9.3 animals migrate in response to changes in the environment migration – relatively long-distance...
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From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
9.3 Animals migrate in response to changes in the environment
• Migration– Relatively long-distance two-way
movements
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Migration and changing resources
• In the Serengeti, mammals appear to track available biomass of grass and its quality
Figure 8.16 Short-range migration in the three-wattled bellbird
Levey and Stiles 1992
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Resource variation and migration in neotropical birds
• Research question: What factors are important in determining whether a species migrates or not? (Boyle & Conway 2007)
• Hypothesis: Migration evolved to allow individuals to: (1) take advantage of spatial variation in conditions and (2) avoid seasonal resource depression at different locations
• Prediction: Species exposed to high degree of fluctuation in environmental conditions and resources will be more likely to migrate than species that live in more stable resource environments
Featured Research
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Resource variation and migration in neotropical birds
• Methods: – Collected previously
published data on 300 species in Tyranni
– For each species, determined:
• Migrant or sedentary• Insectivore or frugivore• Habitat use (tropical
forest habitats more stable than nonforest habitats)
Featured Research
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Resource variation and migration in neotropical birds
• Results:– Insectivorous species in forest
habitats were less likely to be migratory than nonforest species
– No relationship between habitat type and migration in frugivorous species
• Conclusion:– Fluctuations in resource levels
and environmental conditions can affect migratory behavior
Featured Research
Figure 10-16
Figure 10-17
Ted Garland
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Figure 8.17 The geographic distribution of Catharus thrushes, a genus that contains both resident and migratory species
http://fireflyforest.net/images/firefly/2007/June/Catharus-frantzii.jpg
Outlaw et al. 2003
Figure 8.18 The long-distance migratory trait overlain on the phylogeny of Catharus thrushes
Figure 8.25 The leapfrog migratory pattern of western North American populations of the fox sparrow
Bell, 1997 fuliginosa
http://thebirdguide.com/fox/fosp_01.jpg
Bell, 1997
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Competition and migratory behavior of newts
• Research question: How do environmental conditions affect migratory behavior? (Grayson & Wilbur 2009)
• Hypothesis: Competition for resources will result in more individuals migrating
• Prediction: As density increases, more individuals should migrate
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From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Competition and migratory behavior of newts
• Methods:– Red-spotted newt
(Notophthalmus viridescens)– Small enclosures around
large pond– Treatments:
• Density of newts (low, medium, or high)
• Sex ratio (male or female biased)
– Measured migration out of enclosures
Featured Research
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Competition and migratory behavior of newts
• Results:– More newts
migrated out of high-density enclosures
• Conclusion:– Population density
does affect the migratory behavior of newts
Featured Research
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Maintenance of polymorphism in migratory behavior
• Migratory behavior could be a fixed, genetic trait, and frequency-dependent selection maintains the polymorphism
• Migratory behavior is dependent on individual condition
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Competition and migratory behavior of dippers
• Research question: What maintains resident and migratory behaviors within a population? (Gillis et al. 2008)
Featured Research
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Competition and migratory behavior of dippers
• Methods:– American dippers
(Cinclus mexicanus)– Uniquely banded
individuals – Observed migration
behavior over seven years
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From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Competition and migratory behavior of dippers
• Results:– 152 residents and 90
migrants– Residents fledged 2.6
more offspring than migrants
• Conclusion:– The fitness of residents is
higher than that of migrants; migratory behavior appears to be condition-dependent
Featured Research
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
9.4 Animals use multiple compass systems to determine direction
• Orientation– Determination and maintenance of a proper direction
• Navigation– Determining a particular location and moving toward
it
• Sun compass– Use of sun for orientation
• Star compass– Use of stars or constellations to orient
• Geomagnetic compass– Ability to orient using the earth’s magnetic field
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
9.4 Animals use multiple compass systems to determine direction
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
9.4 Animals use multiple compass systems to determine direction
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Monarch butterfly migration
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Monarch butterfly migration
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
The magnetic compass in sea turtles
• Research question: Can sea turtles use a magnetic compass? (Lohmann 1991)
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The magnetic compass in sea turtles
• Methods:– Juvenile loggerhead
sea turtles (Caretta caretta)
– Treatment – altered magnetic fields
– Control – normal magnetic fields
– Measured movement and orientation
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Featured Research
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
The magnetic compass in sea turtles
• Results:– Only controls moved in
correct direction
• Conclusion:– Loggerhead turtles do
use a geomagnetic compass
Featured Research
Applying the Concepts 9.2Citizen scientists track fall migration flyways of
monarch butterflies
• Citizen scientists collect data on migration of butterflies
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Applying the Concepts
Count of publications presenting new analyses on monarchs (the monarch research category) over time separated by whether they used citizen science data in their analysis.
Leslie Ries, and Karen Oberhauser BioScience 2015;65:419-430
© The Author(s) 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].
9.5 Bicoordinate navigation allows individuals to identify their location relative to a goal
• Bicoordinate navigation– Ability to identify a
geographic location using two varying environmental gradients
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Bicoordinate navigation and magnetic maps in sea turtles
• Research question: Do sea turtles use bicoordinate navigation? (Lohmann et al. 2001)
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Featured Research
Bicoordinate navigation and magnetic maps in sea turtles
• Methods:– Juvenile loggerhead sea turtles
(Caretta caretta)– Exposed to three magnetic fields– Measured orientation and movement
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Featured Research
Bicoordinate navigation and magnetic maps in sea turtles
• Results:– All turtles oriented to
appropriate direction
• Conclusion:– Sea turtles can use the
earth’s magnetic field to orient in different directions, and this ability is inherited, not learned
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Featured Research
Bicoordinate navigation in birds
• Research question: Do birds display bicoordinate navigation? (Chenetsov, Kishkinev, & Mouritse 2008)?
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Featured Research
Bicoordinate navigation in birds
• Methods:– Eurasian reed warblers
(Acrocephalus scirpaceus)– Migrate between sub-
Saharan Africa and Eurasia– Captured birds during
spring migration– Displaced half 100 km east
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Featured Research
Bicoordinate navigation in birds
• Methods:– Placed in Emlen
funnels to measure orientation
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Featured Research
Bicoordinate navigation in birds
• Results:– Displaced birds
oriented to northwest to compensate for being displaced
• Conclusion:– Eurasian reed warblers
display bicoordinate navigation
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press
Featured Research
Homing migration in salmon
• Salmonids return to natal stream for spawning
• Use olfaction imprinting and geomagnetic reception
From Nordell and Valone, Animal Behavior: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, © 2014 by Oxford University Press