9.1
DESCRIPTION
Respiration and Motor System. 9.1. 9.1 The Importance of an Oxygen Delivery System. Breathing : is the process that brings O 2 into the lungs and expels CO 2 It uses the diaphragm (which pushes up) and intercostals muscles. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Respiration and Motor System
Breathing: is the process that brings O2 into the lungs and expels CO2
It uses the diaphragm (which pushes up) and intercostals muscles.
It supplies the body with oxygen so that ATP can be formed by cellular respiration
Respiration: is the process by which oxygen is obtained from the environment and delivered to the cells.
There are two types: External respiration Internal respiration
External respiration: occurs in the lungs
Internal respiration: occurs within the body
Use your text (Chapter 9) to define and give the function of the following structures.
Some may not be in your text…..I will help you.
Tongue, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, cilia, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries, pleural membrane, pleural space
Tongue- part of the oral cavity
Pharynx-throat; collect air from mouth and nose and passes it to the trachea
Larynx- voice box; contains the vocal cords
Epiglottis- small flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the trachea; closes when food is swallowed
Trachea-windpipe; passage leading from pharynx to lungs
Cilia-very small hair-like structures that moves mucous containing dust, debris etc up into the throat where it can be removed or swallowed
Bronchi- main branches of the trachea; tubes that lead into the lungs
Bronchiole-smallest subdivisions of the bronchi
Alveoli- small air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Capillaries-microscopic blood vessels that are imbedded in the walls of the alveoli; site of gas exchange
Pleural membrane - a thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of the lungs
Pleural space -space between the membranes surrounding the lungs, and lines the inner wall of the chest
Diaphragm- a strong wall of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
Ribs- bones that support and protect the chest cavity; move to a limited degree and help the lungs expand and contract
Activity: Label the lung diagram
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Aveoli
1. Air enters through the nasal cavity or mouth Air is:
-Warmed
-Moistened
-Cleaned Hairs filter and trap dust Mucous traps particles and keeps cells
lining the cavities moist
2. Air moves to the pharynx (throat)
3. The air is then carried to the larynx(voice box)
The larynx consists of two thin elastic sheets that vibrate when air is forced through them….. which produces sound
Inflammation due to an infection causes swelling and can cause Laryngitis
The voice is projected by the Adam’s apple (A thick band of cartilage)
4. The air then continues on down the Trachea
The trachea: is protected by the epiglottis It is covered with cilia which sweep
debris from the respiratory tract It also contains mucous which traps
debris
5.Then air travels through the left and right bronchi
6. Then to bronchioles; which are composed of smooth muscles……. they can decrease in diameter
7. The air then goes into tiny sacs called aveoli
Aveloi Is the site of gas exchange.. which is
by diffusion Each is covered in capillaries
(microscopic vessels)
8. Gas is then transported in the blood to the heart by the pulmonary vein
Pressure in your chest cavity varies because of the movement of your thoracic cavity
When your thoracic cavity: Expands….. pressure drops Compresses…. pressure rises
Gases move from an area high pressure to an area of low pressure
Inhaling and exhaling occur because of the differences between atmospheric pressure and pleural pressure
Inspiration (inhaling) occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is less than it is in the atmosphere
Expiration (exhaling) occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than it is in the atmosphere
Diaphragm: is a dome shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity form the abdominal cavity
The intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract and relax to cause pressure changes in the chest
1. the diaphragm contracts and moves down
2. the intercostal muscles contract and move ribs up and out
3. The chest cavity becomes bigger and as a result pleural pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
4. air moves IN
1. diaphragm relaxes and moves up
2. intercostal muscles relax and move ribs down and in
3. chest cavity is smaller as a result pleural pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure
4. air moves OUT
Your Assignment: Page 287 1-9
Daltons Law of partial pressure states: that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure independently of all other gases in the mixture.
The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide differs depending on location
Very high outside (atmosphere) High in alveoli Medium in blood Low in tissues Therefore O2 diffuses IN
Very high in tissues High in blood Medium in alveoli Low outside (atmosphere) Therefore CO2diffuses OUT
1. diffuses into blood through capillaries in the aveoli
2. combines with hemoglobin on red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin
3. diffuses into cells (used in cellular respiration)
4. Or it dissolves in plasma
Diffuses out of cells and into the blood
In the blood CO2 will do one the following: combine with hemoglobin on red blood
cells to form carbaminohemoglobin dissolve in plasma…forming carbonic
acid by combining with H2O
It then diffuses out of the blood through capillaries in the aveoli
Describes how both molecules travel in the blood stream
Both rely on the molecule hemoglobin
Is a molecule on the surface of RBCs
It consists of polypeptides that are composed of heme, and globin
Heme: is the iron-containing pigment… oxygen or carbon dioxide binds to this
Globin: is the protein component
What would be the effect of eating a diet that is low in iron?...... What would be the symptoms you feel and why would you feel this way?
