9 aids to navigations
TRANSCRIPT
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Navigation
NAU 102
Lesson 9
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Navigation Aids
Beacons
Manmade objects intended to help fix
your position and avoid hazards.
Buoys
LightsRanges
Fog Signals
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Navigation Aids
Some private aids maintained by:
U.S. Coast Guard operates and
maintains U.S. navaids.
State governmentsOther federal agencies
Individuals/Companies
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Buoys
Mark channels
Floating navaids
Anchored to the bottom
Indicate shoals & obstructions
Warn of dangers
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Buoys
Convey information by:
Shape
Color
Letters or Numbers
LightTopmark
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Buoys
Reflective tape
Common equipment:
Radar reflectors
Sound signalsBells & Gongs
Whistles & Horns
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Lateral Marks
Sides of channels
Navaids mark:
Channel junctions Channel bifurcations
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Cardinal Marks
Indicate direction of navigable water.
Show cardinal directions (N, S, E, W) of safe
water
E.g. Always pass to the North
of a North Cardinal Mark
Note: cardinal marks are not
used in U.S. waters
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Safe Water Marks
Indicate an area of safe (navigable)
waters.
E.g. Mid-channel & fairway buoys
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Isolated Danger Marks
Navaids mark points of danger.
E.g. Submerged wreck
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Special Marks
Traffic separation
schemes
Navaids mark special features of interest:
Anchorages
Recreational zones
Etc.
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Lateral Systems
Historically there have been many
buoyage systems in the world.
1970s - International Association
of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA)simplified the system
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IALA Buoyage Systems
Two major international systems:
IALA - BIALA - A
Europe
Africa
Most of Asia
Australia
New Zealand
North America
South America
Japan
Philippines
South Korea
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IALA Buoyage Systems
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Direction Conventions
Based on entering from seaward.
E.g. The right (or starboard) side of achannel is to starboard of vessel entering
from sea.
E.g. The right side is to port of a vessel
heading towards the sea.
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Direction Conventions
Many places ³entering from seaward´ is
not clear.
E.g. Along coasts and Intracoastal
waterways.
Clockwise direction around U.S. is treated
as entering.
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Direction Conventions
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Lateral Colors
Red to
starboard
IALA - B
Green to port
³Red-Right-Returning´
Red buoys and green buoys mark the sides of
channels
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Lateral Colors
IALA - A is opposite.
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Lateral Colors
Horizontal Red & Green Bands
Mark junctions & bifurcations
Top color indicates preferred channel.
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Lateral Colors
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Cardinal Colors
Horizontal Black
& Yellow Bands
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Safe Water Colors
Red & White Vertical Stripes
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Isolated Danger Colors
Black & Red Horizontal Bands
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Special Marks Color
Solid Yellow
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Buoy Shapes
5 Basic Shapes
Can
Cone (Nun)
Sphere
Pillar
Spar
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Buoy Shapes
Can
Mark port side of
channels
Mark channel
junctions ±
preferred channel
to starboard
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Buoy Shapes
Can
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Buoy Shapes
Conical / Nun
Mark starboard
side of channels
Mark channel
junctions ±
preferred channel to
port
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Buoy Shapes
Conical / Nun
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Buoy Shapes
Sphere
Safe Water Marks
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Buoy Shapes
Pillar
Any type of buoy
Often lighted
Tall, central structure
on broad base.
Color & topmark indicate type
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Buoy Shapes
Pillar
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Buoy Shapes
Spar
Any type of buoy
Often lighted
Usually notfloating, driven into
bottom.
Thin cylinder
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Buoy Shapes
Isolated danger marks and
special marks may be any
shape.
Pillar or spar
are preferred.
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Topmarks
Shapes attached to pillars and spars.
Indicate type of mark.
Square = port sideCone = starboard
side
Lateral Marks
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Topmarks
Isolated Danger
2 Spheres, one
above the other
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Topmarks
Safe Water
1 Sphere
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Topmarks
Special Purpose ± Yellow X
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Topmarks
Double Cones = Cardinal Marks
North South East West
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Topmarks
North points up.
South points
down.
West looks like a
Wine glass.
The points point
to the black
stripe(s).