9A Inheritance and Selection

Variation

• What is variation?

• What are the two causes of variation?

• What are the two types of variation? Give an example of each one.

Variation• Within any group of

individuals there are many differences. We call these differences VARIATION.

• These variations can occur within a species

Inheritance

There are 2 types of variations: Continuous variation –

measured, wide range e.g. height, weight. Discontinuous variation – clear-cut, groups e.g. eye

colour, blood group.

•

Continuous Variation

6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 80

1

2

3

4

5

Index finger length

Finger length (cm)

Freq

uenc

y

•You can measure the values•There is a wide range of values•The re are inbetween values

Discontinuous variation

• This shows clear cut groups

• Usually you can pick from a list of categories

Attached Detached0

5

10

15

20

Ear lobes of 11C and 11I

Continuous or discontinuous?

• Height

• Fur colour

• Flower colour

• Weight • Shoe size

• Continuous

• Discontinuous

• Discontinuous

• Continuous

• Discontinuous

Choose an example of each to investigate in this class

• Put your results in a table• Then draw a bar chart

Genetics vs. Environment

• Name 3 characteristics that are caused by genetics

• Where is this genetic information found?

• Name 3 characteristics that are caused by the environment

• http://youtu.be/ubq4eu_TDFc

The humanchromosomes

Make your own

chromosome

No/widow’s peak

No/Mid digit hair

Detached/Attached ear lobesNon/Tongue roller

Eye colour

No/Dimples

Sex cells

• What is the male human sex cell?

• How is it adapted to its function?

• What is the female human sex cell?

• How is it adapted to its function?

Sperm

Ovum (plural ova)

• http://youtu.be/-Yg89GY61DE

Selective breeding

• What is selective breeding?

• Where is selective breeding used?

So, Doctor, what is

LHON?

mitochondria. Those are the things in cells that supply

energy. They're in the

cytoplasm, yes?

It's a disease of the mitochondria.

That's right! Now what happens when an egg cell is

fertilised?

The sperm nucleus gets into the

egg. Then the egg nucleus and sperm

nucleus join together and make your first complete cell.

Exactly!But whose

mitochondria do you get?

Your mitochondria come from your mum. You

only get a nucleus from your dad.

That's right!The mitochondria get copied when your cells divide –

just like the nucleus. So every cell has some. But Maya's are faulty. That's why she went

blind.So her

children will go blind too?

Yes.And I'm afraid there is no

treatment. But scientists are working on it. Let

me explain – it's all written down here.

Right, Darcy. I'll let you get back to your patients. You'll have to tell

Maya and Jake that there is no solution to their problem.

There might be a treatment in future, but will it be too late?

Plan what to say to Maya and Jake. Prepare diagrams to help you explain:

n How 2-parent fertilisation usually happens n The scientists' idea for 3-parent fertilisationn Why and how 3-parent fertilisation might help

them in future…if they can wait.

Alien Population: Creation Rules • 5 main characteristics make up a Geneticon

– Body Shape– Eyes– Nose– Feet or something similar to allow movement– Antennae

• Whether they are Male or female is determined by the antennae

• Within each of these there are 6 possibilities6 different genes determining a characteristic – These are conveniently numbered 1 – 6 for ease of

creation by the role of a die

Geneticon Creation

• Start with Body type– Roll the die, see which body gene you have. Draw your

Geneticon’s body.• How will your Geneticon Move?

– Roll the die, see which movement gene you have. • How fine a looking specimen do you have?

– Roll the die a couple of more times to add eyes and a nose.

• The final touch is an antenna. – Remember that this also tells you whether you have a

boy or a girl. • If you wish you can name your Geneticon.

.

Characteristics Key - Body

1- Round

2 - Triangular

3 - Blob

4 - Square

5 - Heart

6 - Spiked

Characteristics Key - Movement

1- Wings

2 - Spring

3 - Wheels

4 - Flippers

5 - Feet

6 - Ski

Characteristics Key - Eyes

1- Round single

2 - Round double

3 - Round triple

4 - Two on stalks

5 - Round single with lashes

6 - Round double with lashes

Characteristics Key - Nose

1- Red blob

2 - Blue blob

3 - Green blob

4 - Orange blob

5 - Yellow blob

6 – Purple blob

Characteristics Key - Antennae

1- Red triangle (girl)

2 - Red coil (girl)

3 - Red cross (girl)

4 - Green triangle (boy)

5 - Green coil (boy)

6 - Green cross (boy)

PictureGallery

Alien Population: Founder Generation

• You have now created your starting population, your founder generation. They have all grown up and are now ready to find their ideal partner to settle down and have their own little Geneticons.

• The Alien dating agency is not that sophisticated. Pool your Geneticon females and pool your Geneticon males.

• Now select a random card from each pool. These are your happy couple.

Making Geneticon Babies

• Take your Geneticon pair. – What do you think their baby will look like? – Who’s eyes will it have? Who’s body shape? – This will be decided by the genes for those

characteristics. (body, eyes, antenna, movement, nose)

– Will it get its Mum’s or Dad’s gene?

• For every characteristic you will flip a coin – Heads – It will inherit Mum’s gene– Tails – It will inherit Dad’s gene

• The Geneticons have large families. – Each couple have a minimum of 4 babies

Mum Dad

Babies

Family

Baby Competition

The local Mayor of Genesville has decided to hold ababy competition. He can’t decide whether to make itthe Cutest or Ugliest. So he’s holding both• You may like to have regional heats within your groups• Each group can enter one baby into each competition

– Make sure that your babies get entered for the right category! You never know your cute one might win the Ugly baby competition!

• Time to vote and announce a winner • Congratulations or should it be commiserations?

Hybrids

• What is a hybrid?

• Why can’t hybrids reproduce?

Mule (Horse x Donkey)

Tigon (male tiger x female lion)

Liger (male lion x female tiger)

Zonkey or Zeedonk (Zebra x donkey)

Zorse (Zebra x horse)

A Zony (Zebra x Pony)

Cama (Camel x Llama)

Leopon (male leopard x female lion)

Yakow (Yak x Cow)

Beefalo (cow x bison)

Geep (goat x sheep)

Selective breeding vocabulary

• What is a breed?

• What is a variety?

Tomato variation

What features could be the same or different in different varieties of tomato?

Make a table to show these similarities and differences.

Flowers

• Why do plants produce flowers?

• Which are the male parts of a flower?

• Which are the female parts?

• Where does fertilisation happen in a plant?

A flower

S

S

O

P

O

A

Cloning

• What is a clone?

• What is asexual reproduction?

• Name some examples of asexual reproduction.

Sexual and asexual reproduction in bacteria