Chapter

9

The determinants ofHealth & Individual

Human Development of Australia’s ADULTS

9.1 Biological Determinants: GeneticsGenetics - combination of genes

inherited from parentsHas a significant impact on

Health & Human DevelopmentDetermines physical

characteristics such as eye colour, height etc.

Also, predisposition to disease that may not show until adulthood

Genetic Conditions impacting AdultsResult from altered or faulty set

of genesExamples of diseases that can

impact in Adulthood are:◦Alzheimer’s Disease◦Huntington’s Disease

Alzheimer’s DiseaseWhat is Alzheimer' Disease?

Alzheimer’s DiseaseTable 9.1 (page 270)Copy into workbooks;

Impacts on Health & Development◦4 impacts on Health◦4 impacts on Development

Huntington’s Disease (HD)Caused by a defective geneChildren (of HD) have a 50%

chance of also suffering from HDGradual loss of intellectual,

physical and emotional capacities.

Daniel's Story

Huntington’s Disease (HD)Table 9.2 (page 271)Copy into workbooks;

Impacts on Development; ◦An impact on Physical◦An impact on Social◦An impact on Emotional◦An impact on Intellectual

DVD – Iris (time permitting)Complete Worksheet (DVD run time-89

mins)

Computer Room (will be required)

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Some adults are at greater risk as they have inherited certain genes

CANCERDIABETES (type II)

CancersCancer is changed genes that

develop abnormally and form a cancerous lump.

Cancers that have a genetic predisposition include;◦Breast◦Ovarian◦Bowel◦Skin (melanoma)

(pages 271-273)

Diabetes (Type II)

• Insulin is the hormone that is secreted by the Pancreas – this enables the body to metabolise glucose (sugars) as energy.• In type II Diabetes the insulin is not produced properly, consequently blood glucose level will rise.• Symptoms; extreme tiredness, excessive thirst, blurred vision, increase risk of infections.

Lifestyle factors increase risk, however, it is also genetic.

ReviewComplete Question – Test yo

knowledge Apply your knowledge Q5. Page. 273

9.2 Biological Determinants: Body Weight

Combination of inherited and lifestyle / behavioural factors

Overweight & Obesity are on the increase over the past 20-30 years

See figure 9.5 (page 274)Recall BMI?Also distribution of excess body fat;

(Fat around the waist is a greater risk of health related

conditions compared to fat around the

butt & thighs)

9.2 Biological Determinants: Body Weight

Overweight / Obesity contributes toType II diabetesCoronary Heart diseaseSleep apnoeaHigh blood pressure (hypertension)Certain cancersOsteoarthritisPsychological disorders etc...

9.3 Biological Determinants: Blood Pressure

SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE – is the maximum pressure when the heart is contracting (top number)

DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE – is the maximum pressure when the heart is relaxing (bottom number)

Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury

(mmHg)

• Ideal Blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg

Blood PressureMeasure by a sphygmomanometerHigh blood pressure is HYPERTENSION(Equal to or more than 140/90mmHg

to 180/110mmHg)Hypertension is a major risk factor in

Coronary Heart DiseaseVery common –1 in 7 Australians are

effected by Hypertension / 8 % of all Burden of Disease in 2003

Treatment – Diet, Exercise and Medications

Coronary Heart DiseaseCoronary Heart Disease (CHD)

(6.48mins)

(USA call in Coronary Artery Disease - CAD)

Coronary Heart Disease; TermsArteriosclerosis; Hardening and thickening

of the walls of the arteries (loss of elasticity)Atherosclerosis; narrowing of the arteries as

a result or fatty deposits (‘plaque’) on the artery walls.

Angina; – temporary chest pain associated with narrowing of the coronary arteries

Myocardial infarction; commonly know as a heart attack; a blockage in the coronary arteries which results in permanent damage to the heart muscle.

Cardiac Arrest; – Heart stops functioning.COPY fig 9.11 into your books – page 278

StrokeMost common cause of death in

AustraliaAlso know as CEREBROVASCULAR

diseaseDuring a stroke blood flow is interrupted

to the BRAIN (blood clot or blood vessel breaking) Brain cells in the affected area may die.

Severity depends on size and location of the stroke

TIA – Transient Ischaemic Attack‘Mini Stoke’ – is like a warning that

a more severe stoke is likely to occur in the future

Should be treated immediately!

What is a Stroke? (approx. 6 mins)

Complete Clip Question sheet

COPY fig 9.13 into your books – page 279

Kidney FailureKidneys filter the blood to remove

wastes and control the fluid levels of the body.

Signs of Kidney failure – frequent urination, greater volume of urine, pain when urinating, foaming urine, swelling in the lower limbs & back pain.

If not treated – can cause vomiting, breathlessness, loss of appetite, tiredness

Risk factors are diabetes, obesity, over 50, family history, smoking, Aboriginal or TSI decent.

