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Patterns of Inheritance
The Language of Genetics
Punnett Squares
Inheritance Patterns
&Human Pedigrees Disorders
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The Language of Genetics
.A Gregor Mendel
.B The Rules of Chance
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.b conducted breedingexperiments on pea
plants_
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. -3 Genetics the study of howtraits are passed fromparents to offspring_
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.B The Rules of Chance
. -1 Gene a portion of thechromosome that controls a
( )trait flower color
. -2 Allele different versions( )of a gene P or p
. -a genotype genetic
composition
(PP
)or Pp or pp
. -b phenotype physicalappearance (purple
)or white _
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. - -3 True breed an organism thatalways passes on its
characteristics
. -a homozygous two ofthe same alleles forthe same trait
( - - )PP purple or pp white
. -4 Hybrid an organism that hastwo different alleles forthe same trait
. -a heterozygous twodifferent alleles for
the same trait
( - )Pp purple _
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. - ,5 Dominant in a hybrid theallele that is expressed
( - )P purple
. - ,6 Recessive in a hybrid theallele that is not
( - )expressed p white
. -7 P Generation parents( )PP x pp
.8 F1 -Generation children( / )4 4 Pp
.9 F2 -Generation grandchildren( / , / , / )1 4 PP 2 4 Pp 1 4 pp _
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Punnett Squares
. A Mendel s Laws
.B Monohybrid Cross
.C Dihybrid Cross
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. ,1 Individual units called,genes determine biological
characteristics
. ,2 For each gene an organismreceives one allele from
each parent
.a alleles separatefrom each other
( )segregation
.b forming sex cells_
. A Mendel s Laws
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.1 A monohybrid cross resultsfrom crossing two organismsthat differ in one
characteristic
.a identify thedominant and recessive
alleles
.b determine thegenotype of each parent
and possible gametes
.c set up a Punnettsquare and cross_
.B Monohybrid Cross
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.d list the genotypesand phenotypes of the
offspring in each box
.e determine thesolution to the
problem_
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.1 A dihybrid cross resultsfrom crossing organismsthat differ in two
characteristics_
.C Dihybrid Cross
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.a seed color and shape
.b a cross between twohybrids results in a: : :9 3 3 1 ratio_
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THE END
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Inheritance Patterns
.A Incomplete Dominance
.B Multiple Alleles
.C Polygenic Inheritance
.D Environmental Influences
. -E Sex linked Traits
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.1 Incomplete dominance is whenneither gene is totally
dominant_
.A Incomplete Dominance
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.2 Produces an intermediatephenotype_
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.1 , , ,There are 4 blood types A B
,AB and OType A AA or Ao
Type B BB or Bo
Type AB AB
Type O oo
.2 The gene for o is recessiveto A and B
.3 A and B are codominant_
.B Multiple Alleles
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.4 Mixing blood types can
result in blood clotting_
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.1 Polygenic inheritance is
when more than one geneaffects a single trait
.a height and skincolor_
.C Polygenic Inheritance
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.2 Produces a broad range ofphenotypes_
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.D Environmental Influences
.1 The environment can affect
an individuals phenotype. ,a height and weight
,coloring blood count_
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.1 Sex chromosomes carry genes
for traits.a some genes are
located on the Xchromosomes (females)have 2 genes
.b males have only 1gene for each of thesetraits_
. -E Sex linked Traits
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.2 Thomas Hunt Morgan
-discovered sex linked( )traits eye color in fruit
flies_
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.2 Thomas Hunt Morgan
-discovered sex linked( )traits eye color in fruit
flies_
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. ( )1 Calico fur females only is
produced by an inactive Xchromosome
.)a Process ofsilencing X chromosome is
called lyonization
.)b X chromosomebecomes a dense
heterochromatin barr body_
. -F Sex Influenced Traits
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.2 Male pattern baldness is
influenced by hormonescoded for on the Ychromosome_
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. -3 Ragged red syndrome
.)a coded for inmitochondrial DNA
.)b passed throughmaternal lines_
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.1 Genes on the same
chromosome are inherited asa set unless crossing overoccurs
.2 The percentage of crossingover observed is equal tothe distance the two genes
are apart in map units orcentimorgans
3.
.4 Flower color and pollen shapein pea plants_
.G Linked Genes
%Genes Crossing Over - = %A B 12- = %A C 2
- = %B C 14- = %A E 7- = %E D 19- = %C D 10- = %D B 24 _
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%Genes Crossing Over - = %A B 12- = %A C 2- = %B C 14- = %A E 7- = %E D 19- = %C D 10- = %D B 24 _
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.1 One gene affects the
expression of another2.
.3 .Ex Albinism affects haircolor_
.H Epistasis
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.1 A combination of alleles
leads to early death2.
.3 . - ( )Ex Tay Sachs recessive4.
.5 ( )Brachydactyly dominant _
.I Lethal Alleles
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&Human Pedigrees Disorders
. /A Mutations ChromosomalAccidents
.B Pedigrees
. /C Rec Dom Trait Disorders
. -D Sex linked Disorders
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. /A Mutations ChromosomalAccidents
.1 A mutation is any change inthe nucleotide sequence of
DNA
.2 The most common types are,base substitution
,insertion or deletion
.a The dog and cat are.fun
.b The dog and b at are.fun
( )point mutation
.c The dopgan dca tarefu n
(frameshift)mutation _
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.3 Nondisjunction results
when chromosomes separateincorrectly in germ cells(as opposed to somatic
)cells
.a results in monosomyor trisomy_
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.b occurs in sex
chromosomes
) -1 KlinefelterXXY
) 2 Turner X_
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.c and in autosomes
)1 Down syndrome_
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)2 Down syndrome
results from an extrachromosome 21
)3 occurs in about1 in 700 births_
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.4 Changes in chromosome
structure can also lead todisorders
.)a Deletion of part of5thchromosome leads to Cridu chat syndrome
.)b characterized by( )microcephaly small head
-and cat like cry_
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. ( )5 Transposons jumping genes
(similar to restriction)enzymes
.a Class I-retrotransposons
Transcribe to RNA then
reverse transcribe back toDNA
.b Class II transposons
cut and paste DNA_
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.1 Pedigrees record and trace
the occurrence of traits ina family
. ( )a male square
. ( )b female circle
. ( )c parents horizontal
. ( )d children vertical
. ( )e affected shaded _
.B Pedigrees
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.1 If two unaffected parents
,have an affected child thetrait is recessive
. -a cystic fibrosis avery serious breathingproblem
. -b tay sachs
.c pku_
. /C Rec Dom Trait Disorders
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. -d sickle cell anemia
red blood cells areshaped like sickles
) ,1 suffer painorgan ,damage even death_
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.2 If two affected parents
produce a normal child thedisorder must be dominant
.a achondroplasia( )dwarfism
. (b polydactylism 6)fingers
. c Marfan s Syndrome
. d Huntington s disease_
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. -1 Sex linked disorders result
from genes that are locatedon the X chromosome
. -D Sex linked Disorders. -D Sex linked Disorders
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. -1 Sex linked disorders result
from genes that are locatedon the X chromosome
.a hemophilia
.b color blindness_
. -D Sex linked Disorders
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THE END