9 & 10 april 2015 – radisson blu hotel, golden lane...

C.J.Walsh B Arch FRIAI MIBCI MIFS MIFireE

FireOx International © Sustainable Design International Ltd. 1995-2015

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9 & 10 April 2015 – Radisson BLU Hotel, Golden Lane, Dublin

''FFiirree SSaaffeettyy ffoorr AAllll'' iinn BBuuiillddiinnggss –– RReebboooott && RReellooaadd !!

Sheltered Workshop Germany, 2012-11-26

Building Design Strategies

FFFiiirrreee SSSaaafffeeetttyyy,,, PPPrrrooottteeeccctttiiiooonnn &&& EEEvvvaaacccuuuaaatttiiiooonnn fffooorrr AAAllllll

www.fire-safety-for-all.ie



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CCIIBB PPrree--NNoorrmmaalliizzaattiioonn -- RRoobbuusstt BBaassiiss

Real Fire Incidents ...

Sheltered Workshop Germany, 2012-11-26

14 Dead, including 1 Carer – 10 Seriously Injured. 300 Well-Resourced Firefighters attended.

Mental/Cognitive Impairment: "We are dealing here with people who of course do not react rationally", local news agency DPA quoted Local Fire Chief, Alexander Widmaier, as saying.

Religious 'Welfare Agencies' enjoy many privileges. They are subject to virtually no control, enjoy substantial tax privileges, and ban their employees from unionizing.

2005 & 2008 NIST(USA) Final Reports on 9-11 WTC 1, 2 & 7 Building Collapses

UN 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

ISO 21542: Building Construction - Accessibility & Usability of the Built Environment

WHO's 2001 International Classification of Functioning, Disability & Health (ICF)

Reluctance to Self-Declare: Social Stigma, Anosognosia

UN 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child



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PPeeooppllee aarree IInnddiivviidduuaallss && VVaarryy iinn TThheeiirr BBeehhaavviioouurr ......

♦ Standard Movement Times do not exist ... Panic Attacks do exist ...

♦ People must be Skilled in evacuation to a Place of Safety ...

♦ Warnings must be timely, informative, and be understandable (multi-lingual, with simple use of language in every case) ... visual, aural, tactile ...

2005 NIST(USA) Final Report on 9-11 WTC 1 & 2 Tower Collapses / Footnote 39: ... NIST found that the average surviving occupant in the WTC Towers descended stairwells at about half the slowest speed

previously measured for non-emergency (practice) evacuations.

Ability/Disability is a continuum ... a gentle gradient on which every person functions

and acts at different levels due to personal and environmental factors



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PPeeooppllee wwiitthh PPssyycchhoollooggiiccaall IImmppaaiirrmmeennttss

April 2007 - Hotel Meliá Santiago de Cuba, Cuba



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UU..NN.. CCoonnvveennttiioonn oonn tthhee RRiigghhttss ooff PPeerrssoonnss wwiitthh DDiissaabbiilliittiieess

Full and Effective Accessibility of the Human Environment (social, built, virtual, economic and institutional) is a Fundamental Human and Social Right, i.e. a basic need, for People

with Activity Limitations - it is an essential prerequisite for the safe exercise and enjoyment of those rights, protections and freedoms set down in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human

Rights and subsequent international rights instruments ... and crucially, for their Health, Participation, Inclusion and Development in all Communities.

AArrttiiccllee 1111 – Situations of Risk & Humanitarian Emergencies

Extreme Man-Made Events (2001 WTC 9-11 & 2008 Mumbai Hive Attacks) ... Hybrid Disasters (2011 Fukushima Nuclear Incident) ... Severe Natural Events (Earthquakes, Floods,

Landslides, Typhoons, Tsunamis) ... Complex Humanitarian Emergencies (Mass Human Migrations, Regional Famines) ... Accelerating Climate Change & Variability

AArrttiiccllee 99 – Accessibility

Building Accessibility encompasses the complete cycle of independent use, in a dignified manner and on an equal basis with others ... and includes the approach, entry and use of a

building and its facilities, egress during normal conditions and removal from its vicinity ... and, most importantly, safe evacuation during a fire incident to a place of safety which is

remote from the building and reached by way of an accessible route.

