schistB) sandstone, shale, and siltstoneC) anthracite coal, metaconglomerate, and rock saltD) breccia, gneiss, and rhyolite

275. Which rocks could be represented by circles X, Y, and Z?

A) deposition and compaction B) weathering and erosionC) melting and solidification D) faulting and folding

276. Which processes would form the type of rock that is represented by circle B?

A) schist B) anthracite coal C) marble D) slate

277. If the rock in circle C formed from limestone, it would be called

A) origin B) density C) color D) age

278. The classification of rocks into sedimentary or nonsedimentary groups is based primarily on therocks'


A) continental crust B) oceanic crustC) plastic mantle D) rigid mantle

279. In which part of the Earth are felsic rocks mostlikely to be found?

A) in regions of recent volcanic activityB) deep within the Earth's crustC) along the mid-ocean ridgesD) as a thin layer covering much of the

continents

280. Where are the Earth's sedimentary rocks generallyfound?

A) granite and gabbroB) sandstone and shaleC) metamorphic rocksD) intrusive igneous rocks

281. Which rocks form relatively thin layers, comparedto the thickness of the continent, over large areas ofthe continents?

Base your answers to questions 282 and 283 on the photograph and cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The sequence ofrock types found in the walls of the Grand Canyon are shown. The names of rock formations areshown and the upper and lower boundaries of each formation are indicated by dashed lines. The rocklayers have not been overturned.

A) metamorphism of layered sandstone B) solidification of felsic magmaC) compaction of precipitated gypsum D) cementation of clastic sediments

282. The granite formation was primarily formed by


A) gneiss B) marble C) quartzite D) phyllite

283. If the Vishnu schist had been exposed to greater heat and pressure during metamorphism, it couldhave formed

A) has a different arrangement of atoms B) forms larger crystalsC) has a different composition D) is older in geologic age

284. The table below lists some information about the minerals graphite and diamond.

Some properties of diamond are different from those of graphite because diamond

A) hard igneous rock B) sedimentary rockC) coarse sediments D) silt and mud

285. The diagram below represents the intensity of the shaking that occurs on different Earth surfacesduring the same earthquake.

The greatest earthquake hazard to homes exists when they are built on

A) pumice B) basaltC) granite D) scoria

286. Which igneous rock has a vesicular texture and afelsic composition?


287. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows magnified views of threestages of mineral crystal formation as molten material gradually cools.

A) shale B) gneiss C) gabbro D) breccia

Which rock normally forms when minerals crystallize in these stages?

288. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross section of bedrock shown below. Athrough G identify rock layers and Q represents a fault. Lines W, X, Y, and Z are locations ofunconformities. The rocks have not been overturned.

A) rock A B) rock GC) fault Q D) unconformity Z

Which rock or feature is oldest?


A) The cracks and pebbles are both younger thanthe sedimentary rock.

B) The cracks and pebbles are both older than thesedimentary rock.

C) The cracks are younger and the pebbles areolder than the sedimentary rock.

D) The cracks are older and the pebbles areyounger than the sedimentary rock.

289. The diagram below represents a sedimentary rockcomposed of pebbles and sand.

Which statement most accurately compares theages of the cracks and pebbles to the age of thesedimentary rock in which they are found?


290. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below, which shows the changing climaticconditions that led to alternating glacial and interglacial periods.

A) a drop in worldwide sea levelsB) an increase in average worldwide temperatureC) crustal plate movementD) a large increase in the amount of snowfall

The interglacial stages were most likely caused by


A) conglomerate rock sampleB) calcite cementC) limestone particlesD) mineral vein

291. The diagram below shows a sample ofconglomerate rock.

The oldest part of this sample is the

A) The sandstone fragments are younger than theconglomerate rock.

B) The sandstone fragments are older than theconglomerate rock.

C) The sandstone fragments and theconglomerate rock are the same age.

D) The sandstone fragments may be eitheryounger or older than the conglomerate rock.

292. How would the age of sandstone fragments foundin a conglomerate rock compare with the age of theconglomerate rock?

A) The pebbles are younger than the rock.B) The pebbles are older than the rock.C) The pebbles are the same age as the rock.D) The relative age of the pebbles cannot be

determined.

293. The diagram below represents a rock consisting ofgranite pebbles and sand grains cemented together.

How does the age of the granite pebbles compare tothe age of the rock itself?