In the lungs O2 attaches itself to a hemoglobin (on red blood cells) to form oxyhemoglobin
O2 travels as oxyhemoglobin to: the pulmonary vein the heart and is pumped through the arteries arterioles and the capillaries
At the capillaries H+ ions dislodge O2
O2 diffuses into the extra cellular space and then into the cells
Two methods:
1. It can combine with hemoglobin
2. dissolve in the plasma
1.Combining with Hemoglobin
(27%) CO2 combines with hemoglobin on the red blood cells to form carbaminohemoglobin
It is then transported to the lungs
2.Combining with H2O in the plasma
(64%) of CO2 combines with H2O to form carbonic acid
CO2 + H2O H2CO3(aq)
carbonic anhydrase… found in the RBC’s catalyzes this reaction
carbonic acids lowers the pH of the blood It is unstable and dissociates to form a
hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion
H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
Bicarbonate ions are transported to the lungs in the plasma
The H+ ions dislodge oxygen from
hemoglobin
H+ ions then combines with hemoglobin forming reduced hemoglobin.. which returns to the lungs in venous blood
In the blood, the reduced hemoglobin acts as a buffer Buffer: is a substance that is able to neutralize
acids and bases
At the lungs, H+
dislodges from hemoglobin It combines with bicarbonate ions to
form water and carbon dioxide
HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O
CO2 diffuses from the capillaries in the aveoli into the lungs and is exhaled
controlled by the medulla oblongata
CO2 levels in Blood Stretching of lung tissue Emotional state Serious injury
Receptors: are used to detect changes in the environment (E.g. hot, cold, pain)
This information is sent to your central nervous system (brain & spinal cord)
Chemoreceptors: detect changes in chemicals in the blood
there are two types of chemoreceptors
CO2 receptors
O2 Receptors (used as a backup only)
these are the most sensitive receptors
they are the main regulators of breathing rate
are located in the medulla oblongata
CO2 dissolved in the blood forms carbonic acid
High levels of carbonic acid stimulate receptors in the medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata sends a signal to the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to increase breathing rate
once CO2 level return to normal, the chemoreceptors become inactive and breathing rate returns to normal
these receptors are only stimulated when O2 levels drop and CO2 levels remain constant
E.g. carbon monoxide present
are located in the carotid artery and aortic arteries
If O2 levels are low, receptors send a signal to the medulla oblongata to stimulate the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to increase in breathing rate
On the top of a mountain which receptors would be activated? And why
At high altitudes- fewer O2 molecules are found breathing is
Asphyxiation- too much CO2 breathing is
Hypoxia- not enough O2 no
warning….
it binds faster than O2 to hemoglobin and prevents O2 from binding….. No oxygen gets to the tissues = death
After running you are taking deep breaths
stretch receptors in pleura, bronchioles and alveoli are stimulated
nerve impulses are sent to the medulla oblongata (respiratory centre)
breathing rate drops
fear and pain increase in breathing rate due to the increased need for O2
Being hit in the stomach drives abdominal organs upward
This exaggerates the dome shape of the diaphragm and reduces the volume of the chest cavity
A large quantity of air is expelled
Bronchitis: is the narrowing of the bronchi or bronchioles due to inflammation of the mucous lining
excess mucus is produced tissue swell …reduces the diameter
of the bronchi or bronchioles
very serious if it infects the bronchioles (there is no cartilage for support)
Inflammation
Imagine spending the rest of your life panting just to lift a fork………
Becoming short of breath to put your socks on………
Needing to rest after you lift up the remote………..some people do……
Inflammation of the alveoli causes air sacs to lose their elasticity, stretch and then rupture
It becomes difficult to exhale Air becomes trapped in the lungs With less alveoli there is decrease
oxygen levels Cause: smoking
This is preventable…….
Don’t let it happen …. !
Together Emphysema and Bronchitis = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Inflammation of the bronchioles as a result of particulates in the air or allergens
The bronchioles constrict and a greater effort is required to exhale
CO2 pressure builds in the lungs………
Cilia in your bronchioles sweep debris away from your lungs…..protecting them from bacteria and pollutants
The chemicals in tobacco smoke kill the cells that contain
cilia….more debris enters your lungs
The tar in tobacco smoke: coats the cilia disabling them
from keeping debris from your lungs
Carbon monoxide in smoke starve cells of oxygen….they can’t
make ATP
The Cyanide in cigarettes stops the electron transport
chain….. preventing ATP being made…without energy the cells die
Your lungs need to last for the rest of your life…..the average age of a person in Canada is 75 years
Why do this to yourself…..
Page 295-296 Read the Case Study Assignment Page296 #’s 1-6
Your Assignment: Page, 295 1-2 Your Assignment: Page, 297 1-10
1. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) total air held in lungs ~5800 mL
2. Tidal Volume (TV) air entering and leaving during
normal inhale and exhale ~ 500 mL
3. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) additional air that can be taken into
lungs ~ 3000 mL
4. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) extra air that can be expelled from lungs ~ 1100 mL
5. Residual Volume (RV) air always left in your lungs
(otherwise there would be no pressure in them and they wouldn’t inflate!)
