9-1 gcse combined science knowledge organiser biology- …
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9-1 GCSE Combined ScienceKnowledge Organiser
Biology- paper 1Topic 1 – Cell Biology pg 16-39
Topic 2- Organisation pg 40-75
Topic 3- Infection and Response pg 76-90
Topic 4 – Bioenergetics pg 91-105
KEY WORDS:
Draw and label a plant cell (pg 17)Draw and label an animal cell (pg 16)
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 1– CELL BIOLOGY – Cells and Microscopes
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (pg 16)
Explain the difference between these terms
Microscopes (pg 18-20)
Find out the formula for calculating magnification
Top tips for preparing slides, using a microscope and drawing observations
Describe the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in yeast
Draw and label a bacterial cell (pg 17)
Magnification=
1mm= ______mm 1mm= ______nm
Q) A picture of an egg cell is 8mm wide. Its actual size is 200mm
What is the magnification?
Ans=x40
Draw and annotate 3 examples of specialised animal cells (pg 22-23)
Explain the terms differentiation and specialisation (pg22)
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 1– CELL BIOLOGY- Cell specialisation and stem cells
Draw and annotate 3 examples of specialised plant cells (pg 23)
Arguments against the use of stem cells (pg 25)
What is a stem cell, where are they found?
Explain how stem cells may be useful to us (pg 24)
How can farmers and garden centres make use of stem cells? (pg 25)
Cell cycle:What is a chromosome and where are they found?
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 1– CELL BIOLOGY- Chromosomes and mitosis (pg 26-27)
Mitosis
How many chromosomes are found in human cells? Where do they come from?
What is the name of this
process?
Write down an
explanation of what is
happening at each stage
in the boxes.
How many daughter cells
produced?
Are the genes identical or
different to parental cell?
Why and where do cells
undergo mitosis?
Label the diagram:
A gene is a section of D____. It controls a c____________ of
your body. You have ___ chromosomes in the n______ of your
b_______ cells. Arranged in _____ pairs. One of each pair is
inherited from your m________ and one from your f_________.
Your sex cells or g_________ only have _____ chromosomes.
Word Definition (mix and match)
Gene A chemical arranged as a double helix
46 The stages of growth, DNA replication and division that cells go through
Chromosome The process of cell division that produces identical daughter cells
Cell cycle A small section of DNA that codes for a characteristic (my making a protein)
mitosis A bundle of DNA that can be seen in dividing cells through a microscope
DNA The number of chromosomes produced after a cell has undergone mitosis
Diffusion (pg 29) is the movement of
_________ (liquids or gases) from an
area of _________ concentration to
an area of ______er concentration
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 1– CELL BIOLOGY- Diffusion, osmosis and active transport
Active Transport (pg 32) is the movement of
substances _________ their concentration
________, ie from a ______ concentration
to a _____ concentration. This requires an
input of _____.
Osmosis (pg 30) is the…
Cell membranes are said to be partially permeable because…
Tick/cross – what do they let through?
Proteins water Starch
Glucose Oxygen Draw an arrow to show the net movement of water
Investigating osmosis with potato chips- sequence method (pg 31)
Blot the potato chips dry and measure their mass for the second time
Measure their initial mass and place them in different sugar solutions
Leave them for 60 minutes
Cut potatoes into equal size chips
Draw a graph of mass change vs concentration
Label the axes. Show where the potatoes have:
A) Shrivelled B) No change C) Shrunken
Draw an example of active transport in plants and an example in animals (humans)
Villi in the small intestine (pg 35)
Villi are found in the…
Their job is to…
They are adapted to do this by:
1)
2)
Digested food moves
in to the blood by:
1)
2)
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 1– CELL BIOLOGY- Exchanging substances
Diffusion in the leaf (pg 35)
Gas exchange in the lungs (pg 34). The job of the lungs is…
Alveoli are…
Alveoli are adapted for diffusion by
• 1
• 2
• 3• 4
Word Definition (mix and match)
Stomata Gas produced by photosynthesisthat needs to diffuse out
Guard cells Flattened shape to increase the surface areas for light absorption
Carbon dioxide
Holes in the underside of the leaf that allow CO2 in
Oxygen What happens to plants when the stomata don’t close
Leaf blade Gas required for photosynthesis that needs to diffuse in to leaf
Wilting They are responsible for opening or closing the stomata
I need to know about diffusion in :
1) Lungs (a________)
2) S_____ I_______ (v_______)
3) L_______
4) F______ g_______
Diffusion in fish gills (pg 36)
Gill filaments are…
Gill lamellae are…
Other features are:
1)
2)
KEY WORDS:
Cell Organisation (pg40 – 41) - Label the organisation of cells on the below diagram
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 2– Organisation – Cells Organisation
Organ Organised (pg41)
An Organ system is a ________ ___ ________ working together to perform a
particular __________ .
