9.1 viruses 9.2 bacteria 9.3 protists 9.4 fungi table of contents chapter preview 9.1 viruses 9.2...
TRANSCRIPT
9.1 Viruses
9.2 Bacteria
9.3 Protists
9.4 Fungi
Table of ContentsChapter Preview
9.1 Viruses
9.2 Bacteria
9.3 Protists
9.4 Fungi
Chapter 9 Preview Questions
1. What controls which substances come in and out of a cell?
a. cell wall
b. cytoskeleton
c. cell membrane
d. organelles
Chapter 9 Preview Questions
1. What controls which substances come in and out of a cell?
a. cell wall
b. cytoskeleton
c. cell membrane
d. organelles
Chapter 9 Preview Questions
2. The structure that contains the genetic material of the cell is the
a. cell membrane.
b. nucleus.
c. vacuole.
d. cytoplasm.
Chapter 9 Preview Questions2. The structure that contains the genetic material of the cell is the
a. cell membrane.
b. nucleus.
c. vacuole.
d. cytoplasm.
Chapter 9 Preview Questions
3. What structure provides energy for the cell?
a. ribosomes
b. proteins
c. mitochondria
d. genetic material
Chapter 9 Preview Questions
3. What structure provides energy for the cell?
a. ribosomes
b. proteins
c. mitochondria
d. genetic material
Chapter 9 Preview Questions
4. What is the structure that receives, packages, and distributes proteins to other parts of the cell?
a. Golgi bodies
b. lysosomes
c. chloroplasts
d. vacuoles
Chapter 9 Preview Questions
4. What is the structure that receives, packages, and distributes proteins to other parts of the cell?
a. Golgi bodies
b. lysosomes
c. chloroplasts
d. vacuoles
Suppose you find a seaweed such as the one below. If you were to study one of the leafy structures under a microscope, what would you expect to see? What is the basic unit of structure in seaweeds?
How do structure and function vary among organisms in different domains and kingdoms?
Prefixes
Prefix Meaning of Prefix Example and Meaning of Example
bi- bicolorHaving two colors
two, twice
Prefix Meaning of Prefix Example and Meaning of Example
con-, com-compareTo look at together to note similarities and differences.
with, together
Prefixes
Prefix Meaning of Prefix Example and Meaning of Example
de- defrostTo remove ice or frost
down, from, reverse the action of
Prefixes
Apply It!
Answer the following questions. After reading the chapter, check to see whether your answers are accurate or need to be changed.
1. The word fission means “division into parts.” When a necelled organism reproduces by binary fission, how many new organisms are produced?
two
2. Some bacteria are decomposers. The root -compose means “to put together.” What do decomposers do to dead organisms?
break them down into smaller parts
3. The root -jugate means “to join.” What might conjugation mean?
to join together
Section 9.1:Viruses
How are viruses like organisms?
What is the structure of a virus?
How do viruses multiply?
How can you treat a viral disease?
VIRUSES
SMALL NONLIVING PARTICLE
INVADES AND REPRODUCES INSIDE A CELL
NONLIVING BECAUSE VIRUSES DO NOT HAVE CELLS
THEY DO NOT USE ENERGY TO GROW
THEY CAN ONLY MULTIPLY INSIDE A CELL
SHAPES AND SIZES OF VIRUSES
SMALLER THAN CELLS, VIRUSES ARE MEASURED IN NANOMETERS (A BILLIONTH OF A METER).
VIRUSES CAN BE A VARIETY OF SHAPES.
The Structure of VirusesAll viruses have two basic parts: a protein coat that protects the virus and an inner core made of genetic material. Some viruses are surrounded by an outer membrane envelope.
NAMING VIRUSES
VIRUSES ARE NAMED FOR: THE DISEASES THEY CAUSE : HIV, Polio
THE PEOPLE WHO DISCOVER THEM: The Epstein-Barr virus
A PLACE WHERE THEY OCCUR: Ebola Virus
THE ORGANISM THEY INFECT: Tobacco Mossiac Virus
How Viruses MultiplyActive viruses enter cells and immediately begin to multiply, leading to the quick death of the invaded cells.
Section 9.2: Bacteria
How do the cells of bacteria differ from those of eukaryotes?
What do bacteria need to survive?
Under what conditions do bacteria thrive and reproduce?
What positive roles do bacteria play in people’s lives?
The Bacterial Cell
Bacteria are prokaryotes. The genetic material in the cells is not contained in a nucleus.
ARCHAEBACTERIA:
ANCIENT BACTERIA
PROKARYOTES: BEFORE THE NUCLEUS
AUTOTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS
UNICELLULAR
LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS HOT SPRINGS, SALTY ENVIRONMENTS, INTESTINES
EUBACTERIA
PROKARYOTES
AUTOTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS
UNICELLULAR
CHEMICAL MAKEUP DIFFERENT FROM ARCHAEBACTERIA NOT ANCIENT, NOT FOUND IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
BACTERIA AND THE LIVING WORLD
FUEL PRODUCTION: ARCHAEBACTERIA AND THE PRODUCTION OF METHANE IN DECOMPOSITION.