9.4 Biological Determinants: Blood CholesterolCholesterol is a type of fat;

Functions in the body◦Produces hormones◦Assists with digestion◦Component of cell membranes

TWO TYPESHDLs – High Density LipoproteinsLDLs – Low Density Lipoproteins

Cholesterol

HDLs – Good or ‘Healthy’ ‘Happy’

LDLs – Bad or ‘Loser’

CholesterolCan be reduced through lifestyle factors such

as diet, exercise, not smoking, healthy weight etc.

Diet Modifications – REDUCE saturated fats, INCREASE mono and polyunsaturated fats.

Example-Less animal fats, butter, deep fried foods etc.More fish, seafood, nuts, olive oil, avocado etc.

Complete Questions Q1-5, Page 282

9.5 Behavioural Determinants: SmokingSingle most preventable cause of

ill health and death in Australia.7.8% of the Burden of Disease(more for males than females)Cigarettes has over 4000

chemicalsNicotine causes the addictionEffects of smoking are well

documented – cancers, emphysema etc.

9.6 Behavioural Determinants: Physical Activity

• Health effects of Exercise are well documented- Figure 9.21 (page 285)

Copy into workbooks; Impacts on Health & Development

3 impacts on Health3 impacts on Development

National Guidelines recommendations for physical activity are;• Be involved in at least 30 minutes of

moderate-intensity physical activities on most (preferably all) days.

9.7 Behavioural Determinants: Food Intake

9.7 Behavioural Determinants: Food Intake

•Recall the 6 nutrients- Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats (Macronutrients)-Vitamins, Minerals (Micronutrients) & Water

-See Table 9.4 Protective / Risk Factors

List 2 Nutrients with Protective Factors Explain why?

List 2 Nutrients with Risk FactorsExplain why?

Page 288 - Questions Q 1-9

9.8 Behavioural Determinants: Alcohol UseMost widely accepted

recreational drug in Australia.

ALCOHOL – General Information

Street NamesBoozeGrogBeviesLiquorSherberts

Cold oneTurpsCocktails

Alcohol is a Depressant.

Alcohol is swallowed as a liquid.

Alcohol is made from fruits, vegetables and grains.

GrapesApples, pears,

peaches, plums, bananas, pineapple

Juniper berriesCornMolasses or sugar

caneBarley, hops, maltRice

People drink alcohol to…

Feel more relaxedLook coolForget problemsJoin the party, be

socialBecome intoxicatedGet ‘courage’To make things ‘more

fun’ during holidaysWhilst watching

sporting events

Standard Drinks

All of these drinks contain the SAME amount of ALCOHOL

Immediate Effects

Blurred visionSlurred speechImpairs motor

coordinationIncreased heart beatLowers body

temperatureVomitingHangoverAlcohol poisoning

(death)

Long Term Effects on the Body

Brain damageHeart diseaseStomach ulcersLiver disease “cirrhosis”

OsteoporosisMuscle Weakness

Weight gain

Stages of Cirrhosis

Alcoholism

A physical and mental need for alcohol that turns into a progressive and chronic disease.

DRINK DRIVING accidents are a major cause of deaths

Five local teenagers died in this alcohol related accident.

Alcohol: A Danger for Teens

Nearly 50% of all teen suicide victims drank alcohol at the time of their death.

Drinking alcohol is the leading factor in unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.

About 1/3 of crimes committed by youth are related to alcohol consumption.

Almost 1/3 of all traffic deaths involving people under 25 are related to alcohol.

Drinking and getting drunk is

NOT cool!Alcohol is a DRUG!

Talk with your parents about

Drinking. If you get into

trouble - you should know what to do.

Don’t be a statistic.

AlcoholInformation Handout

(ARBI) – Alcohol Related Brain Impairment

More than 2500 Australian adults are treated for ARBI with another 200,000 suffering from the condition.

Suffer from problems such as memory, cognitive abilities and physical coordination.

Binge drinking can also contribute to ARBI

9.9 Biological Determinants: Drug UseA DRUG is anything that produces a

PSYCHOACTIVE effect! (altering of mental processes such as mood, thinking, emotions and behaviour)

Complete Drug Effects Summary Handout from pages 291-292

9.10 Biological Determinants: Sexual Practices

Many Issues – STI – Sexually Transmitted

InfectionsPregnancy / Fertility / InfertilityReproduction Function &

DysfunctionComplete QUESTIONS

Test your knowledge Q 1-4Apply your knowledge Q5.Page 295

9.11 Physical Determinants: Housing & Workplace Safety

Housing Stress – occur when the cost of Housing (mortgage or rental) is high in relation to the household income.

Lack of affordable housing is a concernLess money for other day to day items,

such as medications, clothing food, bills etc.