Use the Flow Chart to show how organs work together for the Digestive System
Cell Differentiation (pg 41)
Organs (pg41)
Explain how the Stomach is made up of different tissues to perform a certain Function.
REMEMBER!You should know that _____ are organised into _______, the Tissues into ______, the Organs into ______ _______ and multiple systems into a whole _________.
1) What is cell differentiation? (provide an example)
2) Why do Larger organisms required cell differentiation?
Organ:
Function:
Organ:
Function:
Organ:
Function:
Organ:
Function:
Organ:
Function:
Tissues (page 40)
Using an example and diagram, explain how a tissue is formed form cells.
Draw and Label the ‘Lock and Key’ model of how Enzymes Function
What is a Catalyst? (pg 42)
What is an Enzyme? (pg 42)
What are Enzymes made from? (pg 42)
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 2– Organisation – Emzymes
What effect does pH have on the Enzymes rate of activity? (pg 43)
Using a Labelled diagram, explain why Enzymes have a specific shape? (pg 42)
How does temperature effect the Enzymes activity? (pg 43, add labels to the graph to help)
REMEMBER! Enzymes speed up Chemical Reactions!
If the substance ______ ___ to the Active Site, the Enzyme _____ Catalyse the reaction. Enzymes are not very ________ and need the __________ temperature and _____ conditions to function correctly.
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 2– Organisation – Enzyme Practical and Rate of Reaction
What is an Independent Variable?
What is the Independent Variable in this
practical?
Investigating the effect of pH on Enzyme Activity (pg 44)
Outline the Method to carry out this investigation
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Suggest how this test could be modified to test the effects of temperature on Enzyme activity?
Rate of Reaction (pg 44)
What is an Dependent Variable?
What is the Dependent Variable in this
practical?
What is a Control Variable?
What is the Control Variables in this
practical?
What does Iodine test for?
Positive test ______
Negative test______
How was the Iodine used in the test to show the enzyme was effecting the reaction?
RATE =
The rate of reaction can be determined as the ________ of change that has occurred _______ by the ______ taken.
___________
Complete the table to show where Digestive Enzymes are produced, the organ they are used in and the products formed (pg 45)
Draw and explain how Carbohydrates are broken down (pg 45)
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 2– Organisation – Enzymes and Digestion
Big Molecules (pg 45)
Starch, _______ and _______ are big molecules. Why do they need to be broken down by Enzymes?
Why do the products need to be soluble?
Bile (pg 45)Where is Bile produced, stored and released?
What are the two main functions of Bile during Digestion?
Draw and explain how Proteins are broken down (pg 45)
Draw and explain how Lipids (Fats) are broken down (pg 45)
Enzyme Where it is produced
Where they are used for digestion
Products that are formed
Food tests pg 47-48
____________________________
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 2– Organisation – digestive system and food tests
?
The digestive system pg 46
Label the organs, describe what happens.
Add protease, lipase
amylase
Food type Describe the test (chemicals added etc)
Positive result Negative result
Sugar Add Benedict’s solution and heat to 75oC
Starch Turns Black
Protein Stays blue
Lipid
Hazards:
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 2– Organisation – The Lungs and heart
P
Label the lungs pg 51
Gas exchange in the alveolus pg 52
A double circulatory system is…
Label the heart pg 53
Describe the heart’s pace maker
Describe veinsDescribe capillariesDescribe arteries (pg 54)
Risk factors that increase your chance of getting a non-communicable disease
Health is…
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 2– Organisation – Health and disease pg 62-66
•Explain why non-communicable diseases can be costly
List the factors that affect health)
Communicable disease are …
Non-communicable disease are …
Give examples of diseases that interact
Cancer is…
Benign tumours are…
What is correlation?
Malignant tumours are…
List 5 risk factors that link to
different cancers
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Risk factors that cause diseases directly
Does correlation always prove causation?
Provide an example
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 2– Organisation – Plants pg 68-72
•Explain what transpiration is
Benign tumours are…
List 4 risk factors that affect the rate of
transpiration
1)
2)
3)
4)
Structure function
Helps reduce water loss by evaporation
Air spaces in spongymesophyll
Tightly packed layer of cells full of chloroplasts
These cells open and close the stomata
Stomata
Carries water from roots to leaves
phloem
epidermis
The purpose of the xylem is… The purpose of phloem is…
•Draw and label a diagram to explain how a potometerworks
•Explain how stomata open and close
What is a pathogen?