FOOD: CHEESE, YOGURT, CUCUMBERS TO PICKLES, APPLE CIDER TO VINEGAR.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE SPREAD BY CONTACT WITH:
INFECTED PERSON (SNEEZING, COUGHING)
INFECTED OBJECT (UTENSILS, FOOD OR WATER)
INFECTED ANIMAL (TICKS, DOGS, MOSQUITOES)
THE ENVIRONMENT (SOIL, AND SURFACES)
Population Explosion
Suppose a bacterium reproduces by binary fission every 20 minutes. The new cells survive and reproduce at the same rate. This graph shows how the bacterial population would grow from a single bacterium.
Population Explosion
Horizontal axis–time (minutes); vertical axis–number of bacterial cells.
Reading Graphs:
What variable is being plotted on the horizontal axis? What is being plotted on the vertical axis?
Population Explosion
2 cells after 20 minutes;
8 cells after one hour;
64 cells after two hours.
Interpreting Data:
According to the graph, how many cells are there after 20 minutes? One hour? Two hours?
Population Explosion
The number of cells doubles with each division.
Drawing Conclusions:
Describe the pattern you see in the way the bacterial population increases over two hours.
Population Explosion
Not likely. The bacteria will continue to reproduce at this rate only as long as the conditions are favorable.
Predicting:
Do you think the bacterial population will continue to grow at the same rate? Why or why not?
Section 9.3: Protists
What are the characteristics of animal-like, plantlike, and fungus-like protists?
How do algae vary in organization, structure, and function?
PROTOZOANS
KINGDOM PROTISTA UNICELLULAR SOME FORM COLONIES (VOLVOX) HETEROTROPHS AND
AUTOTROPHS
REPRODUCE BY BINARY FISSION
CONJUGATION
SPORES
CLASSIFIED BY THE WAY THEY MOVE
Animal-Like ProtistsSARCODINES (AMOEBA)
MOVE BY MAKING PSEUDOPODS
AMOEBA = BLOBLIKE
RADIOLARIAN = GLASSLIKE
FORAMINIFERANS = CALCIUM CARBONATE SHELLS
AMOEBAS ARE SARCODINES THAT LIVE IN EITHER WATER OR SOIL. THEY FEED ON BACTERIA AND SMALLER PROTISTS.
SARCODINES
Animal-Like Protists
Paramecia are ciliates that live mostly in fresh water. Like amoebas, paramecia feed on bacteria and smaller protists.
Animal like protists: SLIME MOLDS
TWO STAGES IN THEIR LIFE CYCLE
PROTOZOAN STAGE = THEY ENGULF FOOD
FUNGUS STAGE = THEY REPRODUCE WITH SPORES
CILLIATES (PARAMECIUM)
MOVE WITH CILLIA (LITTLE HAIRS)
PARAMECIUM IS THE MOST COMMON
ORAL GROOVE-- GULLET--- ANAL PORE
TWO NUCLEUS :
MICRONUCLEUS FOR REPRODUCTION
MACRONUCLEUS FOR OTHER FUNCTIONS
Plantlike Protists
The euglena is a common euglenoid that lives in fresh water. In sunlight, many euglenas can make their own food. Without sunlight, they obtain food from their environment.
FLAGELLATES (EUGLENA)
MOVE WITH FLAGELLA
MOST UNICELLULAR, VOLVOX FORMS COLONIES
SOME AUTOTROPHS (EUGLENA)
TRYPANOSOME CAUSES AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS
SPOROZOANS
DON’T MOVE
CAUSE DISEASES SUCH AS MALARIA
MALARIA IS TRANSMITTED BY THE ANOPHELES MOSQUITO
Section 9. 4: Fungi
What characteristics do fungi share?
How do fungi reproduce?
What roles do fungi play in nature?
What Are Fungi?
Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce. The cells of most fungi are arranged in a structure called hyphae.
FUNGI
NONVASCULAR (NO XYLEM OR PHLOEM
TUBES TO TRANSPORT WATER AND FOOD).
HYPHAE THREADS TO BREAK DOWN AND
DIGEST FOOD
SOME UNICELLULAR (YEAST)
SOME MULTICELLULAR (MUSHROOMS)
ALL HETEROTROPHS AND PARASITES
SOME SAPROPHYTES (EAT DEAD THINGS)
NO CHLOROPHYLL
REPRODUCE BY SPORES CONTAINED IN
FRUITING BODIES
YEASTS-sac fungi
REPRODUCE BY BUDDING
GET ENERGY FROM FERMENTATION
(SUGAR + STARCH = ALCOHOL + CO2 + ENERGY)
NO CHLOROPHYLL
KINGDOM FUNGI
LICHENS
ALGAE AND FUNGUS LIVING TOGETHER
SYMBIOSIS =
BOTH BENEFIT
PIONEER PLANTS
POLLUTION INDICATORS