9/28 LEARNING TARGET

• I can compare and contrast ancient civilizations using PEGGS.

E G Y P T , E A S T E R N M E D I T E R R A N E A N , I N D U S V A L L E Y , R I S E O F C H I N A , C I V I L I Z A T I O N S I N T H E A M E R I C A S

CHAPTER 2 THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS

THE RISE OF EGYPT

PHILOSPHY

• Kingship(Pharoah) was divine• Pyramids were built to preserve life after death• Still puzzling how they were so accurate

• Mummification• Slowly drying a dead body• Remove liver, lungs, stomach and intestines• Salt poured on body and wrapped in cloth

• No word for religion• Were polytheistic• Egyptian ruler “Son of Re”

• Parents arranged marriages• Husband was master, women were respected

ECONOMY

• Isolated and protected by geography around them• Developed from old-middle-new kingdom• People felt stable and prosperous

• Traded up and down the Nile

GEOGRAPHY

• Nile River • Lower Egypt-Nile Delta• Upper Egypt- Along the Nile

• River flooded every year, left rich soil• Made traveling very fast• Deserts to the west and east, Mediterranean to

the north provide protection• All created a feeling of security/changelessness

GOVERNMENT

• Dynasty-family of rulers whose right to rule is passed within family• Pharaoh-”great house” or “palace” was most

popular title• Kingship was a divine institution• wanted ultimate power, needed help- had a bureaucracy

SOCIETY

• Parents arranged marriages• Husband was master, women were respected• Mathematics• Geometry for flooding/monuments

• 365 day calendar• Hieroglyphics- “priest carvings” or “sacred

writings”• Complex, pictures, used on temple walls

• Hieratic script-• Used for general life, represented by

dashes/strokes/curves

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

BELIEFS

• Israelites• - written down in the Hebrew Bible- known to Christians

as the Old Testament• Judaism=monotheistic(one god)• Covenant, law, and prophets• Followed the Torah• Unique in that it was one God, all people could

communicate with god, not just priests, wouldn’t accept gods of conquerers

TECHNOLOGY

• Phoenicians- Alphabet- 22 signs to represent 22 sounds, passed to the Greeks, then Romans, then us.• Minoans- structures similar to a labyrinth• Elaborate buildings- bathrooms

THE INDUS VALLEY

PHILOSOPHY

• Not much known about religion• Seems to be primitive, polytheistic

ECONOMY

• Mysterious end- around 1800 B.C. • Floods, earthquake, climate change, settlements, change

in the course of the river

• 1500 B.C. shift in culture because of indo-European nomadic people• Aryan people specifically had a big impact• They gave up nomadic culture and introduced iron to the

Indus Valley People

GOVERNMENT

• Rulers within the cities of the Indus Valley governed through the control of trade and religion rather than military strength• Believed in divine assistance• Evidence of a well-organized government

because of such structured cities• Many small kingdoms, often fighting

GEOGRAPHY

• India’s geography includes mountains, river valleys, a dry plateau, and fertile coastal plains• Himalayas• Ganges River• Indus River Valley

• Primary feature is the monsoon• Indian farmers depend on the heavy rains• If early or late, crops are destroyed and people starve

SOCIETY

• Belief in the superiority of men• Men could take a second wife if the first was

unable to bear children• Ritual of suttee-• Required a wife to throw herself on her dead husband’s

funeral pyre

• Houses/buildings made from Mud Bricks• Built new houses on old ones as they crumbled,

cities grew higher and higher• Mohenjo Daro’s Great Bath

CHINA

PHILOSOPHY

• Leaders could talk to gods• Oracle Bones

• Mandate of Heaven• Double edged sword

• Filial Piety• People should be subordinate to the male head of the family

ECONOMY

• Isolated from other groups• Groups they did come into contact with=conflict

GEOGRAPHY

• Huang He, or Yellow River brought yellow silt to the area• Only 10 percent is suitable for farming• Mountains and desserts isolated the Chinese

people• Climate is different depending on the area

GOVERNMENT

• Shang Dynasty- Aristocracy(wealth passes from one generation to the next)• Royal family was top, then aristocracy, then

peasants, then slaves• Rulers could communicate with gods• Zhou Dynast- similar to Shangeclaimed Mandate

of Heaven• Kept same pattern of land ownership, peasants

work inner plots for lord, outer plots for themselves

SOCIETY

• Roads and canals were built to stimulate trade and agriculture.• Coined money was introduced, which further

improved trade.• Blast furnaces that produced cast iron were

developed.• Pictographic(represent objects) and

ideographic(combine to make an idea)• Evolved for 4000 years, never fully abandoned

original

MESOAMERICA

PHILOSOPHY

• Most were polytheistic society. • Maize God, lord of fertility• Jaguar God, lord of the Underworld• obsidian found in Teotihuacan-volcanic glass used

in sacrifice

ECONOMY

• Most civilizations were abandoned or declined for unknown reasons• Traded between themselves for jade and obsidian

for tools

GEOGRAPHY

• Olmec located on Gulf of Mexico• Farmed along riverbanks• Teotihuacan lived in a fertile valley- very rich

farming

GOVERNMENT

• Olmec civilization was highly centralized, and focused mainly on the aspect of sacrifice. • Sometimes inviting neighboring villages, they

would offer their blood and lives to their gods. • Giant stone heads were made to commemorate

the chiefs and leaders that they had

SOCIETY

• Olmec- No metal tools, must have used stone• Not a lot of weapons• Calendar, stone ball games• Zapotec had written language that has not been

deciphered• Chavin had simple writing• Pyramids for religious rituals

PARAGRAPH

• Write an essay analyzing the early civilizations. You must have THREE examples for your paragraph. Choose between these thesis statements;• The early civilizations were similar because…• The early civilizations were different because…• The most interesting PEGGS characteristic to compare

is…..because…..