Name the 4 different types of pathogen.
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 3– INFECTION AND RESPONSE pages 76-77
FUNGI
Fungi can be _________ ___________ or have a ________ made up of hyphae.
How do fungi cause disease in plants and animals?
How do fungi reproduce?
PROTISTS
Write 3 facts about protists:
BACTERIA
Bacteria are _______ ________ cells that
reproduce __________ inside the human body.
How do they make you feel ill?
VIRUSES
1) Viruses are _________ _________
2) They are much _____________ than a bacterium.
3) They ___________ rapidly.
Where do viruses live?
How do they replicate?
How do they made you feel ill?List the ways in which pathogens can be spread (include examples)
MEASLES
How is it spread?
Symptoms:
Complications:
Why is it such a serious disease?
How can it be prevented?
Give examples of diseases caused by:
Viruses
Fungi
Protists
Bacteria
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 3– INFECTION AND RESPONSE pages 78-79
Bacterial diseases:
GONORRHEASpread by =
Symptoms =
Treatment =
SALMONELLA
Causes _______ _____________
Symptoms =
Spread by =
EXTENSION: how can both of these bacterial infections be prevented?
HIV
How is it spread?
Symptoms:
How do antiretroviral drugs work?
How does it affect the immune cells?
What is AIDS?
EXTENSION: How can it be prevented?
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
This virus affects _________
What effect does it have on plants?
FUNGAL DISEASE: ROSE BLACK SPOT
Affects _______ and causes _________________ spots to develop.
The leaves then _______ ___ and so the plant cannot carry out __________ and the plant does not grow well.
Spread by:
Treatment:
A disease caused by a protist is MALARIA.
Part of this protist’s life cycle takes place inside a ________.
Describe how the mosquito spreads the malaria parasite.
Symptoms:
Prevention:
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 3– INFECTION AND RESPONSE pages 80-82
DEFENCE AGAINST MICROBIAL INVASION
How do the following protect us against disease?
•Skin
•Nose (hair and mucus inside)
•Airways (trachea and bronchi)
•Stomach
Method of disease prevention
For example… How does this prevent/reduce disease?
Being hygienic
Destroying vectors
Isolatinginfected people
Vaccination
If microbes do invade, our IMMUNE SYSTEM kicks in…
The _______ _______ cells form our immune system and they can act in 1 of 3 ways:
1. Consume the microbe – engulf and digest (_______________)
2. Produce antibodies – draw a cartoon with captions in the space below showing how this is done using the keywords antigen and antibody (use the diag below and the one on page 82 for guidance)
3. Produce antitoxins – counteract __________ made by invading _________.
Vaccination
Describe what a vaccine is.
Give an example of a vaccine.
What is the advantage of being vaccinated?
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 3– INFECTION AND RESPONSE pages 83 - 86
Drugs
Give examples of drugs that can relievesymptoms of illness:
What type of drug cures illness?
Which type of microbe is it used to destroy?
Which type of microbe can’t it destroy?
Highlight the keywords in the diagram below. Vaccination
Pros:
Cons:
Bacterial resistanceUse the information on page 85 to add captions to the diagram below, showing how bacteria develop resistance.
How can antibiotic resistance be reduced?
Which drugs come from plants?
Which drugs come from microbes?
Describe how Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
Drug testing
Preclinical testing:
Drugs are tested on ________________________________________________________
in the laboratory.
Limitations with this are…..
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 3– INFECTION AND RESPONSE page 87
Preclinical testing:
Drugs are tested on ____________________________
This is to test for ___________ (whether the drug works), _____________ (if it is harmful) and to find the best ___________.
Pros of animal testing:
Cons of animal testing:
Drug testing
Preclinical testing:
Drugs are tested on ________________________________________________________
in the laboratory.
Clinical testing:
Drugs are tested on __________________________ in a clinical trial.
Firstly, the drug is tested on……
The dose is……
The drug is then tested on……
The dose is……
The patients are randomly put into 2 groups - 1 is given the drug, 1 is given a _________.
Peer review
Write a list of keywords for drug testing
1. Why is a placebo given? 3. What does double-blind mean?
2. Why are clinical trials blind? 4. Why are results peer-reviewed?
Label the different tissues in the leaf and explain their function:
Where exactly in the plant does the photosynthesis reaction occur? (3 marks)
Suggest 3 ways that leaves are adapted to do photosynthesis?
