9. understanding personality[1]
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Personality
Traits view of personality: we are born with thepersonality we display through our behavior invarious situations e.g. shy, outgoing, tense,extroverted
The big five personality factors
Introversion extroversion
Consideration, agreeableness, Conscientiousness, carefulness
Emotional stability, anxiety, neuroticism
Intelligence, inquiry, openness to experience
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Personality Traits
The Big-Five factors are:
Extraversion: A personality dimension
describing someone who is sociable, gregarious
and assertive
Agreeableness: A personality dimension that
describes someone who is good-natured,
cooperative and trusting
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Personality Traits
Conscientiousness: A personality dimension that
describes someone who is responsible,
dependable, persistent, and organized
Emotional Stability: A personality dimension
that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, secure versus nervous, depressed,
and insecure
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Openness to Experience: A personality
dimension that characterizes someone in
terms of imaginativeness, artistry, sensitivity,
and intellectualism
Personality Traits
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Personality Traits
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) : A test that
taps four characteristics and classifies people
into one of the sixteen personality types
Classification:
- E or I (extroverted or introverted)
- S or N (sensing or intuiting)
- T or F (thinking or feeling)
- P or J (perceiving or judging)
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Extraverted thinking
with sensing
Extraverted thinkingwith intuition
Introverted thinking
with sensing
Introverted thinkingwith intuition
Extraverted feeling
with sensing
Extraverted feelingwith intuition
Introverted feeling
with sensing
Introverted feelingwith intuition
16 Personality Types Under MBTI
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Extraverted sensing with
thinking
Extraverted sensing with
feeling
Introverted sensing with
thinking
Introverted sensing withfeeling
Extraverted intuition
with thinking
Extraverted intuition
with feeling
Introverted intuition
with thinking
Introverted intuitionwith feeling
16 Personality Types Under MBTI
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Personality as the Self
The term self has two meanings -
The self concept or self image:
Attitudes, feelings, perceptions and
evaluations of self as an object (Hall
and Lindzey, 1970)
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Personality as the Self
The second set of meanings relate to
self as a process - Psychological
processes which are executive
functions
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Psychological Processes As Executive
Functions
Processes by which an individual manages and
copes
Thinks, remembers, perceives and plans
Self-construct is a combination of self as an
object and self as a process
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Self Concept: The I and Me
Self is the core of ones conscious
existence
Awareness of self is referred to as ones
Self-Concept
Self-concept: Persons self perception as a
physical, social and spiritual being
Since we have a self-concept, we recognize
ourselves as distinct human beings
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Self Concept: The I andMe
Self concept would be impossible without the
capacity to think - cognition
Cognitions represent any knowledge, opinion
or belief about the environment, about oneself
or about ones behaviorCognition plays a central role in social
perception and successful self-management
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The Self Concept: Self Esteem
Self esteem
A belief about ones self worth based on an
overall self-evaluation
Feelings of self-esteem are shaped by our
circumstances and how others treat us
Th S lf C S lf Effi
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The Self Concept: Self Efficacy
Self-efficacy is a persons belief
about his or her chances of successfully
accomplishing a specific task
Self-efficacy arises from the gradual
acquisition of complex cognitive, social,
linguistic and / or physical skills through
experience
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The Self Concept: Self Efficacy
Childhood experiences have a powerful
effect on a persons self-efficacy
The relationship between self-efficacy and
performance is a cyclical one
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Efficacy refers to performance cycles
which can spiral upwards towards success
or downward toward failure
The Self Concept: Self Efficacy
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The Self Concept: Self Efficacy
Strong linkages found between high self
efficacy expectations and success in
Widely varied physical and mental tasks
Anxiety reduction
Addiction control
Pain tolerance
Illness recovery and
Avoidance of sea sickness in naval cadets
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The Self Concept: Self Efficacy
Chronically low self-efficacy is
associated with a condition calledLearned Helplessness, the severely
debilitating belief that one has no
control over ones environment
eve opmen o ersona y an oc a za on
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eve opmen o ersona y an oc a za onTheories of Personality
The human personality is influenced by heredity,
environment, maturation, and learning
There are various physiological and
psychological stages that have contributed to
the development of human personality
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Development of Personality and Socialization
Theories of Personality
However, many modern psychologists are of the
opinion that personality development is a
continuous process and that the sequence
depends mainly on the learning opportunities
available
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Adult Life Stages
Levinson believed that there was little
variability, say, a maximum of two to three
years in the four identifiable stable periods
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Adult Life Stages
Stepping into the adult world - between the ages 22
to 28
Settling down - between the ages 33 to 40
Stepping into middle adulthood - between the ages
45 to 50
Culmination of middle adulthood - between the ages
55 to 60
H ll M d l C St
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Halls Model on Career Stages
The first stage is the exploration stage
The new employee seeks an identity
Undergoes continuous self-examination and
role tryouts
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Halls Model on Career Stages
The second stage is the establishment stage
Where the employee begins to settle down and
Experience a need for intimacy
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The third stage is the maintenance stage
Where the employee reaches a highly productive
plateau and
Feels the need to contribute something for the
next generation
Halls Model on Career Stages
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Halls Model on Career Stages
The last stage is the decline stage
Here the person experiences the need for
integrity or
The need to feel satisfied with ones career
Immaturity to Maturity (Argyris)
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Immaturity to Maturity (Argyris)
Argyris proposed that human personality
moves along a continuum from immaturity as
an infant to maturity as an adult
Subordinate position
Lack of self-awareness
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Immaturity to Maturity (Argyris)
Immaturity characteristics
Passivity
Dependence
Few ways of behaving
Shallow interests
Short time perspective
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Personality
Immaturity to Maturity (Chris Argyris )
Activity
Independence
Diverse behavior
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Personality
Immaturity to Maturity (Chris Argyris)
Deep interests
Long time perspective
Super ordinate position
Self-awareness and control
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Personality and Stress
Research based evidence infers that high and
low stressed individuals differ in terms of
their personality characteristics
That outer- directed individuals are more
adjusting and reality-oriented than inner-
directed
That personality characteristics are
associated with stress generated diseases
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Personality Tests
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire measures
extroversion, neuroticism (or emotional stability)
psychoticism
The 16 PF (Catell), measures 16 personality factors :
submissiveness (mild, humble, easily led, docile,
accommodating); self-assurance (placid, serene,
secure, complacent); tender-mindedness (sensitive,
clinging, over-protected)
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Personality Tests
The Occupational Preference
Questionnaire measures 30 personality
dimensions: caring, emotional contro,
forward planning among others