~ 1200 mL
6. Vital Capacity (VC) TV + IRV + ERV (total lung capacity
minus the residual volume) ~ 4600 mL
Total Lung capacity (TLC)
Vital Capacity (VC)
Expiratory Reserve (ERV)
Respiratory Reserve (RV)
InspiratoryReserve (IRV)
Tidal Volume (TV)
Handout: Label the Lung Volume diagram
9.4 Muscles
Resistance training increases the size of muscles
Bio 20
Notes
Bio
20
Not
es
Please ….no more notes Ms. Gillis!!!!
Biology
Muscles: are attached to the skeleton by tendons
convert chemical energy into kinetic
The work they do is done when they shorten; during contraction
A nerve signal triggers contraction
antagonistic muscles: are muscles that have the opposite action
E.g. When your bicep is flexed your tricep muscle is relaxed
The muscle that contracts to bend a joint is called a flexor
The muscle that must contract to straighten a joint is called an extensor
There are three types of muscle: Smooth Cardiac Skeletal
Smooth Muscle
Lines the digestive tract, uterus and arteries
It does not fatigue easily
It is long and tapered at each end
It is arranged in parallel lines forming sheets
Contraction occurs without conscious thought
Cardiac Muscle
It is unique to the heart which is part of the cardiovascular system
Contraction is involuntary
the cells are tubular, striated (have bands of dark and light)
The cells are branched creating a netlike structure
Skeletal Muscle
There is over 600 in your body
They are used for locomotion
Contraction is voluntary
They are attached to bone by tendons
They are tubular and striated,and have many nuclei
are made of bundles of muscles fibres
A layer of connective tissue wraps around each bundle and blood vessels and nerves innervate these
Each bundle consists many muscle fibres that are surrounded by connective tissue
Muscle fibres consist of myofibrils which are hundreds of thousands of cylindrical subunits
Each subunit is made of protein structures called myofilaments
Myofilaments are responsible for muscle contraction
Muscle
Muscle-fibre bundle
Muscle fibre
Myofibrils
Myofilaments
There are two types of microfilaments: Actin Myosin
It’s a theory that provides a model that helps explain how muscles contract
Muscles cause movement by shortening
The actin filament slide over the myosin filaments
Muscle
shortening
The head of myosin moves …. like flexing your wrist
The actin filament is chemically bonded to myosin and gets pulled along with it when it flexes
The actin filament then slides past the myosin myofilament in the direction of the flex
This continues, each time requiring ATP to provide energy
ATP is needed to reposition myosin head before each new flex
After contraction, the actin and myosin filament disengage and the muscle begins to relax
Energy demand in muscle tissue is met by aerobic respiration
Very little ATP can be stored in muscles tissue
Creatine phosphate: is a high energy compound found in
muscles it ensures that ATP supplies remain
high
Creatine phosphate supplies a phosphate to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ……. replenishing ATP supplies
As long as oxygen is supplied and cellular respiration can meet the demands for ATP the muscle will contract
If energy demand is higher lactic acid fermentation results
Lactic acid causes pain and the muscle eventually fails to contract (this occurs during oxygen debt)
Rapid breathing occurs as a result of your body trying to restore the oxygen dept
A muscle contraction or twitch is caused by a nerve impulse
One impulse can stimulate several muscle cells
The strength of a contraction depends on the frequency of the stimulus
1. A nerve cell stimulates a muscle cell
2. There is a pause ..called the latent period….. (between the nerve impulse and the muscle contraction)
3. The muscle contracts/shortens…. actin slides over myosin
4. Actin and myosin disengage
5. The muscle begins to relax and then returns to its original size
How fast your muscle contracts depends on myosin
There are three forms of myosin: Type I Type IIa Type IIx
Your body contains all three types but you have more of one type
Type I: cause slow muscle twitches break down ATP slowly are found in greater abundance in long
distance runners
It is important to breakdown ATP slowly so that you have lots of energy
Type IIa and IIx: cause a faster twitch breaks down ATP faster… are less efficient rely on anaerobic respiration Found in greater abundance in sprinters
It is important to break down ATP fast…. and have that burst of energy
Muscles require nourishment and regular exercise
Motor system injuries are common in people who perform heavy lifting or who are involved in sports….
Examples of injuries are: Torn muscles/sprains Tendonitis: inflammation of tendons
due to over use or injury stretched tendons
Torn ligaments Joint dislocations: movement of the
joint out of its socket
The arthroscope is a needlelike tube, less than 2mm wide, that is equipped with a fibreoptic light
The needle is inserted into the knee
The lens provides a picture of the damage within
This image (within the knee) is projected onto a screen
The arthroscope is fitted with thin surgical tools that can snip away unhealthy tissue
Normally hospitalization is not required
What are some pros and cons to society for this type of technology?
Your Assignment: Page 304, 1-7 Your Assignment: Review Page 308, 1-21