•
•
•
GCSE Biology – CHAPTER 4 – Photosynthesis (p91)
Explain how plants use glucose for the following:
Respiration
Building up molecules (2 examples)
Storage (2 examples)
Key concept: Remember that plants do photosynthesis AND respiration!
Explain why animal cells cannot carry out photosynthesis
Explain why animals do not need to photosynthesise
What is the word equation for photosynthesis? (4 marks)
____________ +__________ __________ + __________
What is the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis? (4 marks)
____________ +__________ __________ + __________
What should be written on the arrow?
r___________ describes the chemicals on the left.
p___________ describes the chemicals on the right.
Note where the LEFT chemicals come from.
Define “Limiting factor”
GCSE Biology CHAPTER 4 – Photosynthesis – Limiting Factors (p92-4)
Under each graph – Describe the trend shown, explain why using limiting factor
Suggest which factor(s) are likely to be limiting rate in these examples:
•At night
•In winter
•At midday in July
Suggest how you could adjust these limiting factors in a lab to investigate them:
1. Light intensity
2. Temperature
3. Carbon dioxide Concentration
Suggest how the optimum temperature for enzymes in plants
differs to in humans, explain why. (2 marks)
Name 3 limiting factors for photosynthesis
•
•
•
Suggest why water is NOT a limiting factor.
Give 3 causes for a lack of chlorophyll in
leaves
•
•
Explain how the amount of chlorophyll
can limit photosynthesis.
Suggest why plants that grow on the
forest floor have very dark green leaves
p94
What do these
graphs show?
GCSE Biology CHAPTER 4 –Photosynthesis –Measuring rates Required practical (p95-6)
Circle the graph that fits what is being investigated in the picture above:
Name the independent variable ___________________
Explain how this is being varied ______________________
______________________________________________
Name the dependent variable ______________________
Suggest an appropriate unit to measure this in _________
Suggest 3 variables that should be controlled to get valid results
Explain the meaning of valid
Suggest why each measurement should be repeated
What is being measured to determine rate of photosynthesis ( in the picture):
Explain how this is being measured (refer to equipment and measurements)
Required
practical!
Now design a results table that would hold the results
The Inverse Square Law…
As the lamp is moved away from the pondweed, what happens to
1. distance?
2. light intensity?
“As the distance _________, the light intensity ___________”
This means that distance and light intensity are______________
proportional to each other.
The inverse square law states that:
light intensity= 1/ d2 (d is the distance between light and plant!)
So… if the distance is doubled, the light intensity is 4x _________
If the distance is halved, the light intensity will be _____ times greater!
Work out light intensity (in a.u) for these distances:5cm,10cm,15cm,20cm
•Where and when does anaerobic respiration take place?
•Why do muscles become fatigued if you exercise hard?
•Why is anaerobic respiration much more inefficient than aerobic?
•What is oxygen debt?
Key concept
Remember that plants do photosynthesis AND respiration
Write down the word equation for aerobic respiration:
GCSE Biology– CHAPTER 4 – ENERGY FROM RESPIRATION (p100-103)
• Respiration is controlled by e ________________
•It takes place all the time in a___________ and p________________.
• Is called aerobic respiration because it uses o______________
•Respiration takes place in the m________________.
Reasons for
respiration
The response to exercise:
Heart rate →
Breathing rate →
The fit person has a ______________resting heart rate,
before they begin to exercise
The fit persons heart rate rises more ______________
The maximum heart rate reached by the fit person is a
lot __________________than the unfit person
The fit persons heart rate drops ____________when
they finish exercise
The heart rate of the fit person returns to their resting
heart rate in a _________________time.
Write down the equation for anaerobic respiration:
Investigating the effect of exercise on the body
To investigate the effect of different types of exercise on heart rate:
1. Suggest what type of graph would be most appropriate and why
2. Suggest how you would reduce the effect of random errors on your results
3. Explain why the person should rest between each type of exercise
4. Suggest 4 types of exercise you could use and sketch the graph you’d expect to see for the effect of each on heart rate
Write down the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration:
GCSE Biology– CHAPTER 4 – ENERGY FROM RESPIRATION (p100-103)
Metabolic reactions
Building larger molecules from smaller (3)
Breaking down large molecules into small (2)
The response to exercise: Could be measured by:
Heart rate →
Breathing rate →
Cyanide is a toxin that stops enzymes in respiration working. Suggest why this
can cause death.
Write the number of
examples shown
around the 2 headings.
p101
Use the equation to explain why respiration is NOT breathing
Explain why respiration is actually more like combustion (burning)