A) more aligned B) more angularC) harder D) land derived

294. One difference between a breccia rock and aconglomerate rock is that the particles in a brecciarock are

A) the calcite veinB) the crack labeled XYC) the sandstone layerD) the individual sand grains in the rock

295. The diagram below represents a layer of sandstonecontaining a vein of calcite and a crack labeled XY.

Which is oldest?

A) younger than the rockB) older than the rockC) the same age as the rock

296. A sedimentary rock consists of grains of sandcemented together. What is the relative age of thesand grains?


Base your answers to questions 297 and 298 on the flowchart below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The boxes labeled A through G represent rocks and rock materials. Arrows represent theprocesses of the rock cycle.

A) A B) B C) E D) F

297. The arrows in the block diagram below represent forces forming mountains in a region of Earth'slithosphere.

Metamorphic rocks that formed from these forces are represented by which lettered box in theflowchart?

A) E B) G C) C D) D

298. Which lettered box could represent the rock conglomerate?


299. Base your answer to the following question on the block diagrams of four rock outcrops, A, B, C, and D, located within 15 kilometers of eachother. The rock layers have not been overturned.

A) deposition of clastic sediment B) precipitation from seawaterC) metamorphism of sandstone D) cementation of shells

By which process was the quartzite formed?


A) B)

C) D)

300. The diagram below represents geological processes that act continuously on Earth to form differentrock types.

Which table correctly classifies each rock type?


301. Base your answer to the following question on the cross sections of three rock outcrops, A, B, and C. Line XY represents a fault. Overturning has not occurred in the rock outcrops.

A) melting and solidification B) heating and compressionC) compaction and cementation D) weathering and erosion

Which processes were primarily responsible for the formation of most of the rock in outcrop A?

A) Magma must be weathered before it canchange to metamorphic rock.

B) Sediment must be compacted and cementedbefore it can change to sedimentary rock.

C) Sedimentary rock must melt before it canchange to metamorphic rock.

D) Metamorphic rock must melt before it canchange to sedimentary rock.

302. Which statement about the formation of a rock isbest supported by the rock cycle?

A) igneous and metamorphic rocks, onlyB) metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, onlyC) sedimentary rocks, onlyD) igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary

rocks

303. Which type(s) of rock can be the source ofdeposited sediments?

Answer Key8R ALL ROCKS MEGA PACKET

1. D2. B3. C4. C5. C6. D7. B8. D9. A10. A11. C12. B13. C14. A15. D16. C17. C18. C19. B20. C21. B22. B23. D24. B25. C26. D27. B28. B29. A30. C31. C32. B33. B34. A35. A36. B

37. B38. A39. B40. A41. C42. A43. C44. D45. C46. A47. B48. A49. A50. D51. D52. A53. C54. D55. C56. C57. A58. D59. B60. A61. A62. A63. A64. D65. B66. A67. C68. D69. B70. C71. A72. D

73. B74. D75. C76. D77. D78. D79. A80. A81. D82. C83. D84. D85. D86. C87. C88. D89. A90. B91. A92. C93. C94. D95. C96. C97. C98. D99. A100. D101. D102. B103. C104. D105. D106. D107. D108. A

109. C110. B111. D112. A113. D114. C115. B116. C117. A118. C119. C120. C121. B122. D123. D124. D125. A126. B127. B128. A129. A130. C131. C132. D133. D134. A135. C136. A137. D138. D139. B140. C141. D142. A143. A144. A


145. D146. C147. D148. B149. A150. A151. B152. A153. D154. D155. C156. C157. D158. A159. A160. B161. B162. D163. C164. A165. A166. B167. A168. B169. A170. D171. A172. D173. B174. C175. B176. C177. C178. B179. D180. D

181. B182. C183. D184. B185. C186. A187. B188. A189. B190. B191. A192. A193. C194. A195. D196. D197. B198. B199. D200. C201. D202. A203. D204. A205. B206. D207. C208. B209. C210. D211. C212. B213. D214. B215. D216. D

217. A218. B219. D220. D221. A222. B223. B224. A225. D226. C227. C228. B229. A230. D231. B232. C233. B234. D235. A236. C237. D238. D239. C240. B241. C242. B243. D244. B245. C246. D247. C248. B249. B250. C251. A252. B

253. B254. D255. B256. A257. C258. B259. C260. B261. A262. D263. A264. A265. C266. B267. B268. B269. C270. C271. A272. B273. C274. A275. B276. C277. C278. A279. A280. D281. B282. B283. A284. A285. D286. A287. C288. B


289. C290. B291. C292. B293. B294. B295. D296. B297. A298. B299. C300. B301. C302. B303. D

8r all rocks mega packet - mr. leone's science...

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