Mainstream Integration !



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• Only 1 Wheelchair Space ! • Movement to/from space

cuts across evacuation of other users !

• Lightweight Core construction permitted !

• Adjoining Lift/Elevator ?

British Standard 9999:2008 (BS 5588:Part 8:1988/1999) ??

Fire Evacuation Staircase

Hong Kong – 2014 'Disability' Addendum to 2011 Fire Code ??

Firefighter's Lift Lobby

• Staircase Too Narrow to lift wheelchair user in his/her own manual wheelchair !

• Powered Wheelchairs ??



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Singapore FSR 7:2011 (Persons with Disabilities) ??

2 FSR 7 Principles of Evacuation ?? 2.1 Generally, staircase is not suitable for use by PWDs for purpose of fire evacuation. It is also

not appropriate to use the lift for evacuation since it may not be in operation during a fire emergency, unless it is incorporated with additional features to protect the users.



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BBuuiillddiinnggss MMuusstt RReemmaaiinn SSeerrvviicceeaabbllee ......

[ ... not just structurally stable ]

Building Evacuees Requiring Assistance / All Building Types, excl. Health Facilities

♦ While people are waiting in Areas of Rescue Assistance and

♦ Until these people are rescued by Firefighters and reach a Place of Safety

Structural Reliability in Fire - Fire Serviceability Limit States – Fire-Induced Progressive Damage - Disproportionate Damage

[ 2012 CIB W14 Research WG IV Reflection Document ]



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FFuunnddaammeennttaall FFllaaww iinn FFiirree EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg

Long before 60 minutes has elapsed, the steel beam will have deflected more than sufficiently ... to seriously impair the fire resistance capability of the partition below.

This is how Fire-Induced Progressive Damage begins ... and why it can commence before any breach occurs in a fire compartment boundary, even with improved fire/smoke resistance ... the two are only indirectly related.

"Possible options ... include: • Better thermal insulation (i.e. reduced conductivity and/or

increased thickness) to limit heating of structural steel and to minimize both thermal expansion and weakening effects. Currently, insulation is used to protect steel strength, but it could also be used to maintain a lower temperature in the steel framing to limit thermal expansion."

[ Page 59, 2008 NIST(USA) Final Report on 9-11 WTC Building 7 Collapse ]

Durability of Thermal Insulation ? Resistance to Mechanical Damage ?

R 60

EI 60



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SSttrruuccttuurraall FFiirree EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg

Those aspects of fire engineering concerned with structural design for fire, and the complex architectural interaction between a building's

structure and fabric, i.e. non-structure, under conditions of fire and its immediate aftermath.

Limit State Design ... Ultimate Limit State & (Fire) Serviceability Limit States no longer acceptable ! with performance monitoring

FFiirree--IInndduucceedd PPrrooggrreessssiivvee DDaammaaggee

The sequential growth and intensification of structural distortion and displacement, beyond fire engineering design parameters, and the eventual

failure of elements of construction in a building – during a fire and the 'cooling phase' afterwards – which, if unchecked, will result in

disproportionate damage, and may lead to total building collapse.

Fire-Induced Progressive Damage can commence before any breach occurs in a Fire Compartment Boundary ... the two are only indirectly related.



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FFiirree SSeerrvviicceeaabbiilliittyy LLiimmiitt SSttaatteess

Fire Serviceability Limit States in Structural Fire Engineering, which are of more immediate and direct relevance to the protection of human health and property, and necessary re-construction after a fire ... would correspond to, for example:

• deformations which affect the efficient use, i.e. the fire performance, or appearance of structural or non-structural elements ;

• local damage (including spalling and cracking) which reduces the durability of a structure or affects the efficiency or appearance of structural or non-structural elements.

To control 'hot form' serviceability limit states by design, therefore, it is necessary to use one or more constraints which describe acceptable deformations (+/- deflection, expansion,

distortion, etc), accelerations, crack widths, spalling, etc.

Unless it is known that a Fire Building will remain 'serviceable' (above and beyond being merely 'structurally stable') for the period of time required ... AHJ's cannot direct

... and Client Organizations/Design Teams/Building Managers cannot recommend

or even suggest that people wait in that building during the fire incident !



