9 atmosphere
TRANSCRIPT
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Physical GeographyPhysical Geography
Class 9 – Class 9 –
Earth’s AtmosphereEarth’s Atmosphere
Structure and CompositionStructure and Composition
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How big is the atmosphere?How big is the atmosphere?
Atmosphere extends to 32,000 km Atmosphere extends to 32,000 km (20,000 mi) from surface(20,000 mi) from surface
Thermopause is at 480 km (300 mi)—top Thermopause is at 480 km (300 mi)—top of the principal atmosphere of the principal atmosphere
100 km??100 km??
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Atmospheric Atmospheric PressurePressure
Figure 3.3
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Layers of the AtmosphereLayers of the Atmosphere
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Atmospheric TemperatureAtmospheric Temperature
TroposphereTroposphere– Surface to 18 km (11 mi)Surface to 18 km (11 mi)– 90% mass of atmosphere90% mass of atmosphere– Normal lapse rate – average cooling at rate of Normal lapse rate – average cooling at rate of
6.4 C°/km (3.5 F°/1000 ft)6.4 C°/km (3.5 F°/1000 ft)– Environmental lapse rate – actual local lapse Environmental lapse rate – actual local lapse
raterate
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Atmospheric TemperatureAtmospheric Temperature
ThermosphereThermosphere– Roughly same as heterosphereRoughly same as heterosphere– 80 km (50 mi) outward80 km (50 mi) outward– Temperature risesTemperature rises
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Atmospheric TemperatureAtmospheric Temperature
MesosphereMesosphere– 50 to 80 km (30 to 50 mi)50 to 80 km (30 to 50 mi)– Temperature fallsTemperature falls
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Atmospheric TemperatureAtmospheric Temperature
StratosphereStratosphere– 18 to 50 km (11 to 31 mi)18 to 50 km (11 to 31 mi)– Temperature risesTemperature rises
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Composition of AirComposition of Air
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Variable Atmospheric Components Variable Atmospheric Components
Impurities and Pollutants in TroposphereImpurities and Pollutants in Troposphere
Harmful Gases and Other ChemicalsHarmful Gases and Other Chemicals
VirusesViruses
Water VaporWater Vapor
Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide
Aerosols/ParticulatesAerosols/Particulates
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ParticulatesParticulates
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Sources of AerosolsSources of Aerosols
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Southern California WildfiresSouthern California Wildfires
Figure 3.8
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USGSUSGS
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Water VaporWater Vapor
Can you see this invisible gas?Can you see this invisible gas?
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Variations in Atmospheric Variations in Atmospheric CompositionComposition
IonosphereIonosphere– Absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, X-rays, Absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, X-rays,
some UV rayssome UV rays
Ozonosphere (ozone layer)Ozonosphere (ozone layer)– Part of stratospherePart of stratosphere
– Ozone (OOzone (O33) absorbs UV energy and converts ) absorbs UV energy and converts
it to heat energyit to heat energy
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Atmospheric Atmospheric PressurePressure
Figure 3.3
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The endThe end
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Normal Lapse RateNormal Lapse Rate