Other effects are tension headaches, anxiety, memory lapses, chronic fatigue, heart palpitations, heartburn etc (page 297)

Mortgage anyone?In Victoria, the average Home Loan-In April 1979 was $24,300.In April 1989 was $68,400.In April 1999 was $123,500.In April 2009 was $249,000.In June 2010 it has become $353,886

Homelessness

• Over 105000 homeless people in Australia – 67% are over the age of 18

HomelessnessDifficult to maintain healthy habits

– lack of nutrition & hygiene, increased risk of diseases, depression, stress & anxiety, increased use of drugs, alcohol & tobacco.

Limited engagement in society; decreased fitness, social skills & emotional connections – feel isolated and worthless.

Workplace SafetyIn adulthood – most time is spent

in the workforce. Males tend to have higher rates

of injuries than females.The type of occupation is

significant to the risk of injuries. Highest rates of injury are related

to production, transport, tradespeople and labourers. (*Shift workers)

Workplace SafetyOffice workers can also be at risk

– for example sitting in front of computers for hours (neck and back pain!)

Occupational Overuse Syndrome (OOS) occurs from repetitive movements that effect the tendons and muscles- results in swollen and painful joints etc.

‘Work safe’

• Government Agency - Main focus is to:- Avoid injuries (prevention)- Enforcing Laws- Workplace injury insurance- Helping injured workers get back to work

Returning to Work (Canada) (Rod Stickman)

9.12 Social Determinants: Neighbourhood safety & access to health care

Neighbourhood safety – SAFE!Crime rates (pg.301)Impact of Crime – Many effects;

sadness, panic, confusion, anxiety, fear, depression, feeling of loss, helplessness, nightmares, insomnia, physical symptoms of illness (pg. 301)

Neighbourhood safety cont....Afraid of going out – less

involvement in community activities, sporting clubs, walking groups etc.

Impacts on Health and Development of

the individual etc..

Access to Health Care

Breast Screen Australia

Mammogram Animation Demonstration

Mammogram screening – detection and diagnosis.

Women over 40 is free – main focus is 50-60 year olds

Early detection significantly increases a women's chance of survival.

Bowel CancerBowel (also known as the colon)

is part of the digestive system.

Bowel Cancer

National Bowel Cancer Screening Program

(Federal Government funded)Bowel cancer is the most common

internal cancers and accounts for 80 deaths per week in Australia.

Testing is a FOBT – Faecal occult blood test.

(Home test) (pg.303)

Community Health ServicesGovernment fundedExamples include;- Maternal and Child Health Centres- Women's Health Services- Men’s Health Programs- Men’s Shed Program- Community Rehabilitation

Programs

9.13 Social Determinants: The media, level of education, employment status & income.Media – Internet, newspapers,

radio, television, books, video games, CD, posters, movies, DVD’s etc.

Huge Impact!

MediaImpacts of the Media• Internet – People spend hours on the internet each day; reading, research, games, creating content etc.•Impact of social networking sites is significant•Internet is largely not controlled – so can be unreliable, abusive content etc. Can be dangerous for people with mental health issues•Allows for self diagnosis of medical conditions – can have positives and negatives – why?•The media can deliver positive health messages to large proportion of the population. TV can also entrench health issues as part of their story lines.

Life Be In It (mid 80’s)•NORM

Education, Employment & Income

Recall the reasons why?

As discussed in earlier chapters the higher the SES, the better the health!

9.14 Social Determinants: The workplace & community belonging

Very important aspect of social lifeConflict can make work very

unenjoyableWorkplace stress costs 14.81 billion per

year, 10.4 billion of this is due to ‘absenteeism’ and ‘presenteeism’

Many reasons cause work related stress(copy down 5 from list on page 308)

Community BelongingDepends on your level of

involvement in community based activities

‘Social Capital is the level of cooperation, trust and goodwill between people, organisations, levels of government and in neighbourhoods

Volunteering can enhance belonging – read section on Volunteering! Pg. 310

9.15 Social Determinants: Living arrangements & Social Support.Type of living arrangements and

number of peopleChildren in them home can increase

stress both emotional and financialAdult children in the home can be

positive (extra support) or negative (conflict)

Living with a partner is good for health, more income, exercise together, eat better

Social SupportConnections that adults have – friends,

family, work colleagues, community groups etc.

Provide support and assistance in various ways – protective factor especially for mental health

Things such as loss of spouse, kids leaving home, lack of motivation, health problems, decline in energy etc

Good social support is good for your health and development!

9.16 Social Determinants: Family & Work-Life Balance.

Family composition has changed List family types – page 315 Work-Life Balance – long hours -

Stress, anxiety, fatigue, headaches etc. Affect personal relationships

Work through ICT impacts on family relationships, emails, phones etc.

Families Australia Organisation

KEY SKILLS - Review

Read through pages 318 – 319Complete Exam practise 6, 7, 8Test your knowledge – (Complete

your own summary grid!)- Question 1 pg. 324