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''RReelliiaabbiilliittyy'' ooff FFiirree PPrrootteeccttiioonn

Coherent Fire Engineering Design ? Competent Installation & Servicing ? Informed Management ?

Will a Fire Protection Measure Perform, as Expected, during a 'Real' Fire Incident ? And/or at Any Time in the Building's Life Cycle ??

Top of Door Leaf ...

Above Ceiling ...

Below Floor ...

Gap between Doorset and Wall ...



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AAcccceessssiibbllee FFiirree EEvvaaccuuaattiioonn RRoouutteess

All Users, including People with Activity Limitations & Building Visitors

Alternative - Easy – Intuitive - Obvious – Unobstructed

_____

[ Firefighters, Rescue Teams & Emergency Medical Services ]

[ Alternative - Easy – Intuitive - Obvious – Unobstructed ]

[[ AAcccceessssiibbllee FFiirree AAttttaacckk RRoouutteess ]]

Firefighter Disorientation ?



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DDeessiiggnn ffoorr EEvvaaccuuaattiioonn && CCoorree DDiissppeerrssaall

Multi-Core Design

Super Tall Buildings

Denis Sloan, architecte; Peter Terrell et Geoff Rooke, ingénieurs structures; et Claude Delalande, ingénieur sécurité

(ex-Officier BSPP, Paris-Expo) - France.

Recommendation 18, 2005 NIST(USA) Final Report on 9-11 WTC 1 & 2 Tower Collapses



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DDeessiiggnn ffoorr PPhhaasseedd HHoorriizzoonnttaall EEvvaaccuuaattiioonn

Fire in Zones A ! No Action Yet Required in Zone C

Reliability of Fire Resisting Doorsets ? Just one layer of fire resisting construction Phased Evacuation not possible !

Introduction of a 'Buffer Zone' - Zone B now becomes a 'Place of Relative Safety' Evacuate Zone A & Put Zone B on 'Stand-By to Evacuate'



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AAllll LLiiffttss//EElleevvaattoorrss MMuusstt BBee UUsseedd ffoorr EEvvaaccuuaattiioonn

Firefighter Rescue

?? m2

Area of Rescue Assistance - Reasonable Space

Assisted Evacuation

Contraflow



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IInntteelllliiggeenntt EEvvaaccuuaattiioonn MMaannaaggeemmeenntt

Large Scale Application of Full BMS (Building

Management System) Integration in a

Sustainable Building:

Reliable Operation during a real fire incident, an earthquake, or other severe natural event ?

Environmental Impact

Fire Safety & Protection

Security

Energy Efficiency

Location Based Services Intelligent Evacuation Management

Location of building users ? - able-bodied people - people with activity limitations - visitors

Location of firefighters ? - rescue function - firefighting function

- air sampling - video surveillance

Improve fire detection 'reliability'

Communications Indoor Air Quality

Intelligent Fire Detection

Integrate voice fire warning with public address system

BMS

Accessible Building User Interface Technologies



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PPoowweerreedd EEvvaaccuuaattiioonn CChhaaiirrss

Permissible Loading: 160 Kg (weight of chair + passenger)

Outdoor Use Travel Down & Up Only One Assistant Compact Adaptable

Version Available which will carry the passenger, sitting in his/her own wheelchair, down or up a staircase.

Requirement to travel long distances outdoors, along an accessible route to a place of safety which is remote from the building.



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AAcccceessssiibbllee RRoouutteess ttoo ''PPllaacceess ooff SSaaffeettyy''

'Places of Safety' must, of necessity, be located a remote distance from a Fire Building, and be clearly signposted. The circulation routes to these Places must be safe (e.g. from firefighting equipment, and falling construction debris)

... and must be accessible for People with Activity Limitations.



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Building Users / Fire Incident / No Explosion Hazard *

PPllaaccee ooff SSaaffeettyy::

Any location beyond a perimeter which is [100] metres from the fire building or a distance of [10] times the height of such building, whichever is the greater

and where necessary triage can safely be rendered ... and from where effective

medical care and supervision can be organized and provided within one hour of injury (the 'golden hour')

and where people can be identified.

*Where there is a Risk of Explosion ... multiply the numbers in square brackets above by 4



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BBuuiillddiinngg MMaannaaggeemmeenntt –– HHuummaann

Electronic, Information and Communication Technologies (e.g. BMS) are merely a tool/aid/support for Building Managers.

Building Managers must ensure that 'Fire Safety for All' preparatory planning is effective, and that practices are held regularly

... before any real fire incident occurs.

As part of their normal, day-to-day functioning ... Managers must be fully aware that, without due attention to accessibility-related services, product maintenance and

occupant/user welfare policies, the quality of Building Accessibility will rapidly deteriorate.

In an Accessible Building, the use of person and/or location specific Personal Emergency Evacuation Plans (PEEPS) is discriminatory

... and they must not be used.



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SSeellff--PPrrootteeccttiioonn ffrroomm FFiirree iinn BBuuiillddiinnggss

Building Management Systems are not 100% reliable ...

1. Develop 'My' Understanding of Building Accessibility ...

'... encompasses the complete cycle of independent use, in a dignified manner and on an equal basis with others ... and includes the approach, entry and use of a building and its facilities, egress during normal conditions and removal from its vicinity ... and, most importantly, safe evacuation during a fire incident to a place of safety which is remote from the building and reached by way of an accessible route '

2. Be assertive (not aggressive) with regard to 'My' Self-Protection

3. Concerning 'My' Safety ... demand that Building Management actively engages in Meaningful Consultation ... and receives your Informed Consent

4. Be familiar with the Fire Defence Plan for the Building, and know 'My' Part well

5. Be skilled in Evacuation to a Place of Safety

6. Be involved ... and participate actively in the Building's Safety Procedures



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NNeeww DDeessiiggnn LLaanngguuaaggee ooff SSuussttaaiinnaabbiilliittyy

Complex Spatial Planning and Architectural Design Concepts ... BMS ... Non-Traditional Building Forms, Construction Products/Systems No Compartmentation in Buildings in order to use Natural Patterns of Air Movement for Heating/Cooling/Ventilation

'Positive Energy Buildings' producing far more energy than needed ... Excess returned to Regional or Local Intelligent Electrical Grids

Project by Orlando De Urrutia, Architect - Spain



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SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee FFiirree EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg SSoolluuttiioonnss

Are adapted to Local Geography, Climate Change, Social Need, Culture, and Economy ... and are ...

♦ 'Reliability-Based' That design process which is based on practical experience, competence and

an examination of real extreme events, e.g. 2001 WTC 9-11 & 2008 Mumbai Attacks, and 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Incident ... rather than theory alone.

♦ 'Person-Centred' That design process which places 'real' people at the centre of creative

endeavours and gives due consideration to their responsible needs, and their health, safety, welfare and security in the Human Environment.

Sustainability ... is fundamentally transforming how we Design, Construct, Operate & Manage Buildings



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MMaaiinnssttrreeaamm IInntteeggrraattiioonn !!

How would 'able-bodied' building users react if they had to be assessed, and then handed, in writing, a personal emergency evacuation plan ... before being

permitted to enter and use a building ?

How would 'able-bodied' building users react if, having entered that building ... they always had to worry about what would happen to them

in the event of a real fire incident ?

Biosphere Montreal

UN CRPD Article 9: People with Disabilities > People with Activity Limitations

Special Treatment > Mainstream Fire Codes & Standards / Fire Safety for All

- Dignity & On An Equal Basis -

Appendix


AAppppeennddiixx

Appendix


SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee ''HHuummaann'' EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt

Social Environment The complex network of real and virtual human interaction - at a communal or larger group level - which

operates for reasons of tradition, culture, business, pleasure, information exchange, institutional organization, legal procedure, governance, human betterment, social progress and spiritual

enlightenment, etc.

The Social Environment shapes, binds together, and directs the future development of the Built and Virtual Environments.

Built Environment Anywhere there is, or has been, a man-made or wrought (worked) intervention by humans in the Natural Environment, e.g. cities, towns, villages, rural settlements, service utilities, transport systems, roads,

bridges, tunnels, and cultivated lands, lakes, rivers, coasts, seas, etc ... including the Virtual Environment.

Virtual Environment A designed environment, electronically generated from within the built environment, which may have the appearance, form, functionality and impact - to the person perceiving and actually experiencing it - of

a real, imagined and/or utopian world.

The Virtual and Built Environments continue to merge into a new Augmented Reality.

Economic Environment The intricate web of real and virtual human commercial activity – operating at micro and macro-

economic levels – which facilitates, supports, but sometimes hampers or disrupts, human interaction in the Social Environment.

Appendix


EEuurrooppeeaann UUnniioonn ((EE..UU..))

Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 9 March 2011, laying down Harmonized Conditions for the Marketing of

Construction Products and Repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC

ANNEX I - 'Basic Requirements for Construction Works' 1 & 2 (of 7) ...

1. Mechanical Resistance & Stability The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that the loadings that are liable to act on them during their construction and use will not lead to any of the following: (a) collapse of the whole or part of the works ; (b) major deformations to an inadmissible degree ; (c) damage to other parts of the construction works or to fittings or installed equipment as a result of major deformation of the load-bearing construction ; (d) damage by an event to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.

2. Safety in Case of Fire The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that in the event of an outbreak of fire: - the load-bearing capacity of the construction can be assumed for a specific period of time ; - the generation and spread of fire and smoke within the construction works are limited ; - the spread of fire to neighbouring construction works is limited ; - occupants can leave the construction works or be rescued by other means ; - the safety of rescue teams is taken into consideration.

... / ...

Appendix


EEUU RReegguullaattiioonn 330055//22001111 (contd.)

ANNEX I - 'Basic Requirements for Construction Works' 3, 4 & 7 ... Selected Extracts ...

3. Hygiene, Health and the Environment The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that they will, throughout their life cycle, not be a threat to the hygiene or health and safety of workers, occupants or neighbours, nor have an exceedingly high impact, over their entire life cycle, on the environmental quality or on the climate during their construction, use and demolition, in particular as a result of any of the following: (b) the emissions of dangerous substances, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), greenhouse gases or dangerous particles into indoor or outdoor air ;

4. Safety and Accessibility in Use The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that they do not present unacceptable risks of accidents or damage in service or in operation such as slipping, falling, collision, burns, electrocution, injury from explosion and burglaries. In particular, construction works must be designed and built taking into consideration accessibility and use for disabled persons.

7. Sustainable Use of Natural Resources The construction works must be designed, built and demolished in such a way that the use of natural resources is sustainable and in particular ensure the following: (a) re-use or recyclability of the construction works, their materials and parts after demolition ; (b) durability of the construction works ;

Appendix


PPeeooppllee wwiitthh AAccttiivviittyy LLiimmiittaattiioonnss ((EEnn)) PPeerrssoonnnneess àà PPeerrffoorrmmaanncceess RRéédduuiitteess ((FFrr))

Those people, of all ages, who are unable to perform, independently and without aid, basic human activities or tasks - because of a health condition or physical / mental / cognitive / psychological

impairment of a permanent or temporary nature.

This definition is derived from the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability & Health (ICF), which was adopted on 22 May 2001.

The above Terms (in English and French) include ... a) wheelchair users ; b) people who experience difficulty in walking, with or without a facilitation aid, e.g. stick, crutch, calliper or

walking frame ; c) frail, older people ; d) the very young (people under the age of 5 years) ; e) people who suffer from arthritis, asthma, or a heart condition ; f) the visually and/or hearing impaired ; g) people who have a cognitive impairment disorder, including dementia, amnesia, brain injury, or delirium ; h) women in the later stages of pregnancy ; i) people impaired following the use of alcohol, other 'social' drugs e.g. cocaine and heroin, and some medicines ; j) people who suffer any partial or complete loss of language related abilities, i.e. aphasia ; k) people impaired following exposure to environmental pollution and/or other irresponsible human activities, e.g.

war and terrorism ; and ... l) people who experience a panic attack in a fire situation or other emergency ; m) people, including firefighters, who suffer incapacitation as a result of exposure, during a fire, to poisonous or

toxic substances, and/or elevated temperatures.

9 & 10 april 2015 – radisson blu hotel, golden lane...

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